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| accessdate = 2008-01-21}}</ref> In the 2006-2007 season, the cougars became nationally ranked for the first time since 1994 and won the Mountain West Conference regular season championship outright. As of January 2008, Brigham Young has the longest ongoing home winning streak in the country, with 42 straight wins in the [[Marriott Center]].<ref>{{cite web
| accessdate = 2008-01-21}}</ref> In the 2006-2007 season, the cougars became nationally ranked for the first time since 1994 and won the Mountain West Conference regular season championship outright. As of January 2008, Brigham Young has the second longest ongoing home winning streak in the country (behind the Memphis Tigers), with 42 straight wins in the [[Marriott Center]].<ref>{{cite web
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Revision as of 16:08, 22 February 2008

Brigham Young University
File:BYU logo.png
Motto"The glory of God is intelligence"[1]
"Enter to learn, go forth to serve"[2]
"The world is our campus"[3]
TypePrivate coeducational
EstablishedOctober 16 1875
AffiliationThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Endowment$289,647,000 [4]
PresidentCecil O. Samuelson
Academic staff
1,600 full-time, 550 part-time
Students34,067[5]
Undergraduates26,928 full-time, 3,314 part-time
Location
Provo
,
Utah
,
United States
CampusSuburban, 560 acres (2.3 km2)
ColorsDark blue, White, and Tan[6]    
(royal blue and white until 2000)
NicknameCougars
MascotCosmo the Cougar
Websitehttp://www.byu.edu

40°14′54″N 111°38′57″W / 40.24833°N 111.64917°W / 40.24833; -111.64917

Brigham Young University (BYU), located in Provo, Utah, United States, is a private, coeducational research university completely owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS or Mormon Church) and run under the auspices of its Church Educational System. The university's primary focus is on undergraduate education, but it also has 68 master's and 25 doctoral degree programs, as well as a Juris Doctorate program. About 70% of student tuition is funded by LDS Church tithing funds, making tuition relatively less expensive than at similar private universities.[7] About 98% of the 34,000 students at BYU are members of the LDS Church, and two-thirds of its American students come from outside the state of Utah.[8]

BYU students are required to adhere to an honor code, which stresses academic honesty and moral behavior in line with LDS teachings (including prohibitions on extra-marital sex and the consumption of intoxicants) and prescribes standards of appropriate grooming and dress. Approximately 97% of male BYU graduates take a two-year hiatus from their studies at some point to be Mormon missionaries, and 32% of BYU women graduates serve in missions as well. The resulting missionary culture of the campus, coupled with BYU's notably extensive foreign language programs, contributes to a rate of student bilinguality of more than 75% and a high international focus.

History

Main article: History of Brigham Young University

"I hope to see an Academy established in Provo... at which the children of the Latter-day Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious atheistic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of the country."

— Brigham Young, 1875[9]

Early days

BYU's origin can be traced back to 1862. In that year, Warren Dusenberry started a Provo school in a prominent adobe building called Cluff Hall located in the northeast corner of 200 East and 200 North.[10] On October 16, 1875, Brigham Young, the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper, Utah in 1867. [11]. October 16, 1875 is now the commonly held founding date of BYU.[12] Young broke the school off from the University of Deseret and christened it "Brigham Young Academy."[9] Classes at the new Brigham Young Academy commenced on the 3rd of January, 1876. Warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April of 1876, when Brigham Young's choice for principal arrived, a German immigrant named Karl Maeser.[12] The school did not become a university, however, until the end of its second President, Benjamin Cluff, Jr's term. At this time, the school was also still privately supported by members of the community, and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18, 1896.[13] A series of odd managerial decisions by Cluff led to his demotion. However, in his last official act, he proposed to the Board that the Academy be named "Brigham Young University". At first there was a large amount of opposition to this. Many members of the Board thought that the school wasn't large enough to be a University. However, the decision ultimately passed. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, "I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat."[14]

In 1903, Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions: Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University.[13] (The BY High School class of 1907 was ultimately responsible for the famous giant "Y" that is to this day embedded on a mountain near campus.[13]) The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU. He had not received a high school education until he was forty. Nevertheless, he was an excellent orator and organizer.[14] Under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres of land from Provo called "Temple Hill".[13] After some controversy among locals over BYU's purchase of this property, construction began in 1909 on the first building on the current campus, the Karl G. Maeser Memorial.[15] Brimhall also presided over the University during a brief crisis involving the theory of evolution. The religious nature of the school seemed at the time to collide with this scientific theory. Joseph F. Smith, President of the Church, settled the question for a time by asking that evolution not be taught at the school. A few have described the school at this time as nothing more than a "religious seminary". However, many of its graduates at this time would go on to great success and renown in their fields.[14]

Expansion

Franklin S. Harris was appointed President of the University in 1921. He was the first President of BYU to have a doctoral degree. Harris made several important changes to the school, reorganizing it into a true University, whereas before its organization had remnants of the Academy days. At the beginning of his tenure, the school was not officially recognized as a university by any accreditation organization. By the end of his term, the school was accredited under all major accrediting organizations at the time. He was eventually replaced by President Howard S. McDonald, who had received his doctorate from the University of California. When he first received the position, the Second World War had just ended, and thousands of students were flooding into BYU. By the end of his stay, the school had grown nearly five times to an enrollment of 5,440 students. The University did not have the facilities to handle such a large influx, so he bought part of an Air Force Base in Ogden, Utah, and rebuilt it to house some of the students.[14] The next President, Ernest L. Wilkinson, also oversaw a period of intense growth, as the school adopted an accelerated building program. Wilkinson was responsible for the building of over eighty structures on the campus, many of which still stand to this day.[16] During his tenure, the student body increased six times, making BYU the largest private school of the time. The quality of the students also increased, leading to higher educational standards at the school.[14] Finally, President Wilkinson reorganized the LDS church units on campus, with ten stakes and over 100 wards being added during his administration.[16]

Dallin H. Oaks replaced Wilkinson as President in 1971. Oaks continued the expansion of his predecessor, adding a law school and proposing plans for a new School of Management. During his administration, a new library was also added, doubling the library space on campus.[17] Jeffrey R. Holland followed as President encouraging a combination of educational excellence and religious faith at the university. He believed that one of the school's greatest strengths was its religious nature, and believed that should be taken advantage of, rather than hid. During his administration, the university added a campus in Jerusalem, now called the BYU Jerusalem Center. In 1989, Holland was replaced by Rex E. Lee.[18] Lee was responsible for the Benson Science Building and the Museum of Art on campus.[19] A cancer survivor, Lee is honored annually at BYU during a cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run.[20] Lee was replaced in 1996 by Merrill J. Bateman.[21] All in all, Bateman was responsible for the building of 36 new buildings for the University both on and off campus, including the expansion of the Harold B. Lee Library from 1996-1999. He was also one of several key college leaders who brought about the creation of the Mountain West Conference, which BYU's athletics program joined. Previously, BYU had been in the Western Athletic Conference. A BYU satellite TV network also opened in 2000, under his leadership. Bateman was also president during the September 11th attacks in 2001. The planes crashed on a Tuesday, mere hours before the weekly devotional normally held at BYU. Previous plans for the devotional were altered, as Bateman led the student body in a prayer for peace.[22] Bateman was followed by Cecil O. Samuelson in 2003, who is the current president.[23]

Recent events

In 2007 the The First Presidency invited George W. Bush to speak as the commencement speaker. When it became evident that he would be unable to attend, Dick Cheney accepted the invitation instead.[24] The invitation generated controversy that was covered by all major news outlets.[25] The University's Board of Trustees issued a statement explaining that the invitation to Vice President Cheney should be viewed "as one extended to someone holding the high office of vice president of the United States rather than to a partisan political figure."[26] However, BYU permitted a protest to occur so long as it did not "attack [the] BYU administration, the Church or the First Presidency."[27] On April 26, 2007, Dick Cheney delivered a largely apolitical speech and was greeted warmly by over 20,000. All three members of the first presidency were in attendance.[28] The leader of the protest was invited to appear on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart but did not do so because, "It wouldn't be a big deal if they were to make fun of our club, because it is funny, but it's something else if it's BYU or the church."[29] A group of students held an alternative commencement off campus at a different time featuring Ralph Nader as a speaker.[30]

In two separate forum assemblies in October 2007, BYU also hosted US Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (a Democrat)[31] and U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts[32] as forum speakers. During his speech, Harry Reid presented his reasons for his political beliefs, his thoughts on the Iraq war, and his condemnation of those who attacked Mitt Romney for his religious (as compared to his political) beliefs. Roberts spoke about the powers and limitations placed on the federal judiciary by the United States Constitution.[33]

Academics

Admissions and demographics

BYU accepted 74% of the 10,010 people who applied for admission in the summer term and fall semester of 2007. [34] The average ACT score and GPA for these admitted students was 27.9 and 3.78, respectively.[34] U.S. News and World Report describes BYU's selectivity as being "more selective"[35] and compares with such universities as the University of Texas[36] and The Ohio State University.[37] Such assessment is "based on a formula that accounts for enrollees' test scores and class standing and the school's acceptance rate (the percentage of applicants who are accepted)."[38] In addition, BYU is ranked 26th in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars, with 88 in 2006.[39]

Students from every state in the US and from many foreign countries attend BYU (in the 2005-6 academic year, there were 2,396 foreign students, or 8% of enrollment).[39] Slightly more than 98% of these students are active members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In 2006 12.6% of the student body represented ethnic minorities, mostly Asian/pacific islander or hispanic.[40] There are a number of non-LDS faculty.

Rankings

In 2008, the U.S. News & World Report ranked BYU as #79 in the country overall.[41] The Princeton Review also has ranked BYU in several categories, including one of the best Western colleges and the third best value for college in the United States in 2005[42] and the best value for college in 2007.[43] One other notable national ranking includes BYU as having one of the best libraries in the nation[44] BYU is designated as a Carnegie research university with high research activity, one of the highest classifications by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.[45] BYU is also ranked 19th in the US News and World Report's "Great Schools, Great Prices" lineup, and 12th in lowest student-incurred debt.[46]

The Marriott School of Management has received recognition in several areas, most notably its accounting and business programs. The Marriott School was ranked the number one regional business school according to a 2007 survey by the Wall Street Journal and Harris Interactive.[47] BusinessWeek ranked the Marriott School of Management as the eighth best business program in 2007.[48] Financial Times rated it first in the nation in that year.[49] In ethics emphasis, a 2006 Wall Street Journal article ranked BYU second in the nation.[46] In 2007, the school's accounting department obtained the "Best in Accountancy" title, according to the Financial Times global ranking of business schools.[50] This department has also been highly ranked by the Public Accounting Report for several years. This report ranked both the undergraduate and graduate accounting programs second in the nation for the 2006-2007 school year.[51]U.S. News and World Report ranked BYU's accounting program third in the nation in their 2008 publication.[52]

BYU scientists have created some notable inventions. Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of the television, received his education at BYU, and later came back to do fusion research, receiving an honorary degree from the university.[53] Harvey Fletcher, a BYU alumnus, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering.[54] The department of Computer Science developed and currently maintains phpLDAPadmin, an award-winning open source project.[55] BYU students also developed the Magnetic Lasso algorithm found in Adobe Photoshop.[56]

Academic freedom issues

Looking North from the Kimball Tower toward Mount Timpanogos
Main article: Academic freedom at Brigham Young University

University standards

In 1992, the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom,[57] specifying that: "Because the gospel encompasses all truth and affirms the full range of human modes of knowing, the scope of integration for LDS scholars is, in principle, as wide as truth itself."[57] However, citing BYU's role as a religious institution, the document allowed limitations to be placed upon "expression with students or in public that:

  1. contradicts or opposes, rather than analyzes or discusses, fundamental Church doctrine or policy;
  2. deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders; or
  3. violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest, illegal, unchaste, profane, or unduly disrespectful of others.

"...The ultimate responsibility to determine harm to the University mission or the church, however, remains vested in the University's governing bodies—including the University president and central administration and, finally, the board of Trustees."[57]

Also in 1992, the university began including a clause in its faculty contracts requiring LDS faculty to "accept the spiritual and temporal expectations of wholehearted Church membership".[57] In 1993, contracts further required LDS faculty to "maintain standards of conduct consistent with qualifying for temple privileges"[58] (referring to entry into LDS temples, for which one must meet standards of activity and behavior in the LDS Church). In 1996, LDS faculty were required, as a condition of employment, to obtain the yearly endorsement of their local ecclesiastical leaders certifying that the faculty were temple-worthy.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Accreditation

In 1996, the Northwest Association of Schools and of Colleges and Universities (the "Northwest Association") reviewed the University's academic freedom statement and renewed its accreditation. The Northwest Association specifically approved the University's academic freedom statement. Such accreditation standards permit "religious colleges and universities to place limitations on academic freedom so long as they publish those limitations candidly."[59] In addition, the Northwest Association investigated "almost all" of the allegations that the AAUP had asserted regarding other individuals, concluding that the University had not violated academic freedom.[59] In 1997, the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) issued a report documenting the cases of several professors concluding "that infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly poor."[60] The AAUP report also contained, as an appendix, a response authored by the BYU administration, which argued that BYU had the right to limit academic freedom in order to preserve the religious character of the school, a right implied by a 1940 AAUP statement and generally followed until 1970. In particular, BYU compared itself to Gonzaga University, a Jesuit institution which prohibited "open espousal of viewpoints which contradict explicit principles of Catholic faith and morals."[60] In 1970, the AAUP had adopted a statement of Interpretive Comments in which the AAUP had stated, "Most church-related institutions no longer need or desire the departure from the principle of academic freedom implied in the 1940 Statement, and we do not endorse such a departure".[61] In 1998, the AAUP voted to censure BYU, and remains on a list of censured institutions together with 46 other universities.[62] The AAUP's refusal to accommodate religiously affiliated institutions of higher learning in connection with desires to protect religious traditions in line with its own 1940 statement - in contrast to that accommodation by the Northwest Association - has been criticized.[61] Some suggest that BYU "should be revered" for allowing far freer discussion of religious topics than most universities.[63] And many BYU professors have expressed appreciation for academic freedoms at BYU that they have not experienced elsewhere.[63][64]

International focus

One unique aspect of BYU is its abundance of high quality foreign language study. Over three quarters of the student body have some proficiency in a second language (numbering 107 languages in total).[65] This is partially due to the fact that 45% of the student body at BYU have been missionaries for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and many of them learned a foreign language as part of their mission assignment.[66] During any given semester, about one-third of the student body is enrolled in foreign language classes, a rate nearly four times the national average.[65] BYU offers courses in over 60 different languages,[65] many with advanced courses that are seldom offered elsewhere. Several of its language programs are the largest of their kind in the nation, the Russian[67] program being one example. The university was selected by the United States Department of Education as the location of the national Middle East Language Resource Center, making the school a hub for experts on that region.[67] It was also selected as a Center for International Business Education Research, a function of which is to train business employees in international languages and relations.[65]

Beyond this, BYU also runs a very large study abroad program, with satellite centers in London, Jerusalem, and Paris, as well as more than 20 other sites.[68] Nearly 2,000 students take advantage of these programs yearly. In 2001, the Institute of International Education ranked BYU as the number one university in the US to offer students study abroad opportunities.[69][70][71][72] The BYU Jerusalem Center, which was closed in 2000 due to student security concerns related to the Second Intifada and, more recently, the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, has recently been reopened to students in the Winter 2007 Semester.[73]

A few special additions enhance the language-learning experience. For example, BYU's International Cinema, featuring films in several languages, is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the country.[74] As already noted, BYU also offers an intensive foreign language living experience, the Foreign Language Student Residence (FLSR). This is an on-campus apartment complex where students commit to only speak their foreign language of choice while in their apartments.[75]

Organization

Brigham Young University is a part of the Church Educational System of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is organized under a Board of Trustees, with the President of the Church as chairman. The President of BYU, currently Cecil O. Samuelson, works in cooperation with the board.[76] Altogether, BYU has 194 bachelor's degree programs, 68 master's degree programs, 25 Ph.D. programs, and a Juris Doctor program.[77] These degree programs are overseen by 11 colleges:[78]

BYU also manages some courses through the following quasi-college departments:

  • David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies[79]
  • Religious Education[80]
  • Undergraduate Education[81]
  • Graduate Studies[82]
  • Independent Study[83]
  • Continuing Education[84]

BYU's Winter semester ends earlier than most universities in April since there is no Spring break, thus allowing students to pursue internships and other summer activities earlier.[85] A typical academic year is broken up into two semesters: Fall (Sep. - Dec.) and Winter (Jan. - Apr.), as well as two shorter terms during the summer months: Spring (May - Jun.) and Summer (Jul. - Aug.).

Campus

The main campus sits on approximately 560 acres (2.3 km2) nestled at the base of the Wasatch Mountains and includes 311 buildings.[86] The buildings feature a wide variety of architectural styles, each building being built in the style of its time.[67] The grass, trees, and flower beds on BYU's campus are impeccably maintained.[87][88] Furthermore, views of the Wasatch Mountains, (including Mount Timpanogos) can be seen from the campus.[86] BYU's Harold B. Lee Library, which the Princeton Review ranked as the #1 "Great College Library" in 2004,[89] has approximately 8½ million items in its collections, contains 98 miles (158 km) of shelving, and can seat 4,600 people.[90] The Spencer W. Kimball Tower is home to several of the university's departments and programs and is the tallest building in Provo, Utah.[91][92] Furthermore, BYU's Marriott Center, used as a basketball arena, can seat over 22,000 and is one of the largest on-campus arenas in the nation.[93]

Museums

The campus is home to several museums containing exhibits from many different fields of study. BYU's Museum of Art, for example, is one of the largest and most attended art museums in the Mountain West. This Museum aids in academic pursuits of students at BYU via research and study of the artworks in its collection. The Museum is also open to the general public and provides educational programming.[94] The Museum of Peoples and Cultures is a museum of archaeology and ethnology. It focuses on native cultures and artifacts of the Great Basin, American Southwest, Mesoamerica, Peru, and Polynesia. Home to more than 40,000 artifacts and 50,000 photographs, it documents BYU's archaeological research.[95] The Earth Science Museum was built in 1976 to display the many fossils found by BYU's Dr. James A. Jensen. It holds many artifacts from the Jurassic Period (210-140 million years ago), and is one the top five collections in the world of fossils from that time period. It has been featured in magazines, newspapers, and on television internationally. The museum receives about 25,000 visitors every year.[96][97] The Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum was formed in 1978. It features several forms of plant and animal life on display and available for research by students and scholars.[98]

File:De Jong seating chart.jpg
Layout of the de Jong Concert Hall

The campus also houses several performing arts facilities. The de Jong Concert Hall seats 1282 people and is named for Gerrit de Jong Jr. The Pardoe Theatre is named for T. Earl and Kathryn Pardoe. Students use its stage in a variety of theatre experiments, as well as for Pardoe Series performances. It seats 500 people, and has quite a large stage with a proscenium opening of 19 by 55 feet (17 m).[99] The Margetts Theatre was named for Philip N. Margetts, a prominent Utah theatre figure. A smaller, black box theater, it allows a variety of seating and staging formats. It seats 125, and measures 30 by 50 feet (15 m).[99] The Nelke Theatre, named for one of BYU's first drama teachers, is used largely for instruction in experimental theater. It seats 280.[99]

Student housing

One of the earliest student dormitories at BYU, Allen Hall, named for Ray Eugene Allen and his wife Inez Knight, was built in 1938. Originally it was a men's dormitory, but during World War II, a large influx of female students caused the university to make it a women's dorm. In 1962, the building ceased to be a student dormitory altogether, and was used as temporary housing for missionaries while the Church's Language Training Mission was under construction.[100] The success of Allen Hall led to immediate plans for another dormitory, Amanda Knight Hall, named for the wife of Jesse Knight. This served as a home for female students until it was also turned over to the Language Training Mission.[101]

Heritage Halls is a twelve-building housing complex on campus which offers apartment-style living. Six of the buildings were built in 1952, and the other six in 1954. The halls received their collective name through a contest among residents. Each of the separate buildings is named after a notable Latter-day Saint woman. Originally, these halls housed only female residents. Today, however, the halls house both male and female students, divided by sex into separate buildings. Each building has ten units capable of holding six people each[102][103] Construction of Helaman Halls followed soon after, with the first five buildings completed in 1958, and three more added by 1970.[104] The Halls recently underwent a 12+ year long renovation, beginning in 1991 and continuing through 2003.[105] In 1965, BYU completed construction of Deseret Towers. "DT", as it is called by students, originally consisted of five towers, with a sixth (V Hall) added in 1969, and a seventh (W Hall) in the late seventies. The Towers were capable of housing over 2000 students. In December 2006, V and W Hall were torn down. The others are to follow in the coming school year, as the Towers no longer meet the needs of BYU residents[106][107][108]

In 1946, during the postwar BYU growth, President McDonald purchased forty-eight buildings from a nearby Air Force station in order to house students. These buildings were called Wymount Village, and housed both married and single students until 1962.[109] Wymount Village was replaced by Wymount Terrace in that year, intended solely for students with young families. The 24 building complex contains a total of 462 apartments of varying sizes.[110] Another complex originally intended for families was Wyview Park. At first, Wyview was a trailer park,[111] but in 1996 it was razed and rebuilt into an apartment complex.[112] In 2006, the complex began housing single students as well, in order to counteract loss of singles' housing in other areas.[113]

A unique form of housing on campus is found in the Foreign Language Student Residence (FLSR) complex. The twenty-five apartments in this complex provide housing for students in foreign languages. Residents of these apartments agree to speak only their apartment's assigned language during the school year while in the apartment. This immersion experience is available in nine languages, and students are accompanied by a native resident throughout the year to enhance the experience.[114]

Helaman Halls is served by a central cafeteria called the Cannon Center.[103] Branches of the BYU Creamery provide basic food and general grocery products for students living in Heritage Halls, Wymount, Wyview, and the FLSR. The store, begun in 1949, has become a BYU tradition and is frequented by visitors to the university and members of the community, as well as students.[115] It was the first on-campus full-time service grocery store in the country.[116]

BYU Salt Lake Center

BYU also has an extension campus, the BYU Salt Lake Center in Salt Lake City, which began in 1959.[117] On 20 August 2007, the Salt Lake Center moved to a new Campus located on Salt Lake's West Temple street. The campus now occupies three floors of the Triad Center, and has a total of 28 classrooms.[118] Admitted BYU students may register for classes the same way as with any class on the main Provo campus. Also, with proper clearance, non-admitted students may also register for classes.[119] However, while these credits can be applied at BYU or transferred to other universities, registration does not constitute admittance to BYU.[119] The Salt Lake Center has some advantages over the Provo Campus, with its tendency toward smaller class sizes. Previous to the move, most classes were held in the evening, and the curriculum was limited in size. Changes are underway to expand class offerings and times.[120]

Fine and performing arts

The BYU Centennial Carillon stands at the north end of campus

BYU has a rich tradition in the performing arts. Altogether, the music, theatre, and dance progams produce approximately 400 performances on campus annually and several of the University's performance teams embark on international tours each summer. Many of BYU's music and dance teams have received national recognition and won numerous awards and the theatre program is regularly represented at the Kennedy Center's American College Theatre Festival.

Dance

The BYU Ballroom Dance Company is known as one of the best formation ballroom dance teams in the world,[121] having won the United States National Formation Dance Championship every year since 1982.[122] BYU's Ballroom dance team has won first place in Latin or Standard (or both) every single year they have competed at the Blackpool Dance Festival, and they were the first United States team to win a trophy at Blackpool.[121] The NDCA National DanceSport championships have been held at BYU for many years, and BYU holds dozens of ballroom dance classes each semester, totaling thousands of students per semester, making it by far the largest collegiate ballroom dance program in the US.[122] Also notable is the university's International Folk Dance Ensemble, which features dances of many countries at an annual showcase known as "Christmas Around the World." BYU’s dance programs are administered through the College of Health and Human Performance at BYU.

School of Music

One of the lasting traditions of Brigham Young University is its strong cultural emphasis and support of the fine arts. Historically, the music department at BYU has been one of its academic stars, and today the BYU School of Music continues this tradition as it leads toward a bright future.

The strength of the School lies in its resources —students, faculty, facilities, and the university and community. There are approximately 700 music majors in the School of Music pursuing their dreams while moving towards graduation. This body of talented and dedicated young musicians is an example to the world of the power of music in individual lives.

BYU's School of Music is comprehensive, with 52 full-time and 58 part-time faculty teaching private instruction, ensembles, education, music theory, history, and conducting, plus other exciting fields of study. Their focus is on cultivating individual talents and fostering some of the most respected music ensembles in any academic setting.

The Young Ambassadors are a song and dance performing group of 50 years. The group began performing at Expo '70 in Japan, and have since performed in over 56 nations. The royalty of Thailand and Jordan, along with persons of high office in countries such as India, has been among their audiences.[123] Prior to 1970, the group was known as Curtain Time USA. In the 1960s, their world tour stops included, Lebanon, Jordan, and Iraq.

BYU also has a fine tradition in both concert and marching bands. The Wind Symphony has toured many countries including Denmark, Hong Kong, Russia, and the British Isles. The Symphonic Band is also an ensemble dedicated to developing the musician, but with a less strenuous focus on performance. BYU also has a marching band program called the Cougar Marching Band.[124]

Main article: BYU Choirs

BYU has a choral program with over 500 members, one of the largest in the United States. There are four BYU auditioned choirs:

  • BYU Singers (40 voices), BYU's top choir, has traveled extensively and recorded several CDs. It is conducted by Dr. Ronald J. Staheli. Their best-received albums are Eric Whitacre: The Complete A Cappella Works 1991-2001 in 2002 (Arsis), and most recently My Redeemer Lives in 2003 (Tantara).[125]
  • BYU Concert Choir (85-95 voices) is an advanced large mixed choir.[126] They have recorded several CDs with the most recent recording Beautiful River in 2005 (Tantara) which features Eric Whitacre's 5 Hebrew Love Songs.[127]
  • BYU Men's Chorus (210 male voices) is the largest male collegiate choir in the United States.[128] Men's Chorus is conducted by Rosalind Hall.[129]
  • BYU Women's Chorus (200 female voices) is the women's chorus group on campus.[130]

The Brigham Young University School of Music is accredited by NASM, the National Association of Schools of Music.

Theatre and media arts

The two disciplines of theatre and media arts have a rich history at Brigham Young University. Theatre has been taught at Brigham Young University since 1901, when Miriam Nelke first began teaching courses in literary interpretation, Shakespeare, and oral expression. Brigham Young was also one of the first universities to create a formal department for the production of motion pictures in 1953. In fact, BYU President Ernest L. Wilkinson boasted in 1963 that BYU was one of only two universities in the nation with a film production department (the other being the University of Southern California). In 1974, the Theatre and Media Arts departments were merged into one, forming a union which has fostered a healthy collaboration between these two artistic disciplines for over thirty years. Today, the department services more than 450 students and has 21 full-time and 54 part-time faculty members.

Theatre students from the department have performed in Broadway casts of [[Mama Mia!]!, Les Miserables, Miss Saigon, Thoroughly Modern Millie and 42nd Street. Additionally, students have been with the Broadway national tours of Cats, Fosse, Footloose, Titanic, Sunset Boulevard, and Annie Get Your Gun. Graduates have also worked with the Boston Ballet, Milwaukee Repertory Theatre, and the Sacramento Ballet.

Film students from the department have created several successful independent films (Napoleon Dynamite, God's Army, Pride and Prejudice, Saints and Soldiers, The Singles Ward, Out of Step, Brigham City, and Charly). Many of BYU’s students have competed in prestigious film competitions such as the Sundance Film Festival and Slamdance. They've also been on the crews for national television programs (Touched by an Angel and Everwood). Additionally, students in the newly created Animation program have received awards such as the Student Emmy.

In short, the Department of Theatre and Media Arts provides its students with an enriching environment in which they can pursue their creative, scholarly, and spiritual interests.

Visual arts

With a curriculum emphasizing both tradition and innovation, the Department of Visual Arts seeks to prepare students for professions in the visual arts and to enrich others with an appreciation of art and design. The student exposed to the visual arts moves closer to becoming a whole person.

To better serve students, the Departments of Art and Design merged in 1995 to become the Department of Visual Arts. By joining faculties and resources, the department more effectively prepares its graduates for a technologically advanced environment.

A common core of classes exposes freshman art and design majors to the department's 10 degree programs prior to their declaring a specific program major. The core curriculum accommodates the wide variety of artistic and scholarly skills of entering students and allows flexibility in choosing individual program direction. Moreover, it enables new students to acquire a basic and broad understanding of the visual arts before concentrating on a specific discipline.

The visual arts programs encompass the rigorous academics of the university while maintaining small, intensive classes, each aligned with the best practices and most current philosophies in its field, a combination ensuring a strong preparation for its students. The Department of Visual Arts places great value on the spiritual aspects of creativity and prepares students to excel in their areas of emphasis in order to contribute to society as artists, designers, teachers, scholars, and inspired members of the Church.

Communications

The Department of Communications at Brigham Young University was created in response to an increasing demand for professionals who could both facilitate mass media communication, and the transfer of ideas among people. The present day Communications Department, a division of the College of Fine Arts and Communications, is located in the George H. Brimhall building on the south end of the BYU campus.

The Communications Department offers bachelor degrees in Public Relations, Advertising and Marketing Communications, Broadcast Journalism, Communications Studies, and Print Journalism; and a Masters degree in Mass Communications, as well as produces a daily newspaper The Daily Universe.

Additionally, BYU operates BYU Broadcasting, which produces and distributes BYU Television, BYU Television International, KBYU-TV, and KBYU-FM.

Athletics

LaVell Edwards Stadium

BYU has Athletics teams in a number of different sports ranging from Men's volleyball to Women's rugby. They play mainly in the Mountain West Conference since its inception in 1997. Prior to that time BYU teams competed in the Western Athletic Conference. All teams are named the "Cougars", and Cosmo the Cougar has been the school's mascot since 1953. Because many of its players serve on full time missions for two years, BYU's athletes are often older on average than other school's players. The NCAA allows students to serve missions for two years without subtracting that time from their eligibility period. This has caused minor controversy, but is largely recognized as not lending the school any significant advantage, since players receive no athletic and little physical training during their missions.[131] BYU has also received attention from sports networks for players expelled due to honor code violations as well as a refusal to play games on Sunday.[132]

Football

Main article: Brigham Young University Cougars football

The Brigham Young University football program, the BYU Cougars, competes in the NCAA Division I-A Mountain West Conference.[133] Although considered a mid-major program because of conference affiliation, the Cougars have generally fared well in Division I-A. In 1984, the team went undefeated and was awarded the National Championship,[134] and in 1990 BYU quarterback Ty Detmer won the Heisman Trophy.[135] BYU also holds the NCAA record for most consecutive games without being shutout, with 361 games over 28 years.[136] As of the 2007 season they have won 22 conference championships since 1974 and have played in 26 bowl games.[134] Under the guidance of coaches such as LaVell Edwards, the team has produced NFL greats such as Jim McMahon[137] and Steve Young.[138]

File:BYU Logo 1969-1998.gif
BYU's logo from 1969 until 1998.

Basketball

Main article: BYU Cougars men's basketball

The BYU men's basketball team is ranked among top 25 NCAA programs for all-time total victories. As of 2006, BYU had 82 winning seasons, 26 conference titles, 21 NCAA tournament invites, 10 NIT invites, and 2 NIT titles (1951 and 1966). In 2005, the program was ranked 36th in Street & Smiths "100 greatest College Basketball Programs of All Time," based on NCAA tournament success, NIT success, national championships, conference regular-season and tournament titles, all-time win-loss percentage, graduation percentage, NCAA infractions, NBA first round draft picks, and mascot ferocity.[139] In the 2006-2007 season, the cougars became nationally ranked for the first time since 1994 and won the Mountain West Conference regular season championship outright. As of January 2008, Brigham Young has the second longest ongoing home winning streak in the country (behind the Memphis Tigers), with 42 straight wins in the Marriott Center.[140]

Other sports

BYU's Men's Volleyball has won NCAA National Championships in three times (1999, 2001, and 2004) and plays in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. The Women's Volleyball team is also consistently nationally ranked and in 2007 reached the Elite Eight before losing to #1 Penn St.[141] BYU Club Men's Lacrosse is consistently ranked in the top 5 in the nation, winning the USL-MDIA (now MCLA) national championship in 1997, 2000, and 2007. The team is a member of the RMLC and plays a national schedule. BYU is also a major force in American collegiate rugby union (known as rugby), with several students and alumni providing players to the United States national rugby union team, the Eagles. The BYU women's cross-country team won National Championships in 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2002. BYU's men's soccer club participates as a university-owned franchise in the United Soccer Leagues' Premier Development League. The women's soccer team has appeared in the NCAA tournament 9 times, reaching as far as the Elite Eight in 2003 before losing to UConn.[142]

Students and faculty

LDS atmosphere

"The mission of [BYU] is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life. That assistance should provide a period of intensive learning in a stimulating setting where a commitment to excellence is expected and the full realization of human potential is pursued...."

— BYU Mission Statement

According to the Brigham Young University mission statement, "The mission of [BYU] is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life." BYU is thus considered by its leaders to be at heart a religious institution, wherein, ideally, religious and secular education is interwoven in a way that encourages the highest standards in both areas.[143] It is not uncommon for LDS scriptures to be referred to and prayers to be spoken in classes. In fact, it is encouraged. This weaving of the secular and the religious aspects of a religious university go back as far as Brigham Young himself, who told Karl G. Maeser when the Church purchased the school: "I want you to remember that you ought not to teach even the alphabet or the multiplication tables without the Spirit of God."[144]

BYU is also considered by many Latter-day Saints, as well as some university and Church leaders to be "The Lord's University". This phrase is used in reference to the school's perceived mission as an "ambassador" to the world for the LDS Church and thus, for Jesus Christ.[145][143] Leaders of the school take this nickname and mission seriously, encouraging students to follow the teachings of their religion, adhere to the school's honor code, and to serve others with the knowledge they gain while attending.[146]

Religious activity

BYU mandates that its students be religiously active.[147] Students and faculty who are LDS are required to submit an affidavit stating that they are active participants in the LDS Church. The affidavit must be signed by LDS church leaders, and it must be resubmitted annually.[148] Non-LDS students are asked to provide a similar endorsement from an ecclesiastic (religious) leader of their choice with their application for admittance, as well as an annual review similar to the one LDS students undergo.[148] All undergraduate students, regardless of their religion, must take 14 semester hours of religious courses to graduate. Students have a degree of flexibility with these religious courses, although they must take at least two courses covering the Book of Mormon, one covering the Doctrine and Covenants, and one covering the New Testament.[149]

LDS BYU students can choose to affiliate with the local congregation (ward) where they reside or the corresponding student ward. Most single LDS BYU students are members of student wards, which typically have around 150 members. Some married students also choose to be affiliated with married student wards, although this is less common than among single students. These specialized church units relieve some of the leadership and administrative burden that the student population would otherwise have on local church units. In addition, student wards and stakes typically have programs designed to meet the specific needs of a younger, more transient population. Over 900 rooms on BYU campus are used for the purposes of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints congregations. More than 150 congregations meet on BYU campus each Sunday. "BYU's campus becomes one of the busiest and largest centers of worship in the world" with about 24,000 persons attending church services on campus.[150]

97% of male BYU graduates and 32% of female graduates took a hiatus from their undergraduate studies at one point to serve as LDS missionaries. Male students typically go on their missions shortly after turning 19 years old. This often occurs during or at the end of their freshman year. Female students may begin their missionary service anytime after turning 21. For males, a full-time mission is two years in length, and for females it lasts 18 months.[151]

Honor code

Main article: Brigham Young University Honor Code
Facing north toward Mt. Timpanogos

All students and faculty, regardless of religion, are required to agree to adhere to an honor code. Early forms of the BYU Honor Code are found as far back as the days of the Brigham Young Academy and early school President Karl G. Maeser. Maeser created the "Domestic Organization", which was a group of teachers who would visit students at their homes to see that they were following the schools moral rules prohibiting obscenity, profanity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Maeser also, however, relied largely on students honor and honesty in keeping such rules, intending faculty visits as times of counsel rather than espionage. After Brimhall, enforcement became somewhat more lax (there were no more faculty visits). However, the same basic principles were encouraged: morality, abstinence from alcohol and tobacco, and a dependence on the honor and honesty of students. The 1930s and 40s saw increased standards regarding rules related to student housing, as well as dress codes. Women were allowed to wear slacks only on Saturdays, and men wore uniform for a short time.[152]

In the 1960s several rules regarding longer hairstyles in men were introduced as a result of the many liberal movements occurring around the country. However, long hair and beards were not completely against the rules until the mid-1970s. The 1960s also saw changes in rules regarding women's dress, as Church leaders made statements against low-cut dresses and short skirts. Women by this time were allowed to wear slacks and pant-suits, but jeans were not allowed until 1981. The Honor Code itself was not created until about 1940, and was used mainly for cases of cheating and academic dishonesty. The Student Honor Council, created around 1949 oversaw case violations. This council met with enough success among students in alleviating cheating that President Wilkinson suggested in 1957 that the Honor Code expand to include other school standards. This led to an expansion during the 1960s which created the bulk of what the Honor Code represents today: rules regarding chastity, dress, grooming, drugs and alcohol. A signed commitment to live the honor code is part of the application process, and must be adhered by all students, faculty, and staff. Students and faculty found in violation of standards are either warned or called to meet with representatives of the Honor Council. In rare cases, students and faculty can be expelled from the school or lose tenure.[152]

Culture

BYU's social and cultural atmosphere is unique. The high rate of enrollment at the university by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints results in an amplification of LDS cultural norms; BYU was ranked by The Princeton Review in 2008 as 14th in the nation for having the happiest students and highest quality of life.[153] However, the quirkiness and sometimes "too nice" culture is often caricatured, for example, in terms of marrying early and being very conservative.

One of the characteristics of BYU most often pointed out is its reputation for emphasizing a "marriage culture".[154] Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints highly value marriage and family, as well as marriage within the faith.[155] Consequently, the enormous population of LDS single adults in and around Provo makes it a mecca for singles in the church, irrespective of their affiliation with BYU.[156] BYU's reputation as a place to court potential mates is well known both within and without the BYU community, and is encouraged to some extent by the school's administrators and ecclesiastical leaders, who publicly highlight "successful" marriage statistics.[157] 51% of the graduates in BYU's class of 2005 were married. This is compared to a national marriage average among college graduates of 11%.[155] BYU students on average marry at the age of 22, according to a 2005 study, while the national average age is 25 years for men and 27 for women.[158] Marriage statistics for the state of Utah, a state which, like BYU, has a largely Mormon population as a whole indicate that BYU's marriage rate compares to that of the state in general, with the median age at marriage in Utah being 23 for men, and 21 for women.[159] In regard to marriage, BYU is thus best described as a reflection of the cultural practices of the LDS population as a whole, rather than as an outlier.[155]

Many visitors to BYU, and Utah Valley as a whole, report being surprised by the culturally conservative environment. Brigham Young University's Honor Code, which all BYU students agree to as a condition of studying at BYU, prohibits the consumption of alcoholic beverages, tobacco, etc. As mentioned earlier, The Princeton Review has rated BYU the "#1 stone cold sober school" in the nation for several years running, an honor which LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley has commented on with pride.[153] The school's strait-laced reputation is a major selling point in athletic recruiting. As non-LDS players have become ever more important to the school's teams, BYU's wholesomeness is often attractive for prospective students who prefer an academic or social environment without alcohol, illegal drug abuse, and violent crime.[160] According to the Uniform Crime Reports, incidents of crime in Provo are lower than the national average. Murder is rare, and robberies are about 1/10th the national average.[161]

Notable alumni

Main article: List of Brigham Young University people

Many BYU graduates have achieved success in fields such as business, athletics, and entertainment.

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See also

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