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=== [[Evidence-based]] vs. [[Empirical method|experience-based]] practice ===
=== [[Evidence-based]] vs. [[Empirical method|experience-based]] practice ===


For decades, physical therapy practice has been the subject of criticism for its lack of a research base.<ref name="EBP2">{{cite journal | LAST =Turner| FIRST =P.|title =Evidence based practice and physiotherapy in the 1990's|journal = Physiotherapy Theory and Practice|volume = 17|issue =|date = |url = |accessdate = }}</ref> In a late 1990s survey of English and Australian physical therapists, fewer than five percent (5%) of survey respondents indicated that they regularly reviewed scientific literature to guide practice decisions.<ref name=EBP3>{{cite journal | LAST =Turner| FIRST =P.|title =Physiotherapists' reasons for selection of treatment techniques: A cross-national survey|journal = Physiotherapy Theory and Practice|volume = 15|issue =|date = |pages = 235-246|url = |accessdate = }} </ref><ref name="EBP4">{{cite journal | LAST =Turner| FIRST =P.|title =Physiotherapists' use of evidence based practice: A cross-national study|journal = Physiotherapy Research International|volume = 2(1)|issue =|date = |pages = 17-29|url = |accessdate = }}</ref> Despite an overall positive attitude towards [[evidence based practice]],<ref name='EBP_Jette'> {{cite journal|title=Evidence-Based Practice: Beliefs, Attitudes, Knowledge, and Behaviors of Physical Therapists|journal=Physical Therapy|date=2003-09|first=Diane U.|last=Jette|coauthors=Kimberly Bacon, Cheryl Batty, Melissa Carlson, Amanda Ferland, Richard D Hemingway, Jessica C Hill, Laura Ogilvie and Danielle Volk|volume=83|issue=9|pages=786-805|id=PMID 12940766 |url=http://www.ptjournal.org/cgi/content/abstract/83/9/786|format=|accessdate=2007-12-21 }}</ref> most physical therapists utilized treatment techniques with little scientific support.<ref name="EBP3"/><ref name=EBP7>{{cite journal | LAST =Bohannon| FIRST =R.|title =Clinicians' use of research findings|journal = Physical Therapy|volume = 66|issue =|date = |pages = 45-50|url = |accessdate = }} </ref><ref name=EBP8>{{cite journal | LAST =Newham| FIRST =D.|title =PracticalResearch|journal = Physiotherapy|volume = 80|issue =|date = |pages = 337 - 339|url = |accessdate = }} </ref><ref name=EBP9>{{cite journal | LAST =Rothstein| FIRST =J.|title =Caveat Emptor (Editorial)|journal = Physical Therapy|volume = 70|issue =|date = |pages = 278-279|url = |accessdate = }} </ref><ref name=EBP>{{cite journal | last =Schreiber | first =J. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =A review of the literature on evidence-based practice in physical therapy | journal =The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice | volume =3 | issue =4 | pages = | publisher = | location = | date =October 2005 | url = http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/vol3num4/Schreiber-Stern.htm
For decades, physical therapy practice has been the subject of criticism for its lack of a research base.<ref name="EBP2">{{cite journal | LAST =Turner| FIRST =P.|title =Evidence based practice and physiotherapy in the 1990's|journal = Physiotherapy Theory and Practice|volume = 17|issue =|date = |url = |accessdate = }}</ref> In a late 1990s survey of English and Australian physical therapists, fewer than five percent (5%) of survey respondents indicated that they regularly reviewed scientific literature to guide practice decisions.<ref name=EBP3>{{cite journal | LAST =Turner| FIRST =P.|title =Physiotherapists' reasons for selection of treatment techniques: A cross-national survey|journal = Physiotherapy Theory and Practice|volume = 15|issue =|date = |pages = 235-246|url = |accessdate = }} </ref><ref name="EBP4">{{cite journal | LAST =Turner| FIRST =P.|title =Physiotherapists' use of evidence based practice: A cross-national study|journal = Physiotherapy Research International|volume = 2(1)|issue =|date = |pages = 17-29|url = |accessdate = }}</ref> Despite an overall positive attitude towards [[evidence based practice]],<ref name='EBP_Jette'> {{cite journal|title=Evidence-Based Practice: Beliefs, Attitudes, Knowledge, and Behaviors of Physical Therapists|journal=Physical Therapy|date=2003-09|first=Diane U.|last=Jette|coauthors=Kimberly Bacon, Cheryl Batty, Melissa Carlson, Amanda Ferland, Richard D Hemingway, Jessica C Hill, Laura Ogilvie and Danielle Volk|volume=83|issue=9|pages=786-805|id=PMID 12940766 |url=http://www.ptjournal.org/cgi/content/abstract/83/9/786|format=|accessdate=2007-12-21 }}</ref> most physical therapists utilized treatment techniques with little scientific support.<ref name=EBP8>{{cite journal | LAST =Newham| FIRST =D.|title =PracticalResearch|journal = Physiotherapy|volume = 80|issue =|date = |pages = 337 - 339|url = |accessdate = }} </ref><ref name=EBP>{{cite journal | last =Schreiber | first =J. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =A review of the literature on evidence-based practice in physical therapy | journal =The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice | volume =3 | issue =4 | pages = | publisher = | location = | date =October 2005 | url = http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/vol3num4/Schreiber-Stern.htm
| doi = | id = | accessdate =12/1/07 }}</ref> Although numerous calls have been made for a shift toward the use of research and scientific evidence to guide practice decisions, at least throughout the 1990s, "most physical therapists continued to base practice decisions largely on anecdotal evidence."<ref name=EBP/>
| doi = | id = | accessdate =12/1/07 }}</ref> Although numerous calls have been made for a shift toward the use of research and scientific evidence to guide practice decisions, at least throughout the 1990s, "most physical therapists continued to base practice decisions largely on anecdotal evidence."<ref name=EBP/>


Revision as of 22:26, 13 April 2008

Physical therapy (or physiotherapy[1]) is a healthcare profession concerned with prevention and management of movement disorders arising from conditions and diseases occurring throughout the lifespan. Physical therapy is performed by either a physical therapist (physiotherapist) or a physical therapist assistant (PTA) acting under the direction of a physical therapist.[2] Despite this, various alternative health professions continue to employ the use of some physical therapeutic modalities in practice.[3] A program of physical therapy will typically also involve a patient's caregivers.[4]

Modern physical therapy

The modern practice of physical therapy was developed in London in 1896, believing hospital patients needed to be mobilized on a regular basis in order to maintain adequate muscle function and mobility. This special interest group grew rapidly and in 1920 the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy was formed in the Country of United Kingdom. Similar organizations were developed in other countries, including the USA.

The care and rehabilitation of the large numbers of amputees resulting from the World Wars of the early 20th century, as well as care of patients suffering from diseases such as polio galvanized the development of physical therapy worldwide. One of its principal advocates was Elizabeth Kenny, an Australian nurse who made a significant impact on the treatment of polio during the 1930s and 1940s.

Physical Therapist Management

Physical Therapists diagnose[5][6] and manage the health of individals of all ages who have conditions which impact the ability to function at full capacity.[7] Physical therapists utilize the patient history and physical examination as the core of management process. If necessary physical therapists will also incorporate the results of laboratory and imaging studies into the development of the diagnosis and plan of treament. Physical Therapists may also perform electodiagnostic testing such as electromyograms and nerve conduction velocity testing[8].

Physical therapists practice in many settings such as; outpatient clinics or offices,inpatient rehabilitation facilities, extended care facilities, patient's homes, education or research centers, schools , hospices, industrial, workplace, or other occupational environments, fitness centers and sports training facilities.[9]

The body of knowledge of physical therapy is quite large. While some physical therapists are generalists many have chosen to specialize. There are many specialty areas in physical therapy[10] below are some of the more common specialty areas of practice.

Specialty areas in physical therapy

Orthopaedic

Orthopaedic (Musculoskeletal) physical therapists manage conditions of the bones, joints and muscles. Some common catagories of such conditionas are: fractures, sprains, strains, arthritis, and post-operative orthopadic surgical conditions.

Physical therapists utilize a number of therapeutic modalities are available in physical therapy. These include exercise prescription (strength, motor control, stretching,proprioception training, and endurance), manual therapy techniques like joint mobilization/manipulation, and soft tissue massage. Also, various forms of "electrophysical agents" are utilized (such as cryotherapy, heat therapy, iontophoresis and electrotherapy).[11]

An emerging treatment in musculoskeletal physical therapy is the use of sonography[12]. Sonography is used both to guide interventions such as muscle retraining[13][14] [15] and as a diagnostic tool[16][17]

Cardiopulmonary

Cardiopulmonary physical therapists work with patients in a wide variety of settings. There are two main devisions one is acute care/ emergency physiotherapy and the other dealing with the rehabilitation of cardiopulmonary patient population. They treat acute problems like asthma, acute chest infections and trauma; they are involved in the preparation and recovery of patients from major surgery; they also treat a wide range of chronic cardiac and respiratory conditions like Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF) and post-myocardial infarction (MI). They work with all ages from premature babies to older adults at the end of their life. Physical therapists are pioneering new management techniques for non-organic respiratory problems like hyperventilation and other stress-related disorders as well as leading the development of cardio-pulmonary rehabilitation and non-invasive ventilation. Physiotherapy services in the form of out patient services for COPD, asthma, Coronary artery diseases, peripheral vascular diseases, and diabetes are the area along with other conditions with related patho-physiology where cardiopulmonary physiotherapists work.

Neurological

Treatment in neurological conditions is typically based upon exercises to restore motor function through attempting to overcome motor deficits and improve motor patterns. To achieve this aim various theoretical frameworks have been promoted, each based upon inferences drawn from basic and clinical science research. Whilst some of these have remained static, others are designed to take into account new developments, perhaps the most notable example being the "movement science" framework. The various philosophies often generate considerable debate.

Integumentary

Treatment of conditions involving the skin and related organs. Common conditions include wounds and burns. Treatment interventions include debridement of wounds and burns, dressings, scar prevention and reduction.

Pediatric

Treatment and management of pediatric neurological, cardiothoracic, and musculoskeletal conditions. Common conditions include asthma, cerebral palsy, developmental delay and torticollis.

Physical therapy education

Programs around the world

As with many aspects of the profession, physical therapy training varies considerably across the world. As a rule, physical therapy studies involve a minimum of four years of tertiary education. Some examples are described here.

  • In the United Kingdom, university degrees tend to be three rather than four years in length, as British students historically specialise earlier in their education than in most other developed countries. In order to qualify, students are required to complete 1000 hours of clinically based learning: this typically takes place in the final two years; however, some courses also have clinical placement in the first year. Thirty-five universities and tertiary level institutions train physiotherapists in the UK. The vast majority of physiotherapists work within the National Health Service, the state healthcare system.
  • In Turkey, the Physiotherapy (BPT) education is provided by physiotherapy schools in universities (Hacettepe University, Dokuz Eylül University, İstanbulUniversity, Baskent University, Pamukkale University, Dumlupınar University, Süleyman Demirel University) after high school education. Education takes 4 years or 5 years with preb classes. MSc and Ph.D. education is given by institutes of medical sciences.
  • In Bangladesh, the Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT) course is provided by the Medicine Faculty of University of Dhaka. There are two affiliated institute who provides 4 years of Professional education including one year mandatory internship. Those are Bangladesh Health Professions Institute (BHPI) situated at Savar and the another one is National Institute of Traumatology Orthopaedic and Rehabilition, situated at Dhaka. Bangladesh Physiotherapy Association and Bangladesh Physiotherapy Society are two professional body of Physiotherapy here. Recently Bangladesh Physiotherapy Association has got the Professional Recognistion from WCPT at 2007, Vancouver. Presently BPA Members are working for the Registered Interest Group of IFOMT to develop Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapy skills in here. But its a great Regrat that in Bangladesh Government still dont take any step for Posts of Physiotherapits.
  • In Pakistan there are 8 colleges offering Bsc. Physiotherapy and 2 colleges offering Msc in PT.physical therapist have a good scope in government and private hospitals and they are awarded 17 grade pay scale.
  • In Australia, where physical therapy is called physiotherapy, a few different programs are available. The physiotherapy degree can be undertaken over a four-year period with the early components being predominantly theoretical including basic anatomy, biology, physics, psychology, kinesiology, goniometry and physiology. In the latter half of the degree students partake in practical components focusing on musculoskeletal physiotherapy, neuromuscular physiotherapy (notably Souvlis pain mechanisms), paediatric physiotherapy, geriatric physiotherapy, cardiothoracic physiotherapy, and women's health. The program generally progresses with an increasingly clinical focus and usually the final year involves practical placements at clinics, and research. These programs are usually offered to those with no prior degree and graduate with the (B.Physio) degree.

Postgraduate entry into physiotherapy is possible in some institutions, typically involving 3 years of study following the completion of a related (e.g. exercise physiology or science) Bachelor degree. Universities offering such courses include the University of Melbourne and Bond University, Queensland.

  • In Canada, entry-level physiotherapy education is offered at 13 universities. Many of these university programs are at the Master's level, meaning that applicants must have already completed an undergraduate degree prior to applying. (All entry-level programs in Canada are slated to be at the Masters level by 2010.) Many universities also offer graduate programs in physiotherapy, rehabilitation, or related disciplines at the masters or doctoral level. Many physiotherapists may advance their education at these levels in such Clinical Practice Areas as cardiorespirology, geriatrics, neurosciences, orthopaedics, pediatrics, rheumatology, sports physiotherapy, and women's health.
  • In New Zealand, there are currently two schools of physiotherapy offering four-year undergraduate programs. Many New Zealand physiotherapists work in the private health care system as musculoskeletal physiotherapists and the curriculum reflects the need to prepare graduates for autonomous practice. Students follow an educational program similar to Australia with an emphasis on biomechanics, kinesiology and exercise. Postgraduate study typically involves three years of subject specific learning.
  • In the Philippines, physical therapy programs are generally 5 years in length and award the B.S. Physical Therapy degree upon graduation. The program consists of 2 years of general education, 2 years of physical therapy subjects, and a final year of internship & research/thesis. Some schools require students to complete a full 12 months of internship while other schools only require 10. During the internship year, students are required to fulfill clinical affiliations with hospitals, outpatient clinics, and other healthcare facilities. Due to the healthcare structure in the Philippines, clinics and therapy departments are often headed by a Physiatrist who writes out specific treatment orders for the PT to follow, and majority of the treatments are cash-based since not a lot of people have health insurance. Recently, the M.S. Physical Therapy postgraduate program has been made available by the University of Santo Tomas (Manila, Philippines). Once a student graduates from the BSPT program, he/she is then required to pass a national licensure exam administered by the Professional Regulation Commission. The said paper-based exam is a grueling 2 day ordeal which consists of approximately 730 questions. It is only administered twice a year and the names of those who pass the exam are published in several national newspapers. Those who pass the exam become licensed PTs and are then entitled to add the initials PTRP (Physical Therapist Registered in the Philippines) after their name.
  • In South Africa the degree (B.PhysT, B.Sc Physio or B.Physio) consists of four years of general practice training, involving all aspects of Physiotherapy. Typically, the first year is made up of theoretical introduction. Gradually, time spent in supervised practice increases until the fourth year, in which the student generally spends about 80% in practice. In the fourth year, students are also expected to complete Physiotherapy research projects, which fulfills the requirements of an Honours degree. Professional practice and specialization can only be entered into after a state governed, compulsory year of community service is completed by the student after graduation.
  • In the United Arab Emirates[1] the Bachelor Of Physiotherapy (BPT) consists of a 4 year undergraduate degree program. In the first year of the program they are introduced to pre-clinical subjects such as Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Human Behaviour & Socialisation & Basic Medical Electronics & Computers. The students also get hands on experiences in cadaveric dissections while learning Human Anatomy during the first year of the program. The students progressively are introduced to supervised clinical practice and the integrated curriculum offers the best learning experiences in addition to extensive inhouse elearning programs. The course offers Case Based Learning experiences and focusses on Evidence Based Practices. The program culminates with a six month internship ending with a research project work.
  • In Spain a physiotherapy student is required to complete 3 years of training after having passed a university entrance exam. After completing a physiotherapy program, another exam can be taken to work for the public health system of an autonomous community, or a graduate can work for private hospitals, clinics, etc. There are 43 universities with physiotherapy faculties in Spain.
  • In the United States a student completes an undergraduate degree with a strong science component prior to gaining entry into a Doctor of Physical Therapy program. Students complete clinical internships as part of their education.
  • In the Republic of Ireland, Physiotherapy is available as an undergraduate course in four universities, Trinity College, University College Dublin, Royal College of Surgeons and University of Limerick. Courses are four years in length with clinical practice in the final two years. Students are required to complete 1000 hours of clinical practice before graduation.
  • In India, universities offer undergraduate program of physiotherapy with four years of academic and clinical program and 6 months of compulsory internship. There are over 250 collages offering undergraduate program in physiotherapy (BPT) and more than 50 collages offering masters in Physiotherapy (MPT) with 2 years duration. PhD in Physiotherapy is offered in some universities of the states Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
  • In Sri Lanka, Physiotherapy is available as a Diploma course for 2 years in School of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy, which is affiliated to the National Hospital of Colombo from 1957. After the 6 months of classroom training students are sent to hospitals for clinical practice. During the 80's foreign students from Australia, Belgium have studied at the Physiotherapy School. From the year 2005 Medical Faculties of University of Peradeniya & University of Colombo have started the undergraduate course for 4 years.

Following basic physical therapy training, experienced practitioners may undertake further study towards certification as a specialist practitioner. For example, in the United States, experienced physical therapists may apply to take a specialty exam to earn board certification in any of seven sub-specialty areas: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary, Clinical Electrophysiologic, Geriatric, Neurologic, Orthopaedic, Paediatric, and Sports physical therapy.

Qualifications in the United States

Physical Therapists must have a graduate degree from an accredited physical therapy program before taking the national licensing examination. Most now offer the Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree[18]. All states (in the United States) require physical therapists to pass the National Physical Therapy Examination[19] after graduating from an accredited physical therapist educational program before they can practice.

According to the American Physical Therapy Association, there were 210 accredited physical therapist programs in 2008. Of the accredited programs, 23 offered the Master of Physical Therapy, and 187 offered the Doctor of Physical Therapy degree. Virtually all programs are in transistion to the DPT degree[20].

It should be noted that those who have graduated with either the BSPT (Bachelor of Physical Therapy) or the MSPT (Master of Physical Therapy) degrees are considered "equivalent" and equally qualified to practice physical therapy as those who have graduated with the DPT degree.

Physical therapist programs start with basic science courses such as biology, chemistry, and physics, and then introduce specialized courses such as kinesiology, biomechanics, neuroanatomy, human growth and development, pathology, diagnostics, physical examination techniques, and therapeutic procedures. Besides classroom and laboratory instruction, students receive supervised clinical education.

Controversial issues in physical therapy

Evidence-based vs. experience-based practice

For decades, physical therapy practice has been the subject of criticism for its lack of a research base.[21] In a late 1990s survey of English and Australian physical therapists, fewer than five percent (5%) of survey respondents indicated that they regularly reviewed scientific literature to guide practice decisions.[22][23] Despite an overall positive attitude towards evidence based practice,[24] most physical therapists utilized treatment techniques with little scientific support.[25][26] Although numerous calls have been made for a shift toward the use of research and scientific evidence to guide practice decisions, at least throughout the 1990s, "most physical therapists continued to base practice decisions largely on anecdotal evidence."[26]

To overcome these limitations, the World Confederation for Physical Therapy (WCPT),[27] the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA),[28] and a number of authors[29] have called on the profession to adopt and adhere to evidence based practices formally based on the best available scientific sources.

Journals and publications

Physical therapists have access to a wide range of publications and journals.[30] Some are strictly limited to physical therapy, while others (eg. various orthopedic and surgical journals) are not as specific, yet physical therapists contribute to them and read them. Here are a few:

References

  1. ^ terms physical therapy and physiotherapy are synonymous and can be used interchangeably. The term physical therapy appears to be favored in the United States, while physiotherapy - or physio - appears to be favored in Canada, England, Australia, and many other countries.
  2. ^ "Discovering Physical Therapy. What is physical therapy". American Physical Therapy Association. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Can Chiropractors and Evidence-Based Manual Therapists Work Together? An Opinion From a Veteran Chiropractor". The Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 14 (2): E15. 2006. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |FIRST= ignored (|first= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |LAST= ignored (|last= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ "Description of Physical Therapy - What is Physical Therapy?]". World Confederation for Physical Therapy (WCPT). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Moore JH, McMillian DJ, Rosenthal MD, Weishaar MD. Risk determination for patients with direct access to physical therapy in military health care facilities. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 35(10): 674-678, 2005
  6. ^ Moore JH, Goss DL, Baxter RE, DeBerardino TM, Mansfield L, Fellows DW, Taylor DC. Clinical diagnostic accuracy and magnetic resonance imaging of patients referred by physical therapists, orthopaedic surgeons and non-orthopaedic providers. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 25(2), 67-71, 2005. (2003 SPTS Excellence in Research Award.)
  7. ^ http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=33205
  8. ^ http://www.aptasce-wm.org/documents/guidelines/ENMG%20EvaluationGuidelines.pdf
  9. ^ http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=33205
  10. ^ http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Chapters&Template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=36890 text here
  11. ^ Cameron, M. (2003). Physical Agents in Rehabilitation - From Research to Practice, USA: W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-9378-4
  12. ^ http://www.rtuspt.com/resources/references.php
  13. ^ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(02)00011-6
  14. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17970407?ordinalpos=5&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
  15. ^ http://jospt.org/issues/articleID.690,type.2/article_detail.asp
  16. ^ Weishaar MD, McMillian DJ, Moore JH. Identification and management of 2 femoral shaft stress injuries. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 35(10): 663-671, 2005
  17. ^ Warden, S. J., Z. S. Kiss, et al. (2007). "Comparative accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in confirming clinically diagnosed patellar tendinopathy." Am J Sports Med 35(3): 427-36
  18. ^ http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Student_Resources&CONTENTID=46936&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm
  19. ^ http://fsbpt.org/ForConsumers/PhysicalTherapy/index.asp
  20. ^ http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Student_Resources&CONTENTID=46936&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm
  21. ^ "Evidence based practice and physiotherapy in the 1990's". Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 17. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |FIRST= ignored (|first= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |LAST= ignored (|last= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "Physiotherapists' reasons for selection of treatment techniques: A cross-national survey". Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 15: 235–246. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |FIRST= ignored (|first= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |LAST= ignored (|last= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Physiotherapists' use of evidence based practice: A cross-national study". Physiotherapy Research International. 2(1): 17–29. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |FIRST= ignored (|first= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |LAST= ignored (|last= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Jette, Diane U. (2003-09). "Evidence-Based Practice: Beliefs, Attitudes, Knowledge, and Behaviors of Physical Therapists". Physical Therapy. 83 (9): 786–805. PMID 12940766. Retrieved 2007-12-21. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "PracticalResearch". Physiotherapy. 80: 337–339. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |FIRST= ignored (|first= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |LAST= ignored (|last= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ a b Schreiber, J. (October 2005). "A review of the literature on evidence-based practice in physical therapy". The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 3 (4). Retrieved 12/1/07. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  27. ^ "Declarations of Principle - Evidence Based Practice". World Confederation for Physical Therapy. 2007-06. Retrieved 2007-12-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ "Evidence-Based Practice". American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  29. ^ Schreiber, J. (2005-10). "A Review of the Literature on Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Therapy". The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 3 (4). Retrieved 2007-12-21. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ Mapping the literature of physical therapy. E M Wakiji. Bull Med Libr Assoc. 1997 July; 85(3): 284–288.

See also

National associations

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