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''[[Image:Launchbottle.jpg|thumbnail|right|Water Rocket Launch]] |
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A water rocket is mainly a water bottle that is filled with water and pressurized. When released the stream of water and air |
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shoots the rocket into the air. |
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'''Less useful definition''':<br> |
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A '''water rocket''' is a type of [[model rocket]] using [[water]] as its [[reaction mass]]. The pressure vessel—the engine of the rocket—is usually a used plastic [[soft drink]] bottle. The water is forced out by a pressurized gas, typically [[compressed air]]. |
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The term "aquajet" has been used in parts of Europe in place of the more common "water rocket" and in some places they are also referred to as "bottle rockets" (which can be confusing as this term traditionally refers to a [[bottle rocket|firework]] in other places). |
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Water rocket engines are most commonly used to drive model rockets, but have also been used in model boats, cars, and rocket-assisted gliders. |
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== Operation == |
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The bottle is mostly filled with water and sealed. The bottle is then pressurized with a gas, usually air compressed from a [[bicycle pump]], [[air compressor]], or cylinderup to 125 psi, but sometimes CO<sub>2</sub> or [[nitrogen]] from a cylinder. |
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Water and gas are used in combination, with the gas providing a means to store potential energy, as it is easily compressed, and the water increasing the [[mass fraction]] and providing greater momentum when ejected from the rocket's nozzle. |
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The seal on the nozzle of the rocket is then released and rapid release of water occurs, at high speeds. Until the propellant has been used up, and the pressure equalizes with atmospheric pressure, there is a net force created on the tank in accordance with [[Newton's third law]]. The expulsion of the water thus can cause the rocket to leap a considerable distance into the air. |
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In addition to aerodynamic considerations, altitude and flight duration are dependent upon the volume of water, the initial pressure, the rocket [[nozzle]]'s size, and the unloaded weight of the rocket. The relationship between these factors is complex and several simulators have been written by enthusiasts to explore these and other factors <ref>[http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pagrosse/h2orckt.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.et.byu.edu/~wheeler/benchtop/sim.php]</ref><ref>[http://polyplex.org/rockets/simulation/]</ref>. |
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Often the pressure vessel is built from one or more used plastic soft drink bottles, but polycarbonate fluorescent tube covers and other light-weight pressure-resistant cylindrical vessels have also been used. |
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Typically launch pressures vary from 75 to 150 [[pounds per square inch|psi]] (500 to 1000 [[kilopascal|kPa]]). The higher the pressure, the larger the stored energy. |
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==Multi-bottle rockets and multi-stage rockets== |
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[[Image:Two Rockets.JPG|right|thumb|Two multi-bottle rockets with a cat for scale.]] |
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[[Image:ethereal.JPG|right|thumb|A larger multi bottle rocket with cylindrical fins.]] |
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<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Spliced.JPG|right|thumb|An example of a spliced 6 litre ASTRA water rocket.]] --> |
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Multi-bottle rockets are created by joining two or more bottles in any of several different ways; bottles can be connected via their nozzles, by cutting them apart and sliding the sections over each other, or by connecting them opening to bottom, making a chain to increase [[volume]]. Increased volume leads to increased weight, but this should be offset by a commensurate increase in the duration of the [[thrust]] of the rocket. Multi-bottle rockets can be unreliable, as any failure in sealing the rocket can cause the different sections to separate. To make sure the launch goes well, pressure tests are performed beforehand, as safety is a concern. |
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Multi-stage rockets are much more complicated. They involve two or more rockets stacked on top of each other, designed to launch while in the air, much like the multi-stage rockets that are used to send payloads into space. Methods to time the launches in correct order and at the right time vary, but the crushing-sleeve method is quite popular. |
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==Sources of gas== |
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Several methods for pressurizing a rocket are used including: |
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* A standard bicycle/car tire pump, capable of reaching at least 75 psi (500 kPa). |
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* An air compressor, like those used in workshops to power [[pneumatics|pneumatic]] equipment and tools. Modifying a high pressure (greater than 15 bar / 1500 kPa / 200 psi) compressor to work as a water rocket power source can be dangerous, as can using high-pressure gases in from cylinders. |
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* Compressed gases in bottles, like [[carbon dioxide]] (CO<sub>2</sub>), air, and [[nitrogen|nitrogen gas]] (N<sub>2</sub>). Examples include CO<sub>2</sub> in [[paintball]] cylinders and air in industrial and SCUBA cylinders. Care must be taken with bottled gases: as the compressed gas expands, it cools (see [[gas laws]]) and rocket components cool as well. Some materials, such as [[polyvinyl chloride|PVC]] and [[acrylonitrile butadiene styrene|ABS]], can become brittle and weak when severely cooled. Long air hoses are used to maintain a safe distance, and pressure gauges (known as [[manometer]]s) and [[safety valve]]s are typically utilized on launcher installations to avoid over-pressurizing rockets and having them explode before they can be launched. Highly pressurized gases such as those in diving cylinders or vessels from industrial gas suppliers should only be used by trained operators, and the gas should be delivered to the rocket via a regulator device (e.g. a SCUBA first-stage). All compressed gas containers are subject to local, state and national laws in most countries and must be safety tested periodically by a certified test center. |
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* Ignition of a mixture of explosive gases above the water in the bottle; the explosion creates the pressure to launch the rocket into the air.<ref>[http://www.et.byu.edu/~wheeler/benchtop/hydropyro.php Dean's benchtop: hydrogen powered water rocket]</ref> |
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==Fins== |
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As the propellant level in the rocket goes down, the center of mass may move backwards. This reduces stability and tends to cause water rockets to start tumbling end over end, greatly decreasing the maximum speed and thus the length of glide (time that the rocket is flying under its own momentum). To lower the [[center of pressure]] and add stability, fins can be added which bring the center of drag further back, helping ensure stability. |
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However, stabilizing fins cause the rocket to fall with a significantly higher velocity, possibly damaging the rocket upon landing. This should be taken into account when designing rockets. [[Crumple zone]]s or [[parachute]]s can be utilized to minimize this. |
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In the case of custom-made rockets, where the rocket nozzle is not perfectly positioned, the bent nozzle can cause the rocket to veer off the vertical axis. The rocket can be made to spin by angling the fins, which reduces off course veering. |
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Another simple and effective [[Stabilizer (aircraft)|stabilizer]] is a straight cylindrical section from another plastic bottle. This section is placed behind the rocket nozzle with some wooden dowels or plastic tubing. The water exiting the nozzle will still be able to pass through the section, but the rocket will be stabilized. |
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Another possible recovery system involves using the rocket's fins to slow its descent. By increasing fin size, more drag is generated. If the center of mass is placed forward of the fins, the rocket will nose dive. In the case of super-roc or backgliding rockets<ref>[http://members.aol.com/petealway/srrg.htm super-roc or backgliding rockets]</ref>, the rocket is designed such that the relationship between center of gravity and the center of pressure of the empty rocket causes the fin-induced tendency of the rocket to tip nose down to be counteracted by the air resistance of the long body which would cause it to fall tail down, and resulting in the rocket falling sideways, slowly. The article cited above is a detailed exploration of the phenomenon. |
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==Nozzles== |
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Different nozzles require different launchers. 2 main types of nozzles are open (22 mm) and Gardena (9 mm) restricted nozzles. There are many pros and cons for each design. |
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A Gardena nozzle makes a rocket have more “burn” time so the thrust is stretched out because the smaller diameter of nozzle restricts the amount of water coming out. This provides a slower takeoff while decreasing the forces acting on the rocket such as drag. In some cases the rocket may under perform from the smaller nozzle. This type of nozzle also makes for an easy launcher construction. |
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A “Standard” 22-mm nozzle is just a standard neck opening in a bottle. This requires a bit more complicated launcher. The bigger nozzle provides a very fast takeoff speed compared to a Gardena nozzle. This increases the drag a bit but it really gets the rocket moving. |
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==Launch tubes== |
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Some water rocket launchers use launch tubes. A launch tube fits inside the nozzle of the rocket and extends upward toward the nose. The launch tube is anchored to the ground. As the rocket begins accelerating upward, the launch tube blocks the nozzle, and very little water is ejected until the rocket leaves the launch tube. This allows almost perfectly efficient conversion of the potential energy in the compressed air to kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy of the rocket and water. The high efficiency during the initial phase of the launch is important, because rocket engines are least efficient at low speeds. A launch tube therefore significantly increases the speed and height attained by the rocket. Launch tubes are most effective when used with long rockets, which can accommodate long launch tubes. |
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==Safety concerns== |
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Water rockets employ considerable amounts of energy and can be dangerous if handled improperly or in cases of faulty construction or material failure. Certain safety procedures are observed by experienced waterrocket enthusiasts: |
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* When a rocket is built, it is pressure tested. This is done by filling the rocket completely with water, and then pressurizing it to at least 50% higher than anticipated pressures. If the bottle ruptures, the amount of compressed air inside it (and thus the potential energy) will be very small, and the bottle will not explode. |
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* While pressurizing and launching the rocket, bystanders are kept at a safe distance. Typically, mechanisms for releasing the rocket at a distance (with a piece of string, for example) are used. This ensures that if the rocket veers off in an unexpected direction, it is less likely to hit the operator or bystanders. |
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* Water rockets should only be launched in large open areas, away from structures or other people, in order to prevent damage to property and people. |
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* The water jet from a water rocket is sufficiently fast that it can break fingers, thus hands should not be near the rocket upon launch. |
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* As water rockets are capable of breaking bones upon impact, they should ''never'' be fired at people or animals. |
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* Safety goggles or a face shield are typically used. |
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* A typical two-liter soda bottle can generally reach the pressure of 100 psi (689 kPa) safely, but preparations must be made for the eventuality that the bottle unexpectedly ruptures. |
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*Glue used to put together parts of water rockets must be suitable to use on plastics, or else the glue will chemically "eat" away the bottle, which may then fail catastrophically. |
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==Water rocket competitions== |
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The Oscar Swigelhoffer Trophy is an Aquajet (Water Rocket) competition held at the Annual International Rocket Week<ref>[http://irw.rocketry.org.uk Annual International Rocket Week]</ref> in Largs, Scotland and organized by STAAR Research<ref>[http://www.gbnet.net/orgs/staar/Welcome.html STAAR Research]</ref> through John Bonsor. The competition goes back to the mid-1980s, organized by the Paisley Rocketeers who have been active in amateur rocketry since the 1930s. The trophy is named after the late founder of ASTRA<ref>[http://www.astra.org.uk ASTRA]</ref>, Oscar Swiglehoffer, who was also a personal friend and student of [[Hermann Oberth]], one of the founding fathers of rocketry. |
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The competition involves team distance flying of water rockets under an agreed pressure and angle of flight. Each team consists of six rockets, which are flown in two flights. The greater distance for each rocket over the two flights is recorded, and the final team distances are collated, with the winning team having the greatest distance. The winner in 2007 was ASTRA. The competition has been regularly dominated over the last 20 years by the Paisley Rocketeers. |
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The United Kingdom's largest water rocket competition is currently the National Physical Laboratory's annual Water Rocket Challenge<ref>[http://www.npl.co.uk/waterrockets/ National Physical Laboratory's annual Water Rocket Challenge]</ref>. The competition was first opened to the public in 2001 and is limited to around 60 teams. It has schools and open categories, and is attended by a variety of "works" and private teams, some traveling from abroad. The rules and goals of the competition vary from year to year. |
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The Water Rocket Achievement World Record Association 1000 Foot Challenge<ref>[http://wra2.org/1000_foot_challenge.htm Water Rocket Achievement World Record Association 1000 Foot Challenge]</ref>. Teams compete to be the first to fly a water rocket over 1000 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]] (305 [[meter]]s), |
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The most popular water rocket competition in Germany is the Freestyle-Physics Water Rocket Competition<ref>[http://fkpme246a.uni-duisburg.de/fsp-local/2006/rueckschau.shtml Freestyle-Physics Water Rocket Competition]</ref>. The competition is one part of a larger part of a student physics competition, where students are tasked to construct various machines and enter them in competitive contests. |
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(Placeholder - Several well-organized, well-attended, long-standing competitions have been taking place in Thailand and other parts of the Far East for several years - A More detailed contribution is requested)'' |
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[[Science Olympiad]] also has had a Water Rocket event in past years. |
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==Altitude Record== |
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[[Image:6_14_07_2068_Feet.jpg|right|thumb|Apogee photograph taken by the onboard video camera from U.S. Water Rockets' record breaking X-12 Water Rocket at an altitude of 2068 feet (630 meters).]] |
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The current record for greatest height achieved by a water and air propelled rocket is 2044 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]], (623 [[meter]]s), held by U.S. Water Rockets<ref>[http://www.uswaterrockets.com/world/world_menu.htm U.S. Water Rockets]</ref> on [[June 14]], [[2007]]. This altitude was calculated by averaging two flights. The first flight achieved 2068 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]], (630 [[meter]]s) and the second 2020 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]], (615.7 [[meter]]s). The rocket also carried an onboard video camera on both flights. |
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==Hot water rockets== |
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{{main|Hot water rocket}} |
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A '''hot water rocket''' (or '''steam pressure rocket''') is a '''water rocket''' which uses hot [[water]] as its [[propellant]]. Water is kept in the rocket under pressure, at below its boiling point at that pressure. As it exits through a rocket nozzle, the pressure drops and the water instantly boils and expands against the nozzle and this greatly increases the exhaust speed and thrust. |
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The idea of such rockets was conceived by [[Germany]] before the [[World War II|Second World War]], with the suggested use of an alternative rocket engine for launching [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jets]]. |
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==References== |
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<div class="references-small"> |
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<references /> |
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</div> |
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==Bibliography== |
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D. Kagan, L. Buchholtz, L. Klein, Soda-bottle water rockets, The Physics Teacher 33, 150-157 (1995). |
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==External links== |
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{{external links}} |
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* [http://www.wetenschapvoordummies.com Wetenschap voor Dummies :: Water rocket science] - explores the boundaries of water rocket science! |
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETEc1oYE8uo Singapore Water Rocket Launch Trial] - Water Rocket Video |
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* [http://www.wra2.org/ The Water Rocket Achievement World Record Association] – WRA2 official site. Includes information on water rocket altitude world records. |
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* [http://www.uswaterrockets.com/ U.S. Water Rockets] – Current altitude record holder – Aerial photography using water rockets. |
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* [http://teamparentaladvisory.googlepages.com/ Team Parental Advisory] – Site that includes onboard and ground video. Also a WRA2 1000 foot Challenge competing team. |
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* [http://home.people.net.au/~aircommand/index.htm Air Command Water Rockets] - An Australian based water rocket website with construction details and lots of photos. <br />Includes '''in-flight video'''. |
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* [http://www.orgsites.com/wa/icwra/ The International Water Rocket Association]- |
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* [http://www.myspace.com/damohart Damo's Water Bottle Rockets] – Another Australian based site with lots of cool Onboard movies! |
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* [http://irw.rocketry.org.uk/ International Rocket Week] |
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* [http://wrockets.trib-design.com/ The Water Rocket Portal] Free portal site hosting enthusiasts pages |
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* [http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pagrosse/h2oRocketIndex.htm Water Rocket Index] |
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* [http://dogrocket.home.mindspring.com/WaterRockets/ Water Rocket Annex] |
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* [http://www.outsideconnection.com/rockets/default.htm Another Water Rocket Page] |
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* [http://www.waterrockets.org/index.php?project=NICK Nick's Water Rockets] |
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* [http://fusee-eau.info Water rocket] - A French water rocket website. |
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* [http://www.sciencebits.com/RocketEqs Water rocket equations] - The physics behind the rocket, including a [http://www.sciencebits.com/RocketCalculator simulator]. |
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* [http://www.zippy-online.co.uk/projects/rocket Water rocket car] - A water rocket car. |
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* [http://www.geocities.com/yoramretter Basic rocket and launcher designs for beginners]. |
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* [http://www.et.byu.edu/~wheeler/benchtop/index.php Dean's Benchtop]. |
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[[Category:Model rocketry]] |
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[[Category:Model rockets]] |
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[[Category:Toys]] |
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[[de:Wasserrakete]] |
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[[es:Cohete de agua]] |
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[[fr:Fusée à eau]] |
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[[it:Razzo ad acqua]] |
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[[ja:ペットボトルロケット]] |
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[[nl:Waterraket]] |
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[[pt:Foguete a água]] |
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[[zh:水火箭]]'' |
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Revision as of 14:29, 2 May 2008
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