Pest control

A crop duster applies low-insecticide bait that is targeted against Western corn rootworms

Pest control refers to the regulation or management of another species defined as a pest, usually because it is believed to be detrimental to a person's health, the ecology or the economy

Pest control is at least as old as agriculture. In order to maximize food production, it can be economically advantageous to protect crops from competing species of plants, as well as from herbivores competing with humans.

The conventional approach was probably the first to be employed, since it is comparatively easy to destroy weeds by burning them or plowing them under, and to kill larger competing herbivores, such as crows and other birds eating seeds. Techniques such as crop rotation, companion planting, also known as intercropping or mixed cropping, and the selective breeding of pest-resistant cultivars also have a long history.

Many pests have only become a problem because of the direct actions of humans. Modifying these actions can often substantially reduce the pest problem. In the USA, raccoons caused a nuisance by tearing open refuse sacks. Many householders introduced bins with locking lids, which deterred the raccoons from visiting. House flies tend to accumulate wherever there is human activity and is virtually a global phenomenon, especially where food or food waste is exposed. Similarly, seagulls have become a pest at many seaside resorts. Tourists would often feed the birds with scraps of fish and chips, and before long, the birds would become dependent on this food source and act aggressively towards humans.

In the UK, following concern about animal welfare, humane pest control and deterrence is gaining ground through the use of animal psychology rather than destruction. For instance, with the urban Red Fox which territorial behaviour is used against the animal, usually in conjunction with non-injurious chemical repellents.

Chemical pesticides dates back 4,500 years, when the Sumerians used sulfur compounds as insecticides. The Rig Veda, which is about 4,000 years old, also mentions the use of poisonous plants for pest control. And the ancient Chinese and Egyptians are also known to have used chemical pest control. But it was only with the industrialization and mechanization of agriculture in the 18th and 19th century, and the introduction of the insecticides pyrethrum and derris that chemical pest control became the method of choice. In the 20th century, the discovery of several synthetic insecticides, such as DDT, and herbicides boosted this development. Chemical pest control is still the predominant type of pest control today, although its long-term effects led to a renewed interest in traditional and biological pest control towards the end of the 20th century.

Sign in Ilfracombe, England designed to help control Seagull presence

Organic pest and insect control

It is known that chemical pesticides kill insects effectively. However, some may also be toxic to human beings and lead to severe environmental degradations if the use of the chemicals is not properly managed. By comparison, natural pesticides, which are usually eco-friendly, are more conducive to environmental sustainability and more beneficial to public wellness. Many botanic species have anti-insect properties but are non-toxic to humans, including Arisaema jacquemontii, which has been demonstrated to have an anti-cancer potency .

See also

• Biological pest control, for the control of one species through the control of its predators
  • Hedgehog, animal used for controlling pest insects but itself a pest in some places
• Crop rotation
• Insect repellent
• Insectary plants
• Invasive species
• List of common household pests
• List of politically endorsed exterminations of animals
• Mosquito control
• Pesticide application
• Rat-catcher
• Sterile insect technique
• Varmint hunting
• Weed control
• Wildlife management

External links

• National Pest Management Association
• History of Pest Management
• Pest control tactics
• Bed Bug infestations
• Pesticide application network
• Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers - trade association of the biological control industry
• Happy Pest Control - pest information
• Pest management information from Preservation Department of Stanford University Libraries
• National Pest Technicians Association,England U.K