Ommen: Difference between revisions
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On [[August 25]] [[1248]], Ommen received [[City rights in the Netherlands|city rights]] and [[Defensive wall|fortification rights]] from Otto III, the [[Archbishop of Utrecht]], after the town was [[pillage|pillaged]] by local [[Robber baron|robber knight]] Rudolf of [[Coevorden]] and his militia of freemen in both [[1215]] and in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Ane]] of [[1227]]. Ommen's location at the confluence of two rivers at the heart of the region made it the bishop's strategic and logistic basis in the defence of his domain [[Oversticht]] against the rebellious [[Drenthe|Drents]].<ref> Unknown author, ''Quedam narracio de Groninghe de Trentis de Covordia et diversis alliis sub episcopis Traiectensibis'' (a.k.a. ''Narracio''), published by Vereniging Herdenking Slag bij Ane (2000), folder.</ref> After [[Zwolle]] and [[Rijssen]], Ommen is the third-oldest officially recognised city in Overijssel. |
On [[August 25]] [[1248]], Ommen received [[City rights in the Netherlands|city rights]] and [[Defensive wall|fortification rights]] from Otto III, the [[Archbishop of Utrecht]], after the town was [[pillage|pillaged]] by local [[Robber baron|robber knight]] Rudolf of [[Coevorden]] and his militia of freemen in both [[1215]] and in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Ane]] of [[1227]]. Ommen's location at the confluence of two rivers at the heart of the region made it the bishop's strategic and logistic basis in the defence of his domain [[Oversticht]] against the rebellious [[Drenthe|Drents]].<ref> Unknown author, ''Quedam narracio de Groninghe de Trentis de Covordia et diversis alliis sub episcopis Traiectensibis'' (a.k.a. ''Narracio''), published by Vereniging Herdenking Slag bij Ane (2000), folder.</ref> After [[Zwolle]] and [[Rijssen]], Ommen is the third-oldest officially recognised city in Overijssel. |
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A wall was soon erected around Ommen, including three [[gate|gates]]: the ''Vechtpoort'' or ''Voorbruggenpoort'' (on the bank of the Vecht), the ''Varsenerpoort'' (on the western wall for traffic with [[Varsen]]) and the ''Arriërpoort'' (on the northern wall for traffic with [[Arriën]]). Even to this day, the two [[church bell|bell]]s in the church's belltower, cast in [[1517]] by Hendrick de Tremonia of [[Dordrecht]], are rung every evening at nine o'clock. These so-called ''Ave-Maria peals'' form a custom which traces its origin to the tradition of ringing the bell at the closing of the city gates. Ommen never received a [[moat]], even though it was permitted one. |
A wall was soon erected around Ommen, including three [[gate|gates]]: the ''Vechtpoort'' or ''Voorbruggenpoort'' (on the bank of the Vecht), the ''Varsenerpoort'' (on the western wall for traffic with [[Varsen]]) and the ''Arriërpoort'' (on the northern wall for traffic with [[Arriën]]). Even to this day, the two [[church bell|bell]]s in the church's belltower, named ''Maria'' and ''Salvator'' and cast in [[1517]] by Hendrick de Tremonia of [[Dordrecht]], are rung every evening at nine o'clock. These so-called ''Ave-Maria peals'' form a custom which traces its origin to the tradition of ringing the bell at the closing of the city gates. Ommen never received a [[moat]], even though it was permitted one. |
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Ommen soon became a regional port and market for agricultural products. Due to this commercial growth and strategic commercial position, Ommen eventually joined the prosperous [[Hanseatic League]] - although most of its trade was not directly with the [[Baltic Sea]] region, but with fellow Hanseatic cities [[Zwolle]], [[Kampen (Overijssel)|Kampen]], [[Zutphen]] and especially [[Deventer]], of which it was a subsidiary city. A [[toll bridge]] across the Vecht (first built in [[1492]])<ref> The historical sources about Ommen differ on many of the dates before the 17th century. Usually the difference is only one or two years, but sometimes as much as a decade. The most commonly quoted dates are used on this page. </ref> further increased its wealth and commercial importance, even though the toll bridge across the Vecht was destroyed by ice floes three times through the centuries. The [[toll]] levy was usually auctioned off to private tax collectors, who resided in the toll house (built in [[1531]]) next to the bridge. A bridge toll would be levied until [[1925]]. |
Ommen soon became a regional port and market for agricultural products. Due to this commercial growth and strategic commercial position, Ommen eventually joined the prosperous [[Hanseatic League]] - although most of its trade was not directly with the [[Baltic Sea]] region, but with fellow Hanseatic cities [[Zwolle]], [[Kampen (Overijssel)|Kampen]], [[Zutphen]] and especially [[Deventer]], of which it was a subsidiary city. A [[toll bridge]] across the Vecht (first built in [[1492]])<ref> The historical sources about Ommen differ on many of the dates before the 17th century. Usually the difference is only one or two years, but sometimes as much as a decade. The most commonly quoted dates are used on this page. </ref> further increased its wealth and commercial importance, even though the toll bridge across the Vecht was destroyed by ice floes three times through the centuries. The [[toll]] levy was usually auctioned off to private tax collectors, who resided in the toll house (built in [[1531]]) next to the bridge. A bridge toll would be levied until [[1925]]. |
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Revision as of 00:51, 12 May 2008
Ommen | |
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Municipality | |
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Flag of Ommen Flag Coat of arms of Ommen Coat of arms | |
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| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Overijssel |
| Area (2006) | |
• Total | 181.98 km2 (70.26 sq mi) |
| • Land | 179.99 km2 (69.49 sq mi) |
| • Water | 1.99 km2 (0.77 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• Total | 17,297 |
| • Density | 96/km2 (250/sq mi) |
| Source: CBS, Statline. | |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
Ommen is a municipality and a Hanseatic city in the Vecht valley of the Salland region, which is at the heart of the province of Overijssel in the eastern Netherlands.
Population centres
Besides the city of Ommen (population: 8,710) and the village of Lemele (population: 570), the municipality consists of the following hamlets and villages: Archem, Arriën, Arriërveld, Beerze, Beerzerveld, Besthmen, Eerde, Giethmen, Junne, Ommerschans, Stegeren, Stegerveld, Varsen, Vilsteren, Vinkenbuurt, Witharen and Zeesse.[1]
History
The early development of Ommen
The first inhabitants of Ommen were probably semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers. Flint from the Mesolithic period found in between Ommen and Mariënberg indicates the presence of humans, but there seems to have been hardly any cultivation or permanent settlement during this period.[2]
The Vecht and Regge rivers determined the first settlements in the area that is now the municipality of Ommen. Most of the Salland region was marshy but the river dunes of the Vecht and Regge provided fertile soil for agriculture. Moreover, good roads were rare, so for trade, transport and travel the rivers provided a vital infrastructure. The first sporadic agricultural settlements in Salland therefore arose along the winter-flood lines of the Vecht and the Regge. (Indeed, all early population centres were on riverbanks - with the notable exception of the town of Lemele, which was inhabited due to its fertile loam soil deposited by an ice age glacier.)[3]
The location of Ommen itself proved particularly suitable for settlement - not only because of the fertile river soil but also because of the ford in the Vecht. Whilst archeological discoveries indicate that the first buildings in Ommen arose in the 8th century AD, it is not until the end of the 11th century that a permanent urban settlement arose - probably the oldest in Overijssel.[4] The first permanent settlers in Ommen were mixed crop-livestock farmers probably of Saxon origin who also engaged in river trade and innkeeping. A church was built at the heart of Ommen around 1150, indicating further growth of the settlement. Written records first mention Ommen as de Vmme in 1133 and as Ummen in 1227.[5]
The city of Ommen
On August 25 1248, Ommen received city rights and fortification rights from Otto III, the Archbishop of Utrecht, after the town was pillaged by local robber knight Rudolf of Coevorden and his militia of freemen in both 1215 and in the aftermath of the Battle of Ane of 1227. Ommen's location at the confluence of two rivers at the heart of the region made it the bishop's strategic and logistic basis in the defence of his domain Oversticht against the rebellious Drents.[6] After Zwolle and Rijssen, Ommen is the third-oldest officially recognised city in Overijssel.
A wall was soon erected around Ommen, including three gates: the Vechtpoort or Voorbruggenpoort (on the bank of the Vecht), the Varsenerpoort (on the western wall for traffic with Varsen) and the Arriërpoort (on the northern wall for traffic with Arriën). Even to this day, the two bells in the church's belltower, named Maria and Salvator and cast in 1517 by Hendrick de Tremonia of Dordrecht, are rung every evening at nine o'clock. These so-called Ave-Maria peals form a custom which traces its origin to the tradition of ringing the bell at the closing of the city gates. Ommen never received a moat, even though it was permitted one.
Ommen soon became a regional port and market for agricultural products. Due to this commercial growth and strategic commercial position, Ommen eventually joined the prosperous Hanseatic League - although most of its trade was not directly with the Baltic Sea region, but with fellow Hanseatic cities Zwolle, Kampen, Zutphen and especially Deventer, of which it was a subsidiary city. A toll bridge across the Vecht (first built in 1492)[7] further increased its wealth and commercial importance, even though the toll bridge across the Vecht was destroyed by ice floes three times through the centuries. The toll levy was usually auctioned off to private tax collectors, who resided in the toll house (built in 1531) next to the bridge. A bridge toll would be levied until 1925.
For centuries during the Middle-Ages, the Estates of Oversticht, a diet or feudal parliament representing the quarters of Salland, Twenthe and Vollenhove (and until 1527 also Drenthe) and the cities of Zwolle, Deventer and Kampen, convened just outside of Ommen at Nieuwebrug (or New Bridge), named after the bridge over the Regge on the road between Ommen and Hellendoorn. Following a feud between Kampen and Zwolle in 1519, however, a gathering of the Estates was attacked by citizens of neighbouring Zwolle, who abducted three noblemen and pillaged Eerde castle. During the years that followed, conflict escalated in Overijssel.[8]
War and disaster
In 1522, citizens of Zwolle attacked and pillaged Ommen with the aid of Charles of Guelders who thus conquered the city from Utrecht. Only the church and women's home de Heilige Geest (the Holy Spirit) survived the pillage and fire.[9]
Ommen remained part of Guelders until 1528, when emperor Charles V inherited authority over the entire Duchy of Guelders, including Overijssel. A new city hall was built in 1531 in between the church and the Vrijthof square. The city was pillaged again in 1568 by Spanish troops under the 'Iron' Duke of Alba, fighting for Charles' successor, Phillip II of Spain. This time, the pillage was not as devastating: Ommen's church, city hall and several other main buildings were spared. In 1581, the Estates of Overijssel convened outside Ommen to depose Phillip and proclaim the independence of the Netherlands.
The 17th century proved rather devastating for Ommen. A great fire in 1624 inflicted serious damage on the church, of which only the foundations and a few walls remained. Ommen became increasingly threatened by a Spanish or German invasion from the east, which lead to the construction of military fortifications. In 1672, one of the most severe fires in Ommen's history raged through the entire city, destroying everything but the church. In that same year, the Franco-Dutch War broke out, and until 1674 foreign troops (especially from Münster) frequently marched through Ommen, demanding passage, payment, food and lodging. It was not until 1753 that Ommen had sufficiently recovered to afford a new city hall, built on the same location as the previous hall, which remained in use until 1828.
In 1732, the citizens of Ommen rose up against the city council. A petition was handed to the Magistrate on May 31st, in which a large share of the citizenry rejected its authority and asked it to resign. The council refused and severe riots ensued, but eventually order was restored. In 1762, a night guard was installed to maintain public order.
Ommen in modern times
In 1809 King Lodewijk Napoleon visited Ommen.[9] When his brother Napoleon Bonaparte annexed the Holland into the French Empire in 1810, he had all local government radically reformed to become compatible with French structures. Ommen too was affected: the separate jurisdictions of Stad Ommen (composed of the city of Ommen and the Ommerschans) and Ambt Ommen (which comprised most of the rest of the current municipality, Avereest and Den Ham as well) were merged into one Mairie Ommen (though Den Ham became a separate municipality).[10] This caused much controversy and discontent locally. In 1818, shortly after Dutch independence, Mairie Ommen was once more decentralised into the municipalities Stad Ommen, Ambt Ommen and Avereest. To ensure good coordination, one burgomaster was appointed over both Stad and Ambt from 1851 onwards.[11]
Although the bridge master's house had been thoroughly renovated and expanded in 1758, it was torn down again in 1827 to be replaced by a new, grand city hall, designed by the architect J.P. Orentzburg. This building, situated on the bank of the Vecht, housed all offices of the city authorities - including the city council, the court, the tax and toll office, the city inn, the Ommen Gentlemen's Society and the home of the burgomaster. The city hall was renovated and expanded in 1925 and again in 1955.
In 1923, the municipalities of Stad Ommen and Ambt Ommen were once again merged. The borders of the municipality have remained unchanged since, with the exception of the eastern part of Lemelerveld which came under the municipality of Dalfsen in 1997.
Eerde
About four kilometres (or 2½ miles) south-east of Ommen and adjecent to the hamlet of Eerde lies the castle Eerde, a castle in the Dutch-classical style from 1715, surrounded by a 1,667 hectare estate in the Baroque style managed by the Natuurmonumenten foundation since 1965.[12]
The name "Eerde" is a Saxon word meaning "earth". The first castle on this site was built in the 14th century, but was soon destroyed by the bishop's men in 1380 - along with the fortifications of the city of Ommen. Since the Van Twickelo, Van Renesse and Van Pallandt families have lived in castles on this site. The castle was used by the famous philosopher and spiritual teacher Jiddu Krishnamurti, of whom Baron Philip van Pallandt was an avid follower, from about 1929 to 1934. Van Pallandt granted Krishnamurti a terrain at the Besthemerberg, north of Eerde. There Krishnamurti held his Order of the Star in the East lectures and meetings in front of audiences of over three thousand people from 48 countries.[2]
During the Second World War, a Nazi concentration camp, Lager Erika, was situated at the Besthemerberg. Only eight Jews were detained here; the camp was designated mostly for Dutchmen convicted of black market trade or resistance to the occupational authorities. The camp was notorious for the brutal behaviour of its personnel, leading Dutch judges to refuse to send convicts there in 1943. The camp was turned into an Arbeitserziehungslager mostly for those refusing to do forced labour, but in the fall of 1944 it once again became a penal camp. The camp was liberated on April 11, 1945. From 1945 to 1946, the camp was instead used to detain Dutchmen who had collaborated with the German occupiers. Their treatment was not much better, and hundreds died due to the poor conditions.[13]
Nowadays the castle houses the private international boarding school Eerde, which offers the IB programme.[14]
Ommerschans
About ten kilometres (or six miles) due north of Ommen lies the former Ommerschans fortification.[15] The Ommerschans was a fortress built in 1628 as part of a defence line to defend the northern provinces of Groningen and Friesland from the marauding count Hendrik van den Bergh (in Spanish service) after the expiration of the Twelve Years' Truce. Hendrik, a nephew of William of Orange, then defected to the Dutch Republic in 1633.
The defences of the Ommerschans were restrengthened in the middle of the 17th century to deter and halt a possible invasion from the German states. Despite these new fortifications, the Ommerschans was captured without any resistance when the Catholic bishops Bernhard von Galen of Münster and Maximilian Henry of Cologne invaded in 1672, the so-called rampjaar (or disaster year) that started the Franco-Dutch War. The 146 musketeers and 55 pikemen stationed at the Ommerschans fled north, only to return later that year when the bishops retreated after their failed siege of the northern city of Groningen.
Under pressure from the citizens of Ommen and after the Peace of Utrecht of 1713, the fortress was closed down in 1715, only to be reinstated as a fortified arsenal in 1740 when war reignited in Continental Europe. During the Patriot Revolt of 1787, militias from Zwolle, Kampen and Vollenhove conquered and pillaged the Ommerschans, stealing all its weaponry to help them in their paramilitary struggle against the regime. The Ommerschans fortification became abandoned and would never again be used for military purposes.
In the early 19th century, the Dutch government changed it into a resocialisation institution and labour camp for beggars, prostitutes and alcoholics from Amsterdam and other western cities. They were supposed to learn farming and morals by experience so they could reintegrate into society. In reality the beggars were used for semi-forced and all-but-unpaid labour to reclaim the wetlands surrounding Ommerschans, eventually reclaiming an area of 4 by 2½ kilometres. Politician and novelist Jacob van Lennep visited Ommerschans during his walking tour with Dirk van Hogendorp across the newly independent United Kingdom of the Netherlands in the summer of 1823, and documented his appal at the conditions at the labour camp: "These hours are certainly among the saddest I have lived through."
When the institution went bankrupt in 1859 the Dutch government managed the labour camp until 1889, when it was finally closed down. During its years in operation, between several hundred and two thousand workers would live at Ommerschans at any one time, and an estimated 5448 workers died whilst interned there.
The city of Ommen
Location, economy and infrastructure
Ommen lies 20 kilometres (12½ miles) east of the provincial capital of Zwolle and 35 kilometres (22 miles) north-east of fellow Hanseatic city Deventer. It lies on the north bank of the Vecht river, not far from where the Regge river merges with this stream. Only smaller ships and yachts can use these waterways.
Because Ommen is a rural municipality, tourism and agriculture are the pillars of the local economy. The beautiful forests and hilly heathlands of Ommen attract many nature-seeking visitors. The city of Ommen has several hotels and in the surrounding area there are fifteen campgrounds. Ommen also has a small marina.
Since 15 januari 1903, Ommen has had a railway station designed by Eduard Cuypers. It is situated one mile from the centre on the opposite side of the Vecht. The station is on the (minor) railway Zwolle-Emmen and trains stop roughly twice an hour. Ommen also used to have direct railway connections to Stadskanaal and to Deventer via Raalte, which were decommissioned when they lost their importance due to the emergence of the automobile. Early plans to establish railways from Ommen to Hoogeveen and Hellendoorn were abandoned for that same reason.
An important infrastructural problem is road N34, from Zwolle via Emmen to Groningen, which crosses the city of Ommen. One of its main crossroads, near the Vecht bridge is a bottleneck that causes frequent traffic congestion. The government now plans to reroute the N34 road north of the city, in order to reduce crosstown traffic.
Local politics
The current burgomaster is Mr. Gerrit Jan Kok (VVD). He was appointed by the crown in January 2007 to replace Arend ten Oever (CDA), after consultation with the citizens of Ommen.
The last municipal elections were in March 2006. The seventeen seats in Ommen's city council were divided as follows:
- Local Party Ommen (LPO): 5 seats
- CDA: 5 seats
- ChristianUnion: 2 seats
- Labour: 2 seats
- VVD: 2 seats
- Democrats: 1 seat
The current College of Burgomaster and Aldermen (the municipal executive) is supported by the three coalition parties: CDA, Labour and VVD - each of which provides one alderman.
The sister city of Ommen is 
Recke in neighbouring North Rhine-Westphalia.
Culture
Bissingh
Ommen is famous for its Bissingh fair and markets. These yearly markets have been organised on the second Tuesday of July since 1557. Its success was based on the wide array of products on offer and a relaxation of excises and regulation on alcoholic consumption, attracting merchants and consumers to Ommen from far and wide. In the 19th century it became one of the main markets in the province of Overijssel, and there would often be brawls and riots. In 1918, the council of Dutch Reformed Church asked the city council to end the public events surrounding the Bissing for moral reasons. The city council complied and the Bissingh activities were suspended until 1958, although the market continued.
Nowadays the Bissingh has become a major tourist attraction, lasting for five consecutive Wednesdays after the initial market and comprising of a wide array of ceremonies, fairs, concerts, funfairs and activities.
The etymology of the word Bissingh is widely discussed. Some believe it is derived from 'Bishop's day', in recognition of the granting of Ommen's city rights, whilst others believe the Low-Saxon word is related to the English word business.
Language
Most inhabitants of Ommen speak Dutch, but many will also speak Low Saxon or Plat - an ancient language related to Low German and Old English which is indigenous to the north-east of the Netherlands. The unique dialect of Plat spoken in Ommen is Sallands. Although both the national government and the European Union recognise Plat as a regional language, it is considered by many to be a mere dialect of Dutch, and its popularity is waning rapidly, even compared to Twents. English and German are also widely spoken as second languages.
The poet Johanna van Buren died in Ommen in 1962. Her Plat poetry in the Salland and Twents dialect is still popular throughout Overijssel. The Johanna van Buren Cultural Prize is awarded once every three years to a person who contributed to the regional culture of the Eastern Netherlands.[16]
The theologian and communication scientist Anne van der Meiden has in recent years translated parts of the Bible into Plat and introduced services in Plat, which are occasionally held in Ommen as well.[17]
Religion
Ommen has a reasonable mix of churches, with sizable Roman Catholic, Dutch Protestant and Liberated Reformed (Gereformeerd Vrijgemaakt) congregations.
Ommen was built around the old church at its centre, built around 1150, first mentioned in 1238 and severely damaged by fires in 1330 and 1624.[2] The church was converted to Calvinism during the Reformation of the 16th century, and it was not until the constitutional reforms of 1853 that the Roman Catholicism was once again openly practiced in Ommen and not until 1860 that a new Roman Catholic church was founded in the centre of Ommen. The village of Vilsteren to the west of Ommen, however, had remained entirely Roman Catholic throughout the centuries.
The famous preacher and dissenter Albertus van Raalte lived and worked in Ommen between 1839 and 1844, before he and his congregation moved to America to found the Reformed Church in America and the city of Holland, Michigan.
Most of the Jews of Ommen were murdered in the Holocaust, as were the majority of the Dutch Jews.
Sights
- The church in the centre, built in 1150 but rebuilt and renovated regularly, is by far the oldest building in Ommen.
- The Tin Figurine Museum in the former City Hall has over 200,000 figurines and panoramas, including four panoramas of the Battle of Ane.
- Ommen has five windmills, of which three in the city itself: the Lelie (1846, still in full operation), Den Oordt (1842, operates weekly) and the Konijnenbelt (1806, out of commission).
Vilsteren has its own windmill (1858, recently recommissioned), as does the hamlet of Besthem (1862, recently renovated). The Besthemermolen also houses the Nature Information Centre with expositions about Ommen's diverse landscape and ecosystems.
- The small Regional Museum in Ommen explains Ommen's customs and history.
- The estates of the Vilsteren and Eerde castles are open to the public.
- The Pieterpad rambling trail (the most popular trail in the Netherlands) passes through Ommen.
Famous inhabitants of Ommen
- Albertus van Raalte (1811 - 1876), preacher and founder of Holland, Michigan
- Abraham Kuyper (1837 - 1920), prime-minister, theologian and founder of the Anti Revolutionary Party, represented the district of Ommen in the Tweede Kamer from 1908 until 1912.
- August Pieter van Groeningen (1866 - 1894), writer
- Johanna van Buren (1881 - 1981), poet
- C.J.E. Dinaux (1898) - 1980), writer
- Reinier Paping (1931), winner of the 12th Elfstedentocht
- Edward Top (1972), composer
References
- ^ Central Bureau for Statistics (CBS), January 1, 2006
- ^ a b c Gerrit Nevenzel, Ommen Cite error: The named reference "Nevelzel" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Evert Ruiter (ed.), Dit is Ommen (2006) ISBN 10-90-9021402-x (in Dutch)
- ^ Willem Bemboom, Het maritieme cultuurlandschap van Regge en Vecht (2007), Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Afdeling Maritieme Archeology. (in Dutch)
- ^ Regio VVV Kampen-Zwolle-Overijssels Vechtdal, Van Mars tot Markt in Ommen (in Dutch)
- ^ Unknown author, Quedam narracio de Groninghe de Trentis de Covordia et diversis alliis sub episcopis Traiectensibis (a.k.a. Narracio), published by Vereniging Herdenking Slag bij Ane (2000), folder.
- ^ The historical sources about Ommen differ on many of the dates before the 17th century. Usually the difference is only one or two years, but sometimes as much as a decade. The most commonly quoted dates are used on this page.
- ^ Dieks Horsman, "Nieuwebrug, geen echte buurtschap... en toch een gezellige buurt" in De Darde Klokke, No. 117, page 28 (in Dutch)
- ^ a b Jan Lucas, The City Hall (in Dutch)
- ^ Ad van der Meer and Onno Boonstra, "Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten" (2006) Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, ISBN 90-6984-495-8.
- ^ Harry Woertink, Burgemeesters van Ommen, in Ommen Historisch Belicht (2006), Historische Kring Ommen. (In Dutch)
- ^ Stichting Natuurmonumenten, Natuurgebied Eerde
- ^ Guusta Veldman Knackers achter prikkeldraad : kamp Erika bij Ommen, 1941-1945 (1993) ISBN 90-5345-037-8 (in Dutch)
- ^ International School Eerde
- ^ Vereniging De Ommerschans, History of the Ommerschans (in Dutch)
- ^ Streektaalzang, Johanna van Buren (in Dutch)
- ^ Anne van der Meiden, Personal website (in Dutch)
External links
- Official Website (Dutch)
- Ommen Regional Museum (Dutch)
- Ommen Historical Society (Dutch)
- International School Eerde (English)
- Ommen Tin Figurine Museum (English)
- Ommen Tourist Office (Dutch; summary in German)
- SONT: Streektaal-Organisaties in het Nedersaksisch Taalgebied (Low Saxon)
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