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Turbocharged Direct Injection (acronym: TDI) is the technology used to describe, and name modern diesel engines produced by Volkswagen Group, and is widely used in passenger cars produced by the company (especially those sold in Europe). TDI is a registered trademark of Volkswagen AG^[1].

Overview

File:VWJETTATDIENGINE.JPG

The TDI engine in a Jetta

Volkswagen products featuring a TDI engine display a TDI badge

The engine uses direct injection, where a fuel injector sprays directly into the engine cylinder, rather than the pre-combustion chamber prevalent in older diesels which used indirect injection. The engine is coupled with a turbocharger to increase the amount of air that can get into the engine cylinders, and an intercooler to lower the temperature of the air from the turbo, thereby increasing the amount of fuel that can be injected and combusted. These, in combination, allow for greater engine performance while also decreasing harmful emissions and providing more torque than its petrol counterpart.

Similar technology has been used by other companies but "TDI" refers to these Volkswagen Group engines. Normally-aspirated engines (those without a turbocharger) made by Volkswagen Group use the label Suction Diesel Injection (SDI).

The reduced material volume of the direct injection diesel engine reduces heat losses and thereby increases engine efficiency, at the expense of increased combustion noise. A direct injection engine is also easier to start when cold due to the reduced heat loss of the design.

History

The first Volkswagen Group TDI engine was a 2.5L inline five-cylinder introduced in the Audi 100 in 1989. The TDI arrangement has been enhanced by improving the efficiency of the turbocharger, increasing the pressure at which fuel can be injected, and more precisely timing when the injection of fuel takes place. There have been a few major generations, starting with what are known as "VE" engines. In 2000, the Pumpe-Düse (PD, variously translated "pump nozzle", "unit injector", "pump injector") engine began to appear in Europe, eventually coming to North America a few years later.

The PD design was a reaction to the development of common rail fuel injection by competitors; an attempt by Volkswagen to create an in-house technology of comparable performance that would not require any royalties to be paid. While Pumpe-Düse engines had a significantly higher injection pressure than older engines, they could not keep up with common rail^{[citation needed]}, and weren't able to control injection timing as precisely (a major factor in improving emissions). PD technology will be abandoned and new engines appearing in 2008 are using the common rail technique with piezoelectric injectors.

Motor racing

A racing version of the common rail TDI engine made an impact in 2006 when it was used in the Audi R10, which won the 12 Hours of Sebring and 24 Hours of Le Mans, becoming the first diesel-powered car to win either of those races. Fuel economy was a significant factor as the car didn't have to refuel as often as others in the race. The car used a special synthetic diesel blend as fuel.

Direct injection turbodiesel engines are frequent winners of various prizes in the International Engine of the Year Awards. In 1999 in particular 6 out of 12 categories were won by direct injection engines: 3 were Volkswagen, 2 were BMW and 1 Audi. Notably that year the Volkswagen 1.2L TDI beat the Toyota Prius to win "Best Fuel Economy" in its class.

Fuel

Like most diesel engines, TDI engines can run on petrodiesel or B5, B20, or B99 biodiesel, subject to manufacturers prior approval.

In terms of fuel efficiency, and clean emissions when run on biodiesel or SVO/WVO (which should NOT be used on the later PD engines at all, since irreparable damage will result), TDI engines are among the best on the market. This is often overlooked because they do not drive on petrol. As an example, a 2007 Volkswagen Jetta 1.9L TDI with 5-speed manual achieves 5.2 L/100km (54 mpg UK or 45 mpg US) on the European combined-cycle test while a DSG automatic reaches 5.9 L/100km (48 mpg UK or 40 mpg US).^[2]

Newer TDI engines, with higher injection pressures, are less forgiving about poor-quality fuel than their 1980s ancestors. Volkswagen's warranty does not cover damage due to bad fuel (petro or bio) and has in the past recommended that only mixtures up to 5% biodiesel (B5) be used, presumably because biodiesel is experimental and refiners do not yet have enough experience meeting ASTM standards. VW has, however, more recently permitted mixes up to B20, and has recommended B5 be used in place of 100% petro because of biodiesel's improved lubricating properties.^[3]

No. 2 diesel fuel is recommended since it has a higher cetane number than No. 1 fuel and has lower viscosity (better ability to flow) than heavier fuel oils. Some owners in North America, where cetane levels are generally poor (as low as 40), use additives and/or premium diesel to get cetane numbers closer to the standard levels found in the European market (at least 51) where the engine is designed. Improved cetane reduces emissions while improving performance and potentially increasing fuel economy.

New low-sulfur petroleum-only diesel recipes cause seals to shrink^[4] and can cause fuel pump failures in TDI engines; biodiesel blends are reported to prevent that failure.^[5]

Lubricants

For all Volkswagen Group diesel engines, VW requires that lubricants must meet VW505.00, 505.01, 506.00, 506.01, or 507.00 standards.

A number of brands of motor oils are now "VW Approved" to the above standards, however, there do exist a few off brands which are not approved by VW, and simply print the VW number on the label, and hide in small type the word "recommended". Volkswagen AG only carry out in-house testing on motor oils to grant the necessary approvals, therefore, if Volkswagen have not been tasked to carry out such tests (or if a submitted oil has failed their tests), VW will NOT grant any approval. Volkswagen Germany and Volkswagen of America freely publish up-to-date lists of currently approved oils on their respective websites, along with the technical resource, erWin^[6]. Volkswagen do not permit any independent testing facility to grant their own standards.

European models with "LongLife Servicing", "Extended Service Intervals", "ESI", or "WIV", must be run on official VW LongLife lubricants, namely 506.00 (for non-PD), 506.01 (for PD), or the very latest 507.00. However, Volkswagen of America warranties require frequent oil changes even if ESI hardware is installed. Finally, the very latest TDIs with Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) must ONLY use 507.00 oils.

(Useful references: TDIClub.com 1 2 3)

References

^ Volkswagen AG - TDI Technical Glossary
^ "Jetta engines". Volkswagen. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
^ "Biodiesel FAQ". Retrieved 2008-01-28.
^ "Technical bulletin (PDF): Fuel leaks from seals of vehicles using ultra low sulfur diesel" (PDF). Chevron. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
^ "Biodiesel Best Management Practices" (PDF). Virginia Clean Cities. June 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
^ Approved oils from erWin

External links

Volkswagen Group
myTurboDiesel.com A turbodiesel technical forum and "how to" page for Volkswagens.
TDI Club A comprehensive source for all TDI information.
VW Golf TDI Review of Volkswagen Golf TDI automobile

[1] Volkswagen AG - TDI Technical Glossary

[2] "Jetta engines". Volkswagen. Retrieved 2007-06-04.

[3] "Biodiesel FAQ". Retrieved 2008-01-28.

[4] "Technical bulletin (PDF): Fuel leaks from seals of vehicles using ultra low sulfur diesel" (PDF). Chevron. Retrieved 2008-01-28.

[5] "Biodiesel Best Management Practices" (PDF). Virginia Clean Cities. June 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-28.

[6] Approved oils from erWin

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@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 For all [[Volkswagen Group]] diesel engines, VW requires that lubricants must meet VW505.00, 505.01, 506.00, 506.01, or 507.00 standards.
-A number of brands of [[motor oil]]s are now "VW Approved" to the above standards, however, there do exist a few off brands which are not approved by VW, and simply print the VW number on the label, and hide in small type the word "recommended".  Volkswagen AG only carry out in-house testing on motor oils to grant the necessary approvals, therefore, if Volkswagen have not been tasked to carry out such tests (or if a submitted oil has failed their tests), VW will NOT grant any approval.  Volkswagen Germany and Volkswagen of America freely publish up-to-date lists of currently approved oils on their respective websites, along with the technical resource, erWin<ref>[https://erwin.volkswagen.de/erwin/showApprovedOils.do Approved oils]</ref>.  Volkswagen do not permit any independent testing facility to grant their own standards.
+A number of brands of [[motor oil]]s are now "VW Approved" to the above standards, however, there do exist a few off brands which are not approved by VW, and simply print the VW number on the label, and hide in small type the word "recommended".  Volkswagen AG only carry out in-house testing on motor oils to grant the necessary approvals, therefore, if Volkswagen have not been tasked to carry out such tests (or if a submitted oil has failed their tests), VW will NOT grant any approval.  Volkswagen Germany and Volkswagen of America freely publish up-to-date lists of currently approved oils on their respective websites, along with the technical resource, erWin<ref>[https://erwin.volkswagen.de/erwin/showApprovedOils.do Approved oils] from erWin</ref>.  Volkswagen do not permit any independent testing facility to grant their own standards.
 European models with "LongLife Servicing", "Extended Service Intervals", "ESI", or "WIV", must be run on official VW LongLife lubricants, namely 506.00 (for non-PD), 506.01 (for PD), or the very latest 507.00.  However, [[Volkswagen of America]] warranties require frequent oil changes even if ESI hardware is installed.  Finally, the very latest TDIs with [[Diesel Particulate Filter]] (DPF) must ONLY use 507.00 oils.