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The great majority of Tajiks follow the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Islam]], although small [[Ismaili]] and [[Jafari]] [[Shia]] minorities also exist in scattered pockets. Some of Sunni's famous scholars were from East-Iranian regions and therefore can arguably viewed as Tajik. They include [[Abu Hanifa]], [[Al-Ghazali]], [[Tirmidhi]], [[Abu Dawood]], and [[Imam Bukhari]] amongst many others.
The great majority of Tajiks follow the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Islam]], although small [[Ismaili]] and [[Jafari]] [[Shia]] minorities also exist in scattered pockets. Some of Sunni's famous scholars were from East-Iranian regions and therefore can arguably viewed as Tajik. They include [[Abu Hanifa]], [[Al-Ghazali]], [[Tirmidhi]], [[Abu Dawood]], and [[Imam Bukhari]] amongst many others.


In [[Afghanistan]], Tajiks who follow [[Jafari]] [[Shia|Shiism]] are called [[Farsiwan]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Additionally, small Tajik [[Jewish]] communities (known as [[Bukharian Jews]]) have existed since ancient times in the cities of [[Bukhara]], [[Samarqand]], [[Dushanbe]], and other Tajik populated centers.<ref>J. Sloame, ''"Bukharan Jews"'', Jewish Virtual Library, ([http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Bukharan_Jews.html LINK])</ref> Over the 20th century, the majority of these Tajik-speaking Jews emigrated to [[Israel]] and the United States, although many of these [[emigrant]]s maintain ties with their [[homeland]].
In [[Afghanistan]], Tajiks who follow [[Jafari]] [[Shia|Shiism]] are called [[Farsiwan]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Additionally, small Tajik [[Jewish]] communities (known as [[Bukharian Jews]]) have existed since ancient times in the cities of [[Bukhara]], [[Samarqand]], [[Dushanbe]], and other Tajik populated centers.<ref>J. Sloame, ''"Bukharan Jews"'', Jewish Virtual Library, ([http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Bukharan_Jews.html LINK])</ref> Over the 20th century, the majority of these Tajik-speaking Jews emigrated to [[Israel]] and the United States, although many of these [[emigrant]]s maintain ties with their [[homeland]]. Some Taijiks in China and Tajikistan also profess [[Buddhism]].


==Recent developments==
==Recent developments==

Revision as of 05:24, 25 February 2008

This article is about the Central Asian Persians known as Tajiks. Refer to Persian people regarding Persians in Iran.
Tajiks
(تاجک Тоҷик)
Total population
ca. 16.5 to 28.5 million
Regions with significant populations
 Afghanistan8,610,279[1]
 Tajikistan5,849,331[2]
 Uzbekistan
        (estimates vary)		1,365,356
4,915,284
11,000,000[3]
[4]
[5]
 Iran1,700,000
 Pakistan1,100,000
 Russia500,000
 Germany120,000
 Qatar87,000
 United States52,000[6]
 China41,083[7]
 Canada27,200
[8]
Languages
Persian (varieties of Dari and Tajiki)
Religion
Islam (predominantly Sunni, with sizable Ithna Ashari and Ismaili minorities), and Jewish minorities

Tājik (Template:PerB; UniPers: Tâjik; Tajik: Тоҷик) is a term generally applied to the original Iranian population of Central Asia who speak the Persian language.

Alternative names for the Tajiks are Fārsī (Persian), Fārsīwān (Persian-speaking), and Dīhgān (literally "village settlers", in a wider sense "urban"; in contrast to "nomadic").[9]

History

Main articles: Iranian peoples, Persian people, Farsiwan, and Persian language

Like all Iranic peoples, and also the Indic, Dard, and Nuristani peoples, the Tajiks trace their origins to the ancient Aryan nomads[10] who settled in Central Asia as early as 4000 years ago.

The Tajiks trace their more immediate ancestry to the East Iranian-speaking Bactrians, Sogdians, and Parthians, which means that the historical ancestors of the Tajiks did not speak Persian - the southwestern Iranian language, today known as 'Farsi' in Iran and Afghanistan. The 'Tajiks' adoption of the now dominant southwestern branch Persian language is believed to have as its root cause, the Islamic conquest of Central Asia by the Arabs. This conquest sent large numbers of Persians fleeing into Central Asia, India and even into southwestern China. Subsequently, many Persians, after conversion to Islam, entered Central Asia as military forces and settled in the conquered lands. As a result of these waves of Persian migration (Zoroastrian and Muslim) over the course of more than 200 years, the Tajiks have ethnic Persian ancestry in addition to their original East-Iranian ancestry. Cultural dissemination through Persian literature also helped to establish the new language, as well as intermittent military dominance. According to Iranologist Richard Nelson Frye, the Persian migration to Central Asia may be considered the beginning of the "modern" Tajik nation, and ethnic Persians along with East-Iranian Bactrians and Sogdians, as the main ancestors of "modern" Tajiks.[11].

Sir George Abraham Grierson holds that the Tajiks of Badakshan belong to the same Aryan race as do the other Ghalcha speakers of the Tajikstan “ [12]. George Grierson also records that the speech of Badakshan was a Ghalcha till about three centuries ago when it was supplanted by a form of Persian [13]. It has been shown that the modern Ghalcha dialects, Valkhi, Shigali, Sriqoli, Jebaka (also called Sanglichi or Ishkashim), Munjani and Yidga , mainly spoken in Pamirs and countries on the headwaters of the Oxus, still use terms derived from ancient Kamboja verb Śavati in the sense "to go" [14]. Furthermore, the Yagnobi dialect spoken in Yagnobi province around the headwaters of Zeravshan valley in Sogdiana, also still contains a relic "Śu" from the ancient Kamboja Śavati in the sense "to go" [15]. The ancient Kambojas, were originally located in the Badakshan, Pamirs and northern territories including Yagnobi province in the doab of the Oxus and Jaxartes [16]. On the east they were bounded roughly by Yarkand and/or Kashgar, on the west by Bahlika (Uttaramadra), on the northwest by Sogdiana, on the north by Uttarakuru, on the southeast by Darada, and on the south by Gandhara. Numerous Indologists have located Kamboja in Pamirs and Badakshan and the Parama Kamboja, in the Trans-Pamirian territories, comprising Zeravshan valley and north up the parts of Sogdiana/Fargana--in the Sakadvipa or Scythia of the classical writers [17]. The Ghalcha speaking Tajik population occupy, more or less, the same territories, which in ancient time, were held by east Iranian Kambojas and the Parama Kambojas [18]. This people are stated to have held their own in spite of centuries of Hunic, Turkish and Mongol invasions [19]. Based on George Grierson's Sociolinguistics researches in India, eminent scholars like Dr J. C. Vidyalankara, Dr Moti Chandra, Dr S. K. Chatterjee, Dr J. L. Kamboj etc write that the Tajiks are the modern representatives of the ancient Kambojas/Parama Kambojas [20]. Some scholars hold that the Ghalcha Tajiks are descendants both of the Kambojas as well as the Tukharas [21]

The geographical division between the eastern and western Iranians is often considered historically and currently to be the desert Dasht-e Kavir, situated in the center of the Iranian plateau.

Other groups

The so-called Mountain Tajiks or Pamiris of the Badakhshan region in Tajikistan, Afghanistan, as well as the smaller group usually known as "Tajik" in China's western Xinjiang region are descendants of the original East-Iranian tribes.

Origin of the term

"Tājik" is a word of Turko-Mongol origin and means (literally) Non-Turk. It has the same root as the word Tat which is used by Turkic-speakers for the Persian-speaking population of the Caucasus. In a historical context, it is synonymous with Iranian[22] and particularly with Persian. Since the Turko-Mongol conquest of Central Asia, Persian-speakers in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran and all the way to Pakistan, Kashmir and India have been identified as Tājiks. The term is mainly used as opposed to "Turk" and "Mongol".

History of the name

First mentioned by the Uyghur historian Mahmoud Al-Kāshgharī, Tājik is an old Turkic expression referring to all Persian-speaking peoples of Central Asia. From the 11th century on, it came to be applied principally to all East-Iranians, and later specifically to Persian-speakers.[22] It is hard to establish the use of the word before the Turkic- and Mongol conquest of Central Asia, and since at least the 15th century it has been used by the region's Iranian population to distinguish themselves from the Turks. Persians in modern Iran who live in the Turkic-speaking areas of the country, also call themselves Tājik, something remarked upon in the 15th century by the poet Mīr Alī Šer Navā'ī.[23] In addition, Tibetans call all Persian-speakers (including those in Iran) Tājik.

The word "Tājik" in medieval literature

File:Stamp from Afghanistan honoring Mawlana Jalaluddin Balkhi aka Rumi.jpg
A postage stamp honoring Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi (known to the West as Rumi) who made the first usage of the term Tajik in literature in reference to himself.

The word Tājik is extensively used in Persian literature and poetry, always as a synonym for Persian. The Persian poet Sa'adi, for example, writes:

شاید که به پادشاه بگویند

ترک تو بریخت خون تاجیک:

 Perhaps to the King be said,

Your Turk shed the blood of a Tājik

It is clear that he, too, uses the word as opposed to Turk. The oldest known reference of the word Tajik in Persian literature, however, can be found in the writings of Djalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, himself being an Persian-speaker - and thus a "Tājik" - from Central Asia.[24]

Other meanings of the word

At certain periods of history, the word Tājik also referred to Persian-speaking scholars and clerks of early Islamic time who were schooled in Arabic. In the Safavid Empire, Tājik referred to the Iranian administrators and nobles of the kingdom, linked to the so-called Qezelbâš movement.

According to some old Tājik folktales, as well as old Persian books, the word "Tājik" literally refers to the "people having the crown" ("Tāj" means crown in Persian). It is believed that it initially refers to the East-Iranian people who ruled over the Bactrian, Soghdian and Badakhshan highlands and later over other areas of Central Asia and beyond - a region traditionally known as the "crown of the world".

Alternative names

Main article: Sart

As an alternative, the term Sart was also used as a synonym for Tājik and Persian in the medieval - post Genghis Khan - period. Turkic people named by this word the local East-Iranian population. However, the term was abolished by the Soviet government of the Central Asian states.

Location

File:Tajik girl.jpg

This file may be deleted after Monday, 3 March 2008.

Tājik are the principal ethnic group in most of Tajikistan, as well as in northern and western Afghanistan. Tajiks are a substantial minority in Uzbekistan, are found in Pakistan and a few in Xinjiang, China, as well as in overseas communities. Historically, the ancestors of the Tajiks lived in a larger territory in Central Asia than now.[citation needed]

Afghanistan

Main article: Demography of Afghanistan

Tajiks comprise between 27-34% of the population of Afghanistan.[1][25] They predominate three of the largest cities in Afghanistan (Kabul, Mazar-e Sharif, and Ghazni) and the northern and western provinces of Balkh, Parwan, Kapisa, Panjshir, Baghlan, Takhar, and Ghor, and large parts of Konduz Province. If the Farsiwan are included, they predominate in the city of Herat and Herat Province, and large parts of Farah Province. In addition, Tajiks live in all other cities and provinces in Afghanistan. Upper and central parts of Laghman Province, Gardez in Paktia, Urgun District in Paktika, and Toopkhana locality in Kandahar Province have significant Tajik or Persian speaking minorities. In Lowgar and Wardak provinces about one-third of the population is comprised of Tajiks.

Badakhshan Province is often considered as having a Tajik majority, but the local Pamiri consider themselves separate from Tajiks.[26]

Tajikistan

Main article: Demographics of Tajikistan

Today, Tajiks comprise around 79.9% of the population of Tajikistan.[2]

Uzbekistan

Main article: Demographics of Uzbekistan
A view of the Registan architectural monuments in Samarkand. Although the second largest city of Uzbekistan, it is predominantly a Tajik populated city, along with Bukhara

In Uzbekistan the Tājik are the largest part of the population of the ancient cities of Bukhara and Samarqand, and are found in large numbers in the Surxondaryo Province in the south and along Uzbekistan's eastern border with Tajikistan.

Official statistics in Uzbekistan state that the Tajik community comprises 5% of the nation's total population.[3] However, these numbers do not include ethnic Tajiks, who for a variety of reasons, declare themselves to be ethnic Uzbeks.[27] During the Soviet 'Uzbekization' supervised by Sharof Rashidov, the head of the Uzbek Communist Party, Tajiks had to choose either stay in Uzbekistan and get registered as Uzbek in their passports or leave the republic for a less developed agricultural mountainous Tajikistan. Tajiks may make up closer to 15 to 45 percent of Uzbekistan's population.[4][5]

Pakistan

Main article: Ethnic groups in Pakistan

Prior to 1980, Tajiks made up less than .5% of the population of Pakistan. Today (2008) there are an estimated 700,000 to 1 million Tajiks found in western Pakistan (NWFP), most being refugees from the Soviet war in Afghanistan while others who are often included as Tajiks are native to various regions such as Chitral (see Wakhi language) and the Gilgit Agency. In the last decade, many Tajik economic and migrant workers from Tajikistan have settled in Pakistan's Northern Areas, particularly in the city of Ishkuman where they are active in business as well as trade; there is also a sizeable community further south in Islamabad and Lahore.[citation needed]

File:MahmoudFarshchian.jpg
A modern example of Persian miniature: painting is an important element of Tājik culture

China

Main article: Tajiks in China

There is a population of approximately 41,000 (est. 2000) Iranian language speakers in China's western Xinjiang region with 60% of them living in Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County. This number includes the Iranian speaking Sarikolis and Wakhis who are often considered Tajiks.[28]

Russia

The population of Tajiks in Russia is around 500,000. Most Tajiks came to Russia during the Soviet Union.

Language

Main articles: Tajik language and Persian language

The language of the Tajiks is Persian, also called Dari. The variety spoken in Tajikistan is called Tajik. It is an Indo-European language, more specifically part of the Iranian language group. Tajik is an offspring of the Persian language, and belongs—along with Afghanistan's Dari—to the Eastern dialects of Persian. Historically, it was considered the local dialect of Persian spoken by the Tajik ethnic group in Central Asia, however Tajik has far fewer Arabic loan words than the Persian spoken in Iran. In Afghanistan Tajiks continue to use the Arabic script. However, when the Soviet Union introduced the use of the Latin script in 1928, and later the Cyrillic script, Tajik came to be considered a separate language in Tajikistan. The language remains greatly influenced by Russian because of political borders. A transcribed Tajik text can, in general, be easily read and understood by a speaker of the western dialect of Persian, and vice versa, and speakers of Tajik and the western Persian can converse with each other, as long as the speakers slow their speech and refrain from the use of more colloquial words and expressions. The common origin of the two languages is underscored by the Tajiks' claim to such famous writers as Omar Khayyám, Firdausi and Rumi. Russian is widely used in government and business in Tajikistan as well.

Children in Tajikistan

Physical characteristics

Physically, most Tajiks resemble the Mediterranean stock.[29] The average Tajik has dark hair and eyes with medium to fair skin. Light hair and eyes are relatively common, particularly in northern regions such as Badakhshan. A minority of Tajiks in Central Asia show Turko-Mongol admixture, while remote mountain Tajiks appear to more closely resemble the Indo-European Soghdian, Bactrian, and Scythian populations that existed before the Turko-Mongol invasions and migrations. A small number of Tajiks in Afghanistan also show traces of Turko-Mongol ancestry (possibly derived from the Hazaras and/or Uzbeks). In addition, Tajiks are often distinguished from their Farsiwan subgroup by religion as opposed to appearance. The Tajiks, as a whole, are a somewhat eclectic population genetically and display a wide range of phenotypes.[29]

Religion

Mazari Sharif's Blue Mosque in Afghanistan. Many such architectural monuments can be attributed to the efforts of the Tajik peoples who are predominantly followers of Islam today.

The great majority of Tajiks follow the Sunni Islam, although small Ismaili and Jafari Shia minorities also exist in scattered pockets. Some of Sunni's famous scholars were from East-Iranian regions and therefore can arguably viewed as Tajik. They include Abu Hanifa, Al-Ghazali, Tirmidhi, Abu Dawood, and Imam Bukhari amongst many others.

In Afghanistan, Tajiks who follow Jafari Shiism are called Farsiwan[citation needed]. Additionally, small Tajik Jewish communities (known as Bukharian Jews) have existed since ancient times in the cities of Bukhara, Samarqand, Dushanbe, and other Tajik populated centers.[30] Over the 20th century, the majority of these Tajik-speaking Jews emigrated to Israel and the United States, although many of these emigrants maintain ties with their homeland. Some Taijiks in China and Tajikistan also profess Buddhism.

Recent developments

The collapse of the Soviet Union and the civil war in Afghanistan both gave rise to a resurgence in Tajik nationalism across the region. Tajikistan in particular has been a focal point for this movement, and the government there has made a conscious effort to revive the legacy of the Samanid empire, the first Tajik-dominated state in the region after the Arab advance. For instance, the President of Tajikistan, Emomali Rahmon, dropped the "-ov" from his surname and directed others to adopt Tajik names when registering births.[31]

See also

Notes & references

  1. ^ a b "Afghanistan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. December 13, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b "Tajikistan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. December 13, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b "Uzbekistan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. December 13, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (February 23, 2000). "Uzbekistan". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 1999. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2007-12-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b D. Carlson, "Uzbekistan: Ethnic Composition and Discriminations", Harvard University, August 2003
  6. ^ This figure only includes Tajiks from Afghanistan. The population of people from Afghanistan the United States is estimated as 80,414 (2005). Of this number, 65% are estimated Tajiks. "US demographic census". Retrieved 2008-01-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help). Robson, Barbara and Lipson, Juliene (2002) "Chapter 5(B)- The People: The Tajiks and Other Dari-Speaking Groups" The Afghans - their history and culture Cultural Orientation Resource Center, Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C., [http://worldcat.org/oclc/56081073 OCLC 56081073.
  7. ^ "The Tajik ethnic minority". China.org.cn. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
  8. ^ This figure only includes Tajiks from Afghanistan. The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is 80,000 according the former Minister of Foreign Affairs Bill Graham (2003). Tajiks make up an estimated 34% of the population of Afghanistan. The Tajik population in Canada is estimated form these two figures. Canadian FM arrives in Afghanistan to discuss security.
  9. ^ M. Longworth Dames, G. Morgenstierne, and R. Ghirshman (1999). "AFGHĀNISTĀN". Encyclopaedia of Islam (CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0 ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress (1996). "Tajikistan - Ethnic Background". Country Studies Series. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2007-12-19. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |accessmonthday= (help)
  11. ^ Richard Nelson Frye, "Persien: bis zum Einbruch des Islam" (original English title: "The Heritage Of Persia"), German version, tr. by Paul Baudisch, Kindler Verlag AG, Zürich 1964, pp. 485-498
  12. ^ Linguistic Survey of India, Vol X., p 456.
  13. ^ Linguistic Survey of India, X, p. 456, Sir G Grierson; Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, pp 107-108.
  14. ^ Linguistic Survey of India, Vol X, pp 456ff, 468, 473, 474, 476, 500, 511, 524 etc; Journal of Royal Asiatic Society of Asia, 1911, pp 801-802, Sir Griersen; India as Known to Panini, 1968, p 49, Dr V. S. Aggarwala; Geographical Data in the Early Puranas, A Critical Study, 1972, p 164, Dr M. R. Singh; Bharata Bhumi aur uske Nivasi, Samvat 1987, pp 297-305, Dr J. C. Vidyalankar; Geographical and Economical Studies in the Mahabharata, Upayana Parva, p 37, Dr Motichandra; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, pp 127-28, 167, 218, Dr J. L. Kamboj; Sindhant Kaumudi Arthaprakashaka, 1966, pp 20-22, Acharya R. R. Pande.
  15. ^ Proceedings and Transactions of the ... All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, p 118; Indian Culture, 1934, p 193, Indian Research Institute; Linguistic Survey of India, Vol X, pp 455-56, Dr G. A. Grierson; cf: History and Archeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries from the... , 1976, p 152, Dr Shashi P. Asthana - Social Science; Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 39, Dr Moti Chandra - India; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, p 128, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī - Kamboja (Pakistan).
  16. ^ Dr J. C. Vidyalankara, Proceedings and Transactions of 6th A.I.O. Conference, 1930, p 118; cf: Linguistic Survey of India, Vol X, pp 455-56, Dr G. A. Grierson.
  17. ^ See: The Deeds of Harsha: Being a Cultural Study of Bāṇa's Harshacharita, 1969, p 199, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala; Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, p 118, Dr J. C. Vidyalankara; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī - Kamboja (Pakistan).
  18. ^ Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 19, Dr Moti Chandra - India; 1945 History and Archeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries from the ..., 1976, p 152 Shashi P. Asthana - Social Science; Asoka and His Inscriptions, 1968, p 95, Beni Madhab Barua, Ishwar Nath Topa; The Cultural Heritage of India, 1936, p 151, Sri Ramakrishna Centenary Committee - India; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, p 154, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī - Kamboja (Pakistan).
  19. ^ Cultural Heritage of India, 1936, Vol I, pp 44-45, Dr Suniti Kumar, See also Vol 3, 1936, p 135, Sri Ramakrishna Centenary Committee.
  20. ^ Bhart Bhumi Aur Unke Nivasi, p 313-314, 226, Bhartya Itihaas Ki Mimansa, p 335 by Dr J. C. Vidyalanka; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, pp 164-65, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī - Kamboja (Pakistan); Vishal Kamboj, October 2001, S. S. Nirmal, pp 7-10.
  21. ^ Cultural Heritage of India, 1936, Vol I, pp 44-45, Dr Suniti Kumar, See also Vol 3, 1936, p 151, Sri Ramakrishna Centenary Committee.
  22. ^ a b M.E. Subtelny, "The Symbiosis of Turk and Tajik" in B.F. Manz (ed.), Central Asia in Historical Perspective, (Boulder, Col. & Oxford), 1994, p. 48
  23. ^ Ali Shir Nava'i Muhakamat al-lughatain tr. & ed. Robert Devereaux (Leiden: Brill) 1966 p6
  24. ^ C.E. Bosworth/B.G. Fragner, "Tādjīk", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition: "... In Islamic usage, [Tādjīk] eventually came to designate the Persians, as opposed to Turks [...] the oldest citation for it which Schraeder could find was in verses of Djalāl al-Dīn Rūmī ..."
  25. ^ Dupree, L. "Afghānistān: (iv.) ethnocgraphy". In Ehsan Yarshater (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica (Online Edition ed.). United States: Columbia University. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |edition= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Suhrobsho Davlatshoev (2006). "The Formation and Consolidation of Pamiri Ethnic Identity in Tajikistan. Dissertation" (PDF). School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, Turkey (M.S. thesis). Retrieved 25 August2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  27. ^ See for example the Country report on Uzbekistan, released by the United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor here.
  28. ^ "The Tajik ethnic minority (China)" (Chinese government website, in English)
  29. ^ a b Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress (1997). "Afghanistan: Tajik". Country Studies Series. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2007-12-19. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |accessmonthday= (help)
  30. ^ J. Sloame, "Bukharan Jews", Jewish Virtual Library, (LINK)
  31. ^ McDermott, Roger (25). "TAJIKISTAN RESTATES ITS STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP WITH RUSSIA, WHILE SENDING MIXED SIGNALS". The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2007-12-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Literature

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