Chongqing

For the British indie pop group, see Chungking (band).

Municipality of Chongqing 重庆市 Chóngqìng Shì
Municipality
The Great Hall of the People (Chongqing)
Location within China
Country	People's Republic of China
County-level divisions	40
Township divisions	1259
Settled	ca. 316 BC
Government
• CPC Chongqing	Bo Xilai Committee Secretary
• Mayor	Wang Hongju
Area (ranked 26th)
• Municipality	82,300 km2 (31,800 sq mi)
Elevation	43.5 m (142.7 ft)
Population  (2006)
• Municipality	31,442,300
• Density	380/km2 (990/sq mi)
• Urban	4,196,000
• Ranks in China	Populations: 20th; Density: 12th
• Major nationalities	Han - 91% Tujia - 5% Miao - 2%
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard Time)
Postal code	4000 00 - 4099 00
Area code	23
License plate prefixes	渝 A, B, C, F, G, H
ISO 3166-2	CN-50
GDP (2007)	CNY 411.18 billion
- per capita	CNY 14,622 (19th)(2007)
HDI (2005)	0.745 (18th) — medium
Website	Template:Zh icon www.cq.gov.cn Template:En icon english.cq.gov.cn/
City trees Ficus lacor City flowers Camellia (Camellia japonica)

Chongqing (simplified Chinese: 重庆; traditional Chinese: 重慶; pinyin: Chóngqìng; Postal map spelling: Chungking; Wade-Giles: Ch'ung-ch'ing) is the largest and most populous of the People's Republic of China's four provincial-level municipalities, and the only one in the less densely populated western region of China. Formerly (until 14 March 1997) a sub-provincial city within Sichuan Province, the municipality of Chongqing has a registered population of 31,442,300 (2005). The boundaries of Chongqing municipality reach much further into the city's hinterland than the boundaries of the other three provincial level municipalities (Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), and much of the municipality, which spans over 80 000 km², is rural. The population of the urban area of Chongqing proper was 4.1 million in 2005 although this figure is disputed owing to difficulties as to where the urban area of Chongqing begins and ends.

The municipal abbreviation, 渝 (Yú), was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997. Chongqing was also a municipality of the old Republic of China. Its abbreviated name is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds the Yangtze River.

History

Chongqing is said to be the semi-mythical State of Ba that the Ba people supposedly established during the eleventh century BCE. By 316 BCE, however, it had been overrun by the State of Qin. The Qin emperor ordered a new city to be constructed, which was called Jiang (江州) and Chu Prefecture (楚州).

Chongqing was subsequently renamed in 581 CE (Sui Dynasty) and 1102, to Yu Prefecture (渝州) and then Gong Prefecture (). It received its current name in 1189, after Prince Zhao Dun of the Southern Song Dynasty described his crowning as king and then Emperor Guangzong as a "double/repeated happy celebration" (simplified Chinese: 双重喜庆; traditional Chinese: 雙重喜慶; pinyin: shuāngchóng xǐqìng). Hence, Yu Prefecture became Chongqing subprefecture to mark the occasion.

In 1362, (Yuan Dynasty), Ming Yuzhen, a peasant rebel leader, established the Daxia Kingdom at Chongqing for a short time.

In 1621, another short-lived kingdom of Daliang was established there.

Between 1627-1645, with the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Chongqing, together with Sichuan, were captured by the Revolts who overthrew the Ming Dynasty across the nation. Later during the Qing Dynasty, immigration to Chongqing and Sichuan took place with the support of Qing emperor.

In 1891, Chongqing became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners.

From 1929, Chongqing became a municipality of the Republic of China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), it was Chiang Kai-shek's provisional capital and was heavily bombed by the Japanese Air Force. Luckily, due to its mountainous environment, many people were saved from the bombing. Many factories and universities were moved from eastern China to Chongqing during WWII, transforming this city from inland port to a heavily industrialized city.

In 1954, the municipality was reduced to a provincial city within the Sichuan Province of the People's Republic of China.

On 14 March 1997, the Eighth National People's Congress decided to merge the city with the neighbouring Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang prefecture-level districts that it had governed on behalf of the province since September 1996. The resulting single division was the Chongqing Municipality, containing 30,020,000 people in forty-three former counties (without intermediate political levels). The municipality became the spearhead of China's effort to develop its western regions and coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the Three Gorges Dam project. Its first official ceremony took place on 18 June 1997.

Administrative divisions

People's Liberation Monument (World War II victory monument).

Commercial high-rise buildings around the People's Liberation Monument.

The confluence of the Jialing River and Yangtze River, as seen from Chongqing.

Hydrofoil on the Yangtze, within the Chongqing municipality.

See also: List of administrative divisions of Chongqing

Chongqing Municipality is divided into forty county-level subdivisions (three abolished in 1997), consisting of nineteen districts, seventeen counties, and four autonomous counties.

Districts Pinyin name Hanzi Previous associationa Banan 巴南区 Chongqing Beibei 北碚区 Changshou 长寿区 Dadukou 大渡口区 Fuling 涪陵区 Fuling Hechuan 合川区 Chongqing Jiangbei 江北区 Jiangjin 江津区 Jiulongpo 九龙坡区 Nan'an 南岸区 Nanchuan 南川区 Fuling Qianjiang 黔江区 Qianjiang Shapingba 沙坪坝区 Chongqing Shuangqiao 双桥区 Wansheng 万盛区 Wanzhou 万州区 Wanxian Yubei 渝北区 Chongqing Yongchuan 永川区 Yuzhong 渝中区

Counties Pinyin name Hanzi Previous associationa Bishan 璧山县 Chongqing Chengkou 城口县 Wanxian Dazu 大足县 Chongqing Dianjiang 垫江县 Fuling Fengdu 丰都县 Fengjie 奉节县 Wanxian Kai 开县 Liangping 梁平县 Qijiang 綦江县 Chongqing Rongchang 荣昌县 Tongliang 铜梁县 Tongnan 潼南县 Wulong 武隆县 Fuling Wushan 巫山县 Wanxian Wuxi 巫溪县 Yunyang 云阳县 Zhong 忠县

Autonomous counties

Pinyin name	Hanzi	Previous associationa
Pengshui Miao and Tujia	彭水苗族土家族自治县	Qianjiang
Shizhu Tujia	石柱土家族自治县
Xiushan Tujia and Miao	秀山土家族苗族自治县
Youyang Tujia and Miao	酉阳土家族苗族自治县

^a Indicates with which district the division was associated below prior to the merging of Chongqing, Fuling, Wanxian (now Wanzhou) and Qianjiang in 1997.

The urban area of Chongqing proper (重庆市区) includes the following districts:

• Yuzhong (渝中区, or "Central Chongqing District"), the central and most densely populated district, where government offices are located
• Nan'an (南岸区, or "Southern Bank District")
• Jiangbei (江北区, or "North of the River District")
• Shapingba (沙坪坝区)
• Jiulongpo (九龙坡区)
• Dadukou (大渡口区)

Geography

Chongqing skyscrapers

Geographic coordinates

105°17'-110°11' East, 28°10'－32°13' North

Annual average temperature

18°C (64°F)

Temperature range

0 C - 43 C (32 F - 109 F)

Total annual hours of sunshine

1000 to 1200

Annual precipitation

1000 to 1400 mm (39 in - 47 in)

Neighboring provinces

Hubei (east), Hunan (southeast), Guizhou (south), Sichuan (west), Shaanxi (north)

Located on the edge of the Yungui Plateau, Chongqing is intersected by the Jialing River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze. It contains Daba Shan in the north, Wu Shan in the east, Wuling Shan in the southeast, and Dalou Mountain to the south.

The city is very hilly and is the only major metropolitan area in China without significant numbers of bicycles.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Chongqing

The politics of Chongqing is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the People's Republic of China.

The Mayor of Chongqing is the highest ranking official in the People's Government of Chongqing. Since Chongqing is a centrally administered municipality, the mayor occupies the same level in the order of precedence as provincial governors. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the mayor has less power than the Chongqing Communist Party of China Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Chongqing CPC Party Chief".

In terms of political status, Chongqing is as important as Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai.

Economy

Chongqing was made into its own municipality in 1997 to jumpstart its development and subsequently China's relatively poorer western areas (see China Western Development strategy). Chongqing has been rapidly modernizing for a decade and is now a significant industrial area in western China. Chongqing is, by some measures, the world's largest city and is the world's fastest growing metropolis. In a single day, new construction added approximately 137,000 square meters of usable floor space to satisfy demands for residential, commercial and factory space. Every day, migrants added to the local population more than 1,300 pasdasdasdasdasdasdasdasdasdasdasdeople and the local economy grew by almost ¥100 million ($12 million USD).

Close-up view of the People's Liberation Monument.

Traditionally, due to its geographical remoteness, Chongqing and neighboring Sichuan are important military bases in weapons research and development. Chongqing's industries have greatly diversified now but unlike eastern China, its export sector is small due to its inland location. Instead, factories producing local-oriented consumer goods such as processed food, autos, chemicals, textiles, machinery, and electronics are common. As a testament to its industrial strength, Chongqing is home to Asia's largest aluminum plant, South West Aluminium. Agriculture remains a significant part of the economy. Rice and fruits (especially oranges) are the area's main produce. Natural resources are also abundant with large deposits of coal, natural gas, and more than 40 kinds of minerals such as strontium and manganese. The mining sector however has been criticised for being wasteful, heavily-polluting, and unsafe. Recently there has been a drive to move up the value-chain by shifting towards more hi-tech, knowledge-instensive industries. New development zones such as the Chongqing New North Zone (CNNZ) located north of downtown area has been established for this reason.

In order to attract more foreign investment and expertise, the city has invested heavily to improve its infrastructure. The network of roads and railways connecting Chongqing to the rest of China have also been expanded and upgraded to reduce the cost and time of goods transportation - a major deterrent to foreign investment and growth. Furthermore, once the Three Gorges Dam is completed, ocean-going ships can reach Chongqing's Yangtze River port. Shipping goods to Shanghai at the eastern end of the river and on to overseas markets will now be possible. This improved infrastructure combined with the city's highly-educated and relatively cheaper labor have begun to produce some results. In the past few years, Ford and Mazda have launched their joint-venture project with local rival Changan Auto to open an assembly plant in the area with a capacity of 270,000 vehicles per year.

Chongqing is also set to be the terminal end of the planned 2,380-km-long China-Myanmar (Burma) oil and gas pipeline which will start from the deepwater port of Sittwe off Myanmar's western coast. The pipeline will cross Kunming in Yunnan province before reaching Chongqing. It will provide China with an alternative source of fuel from Myanmar and in addition, imported oil and gas from the Middle East and Africa can be docked in Sittwe and sent to mainland China using these pipes, bypassing the crowded and heavily-pirated Strait of Malacca. Construction on these pipelines has not yet started. But once the project is fully underway, CNPC (parent company of PetroChina) plans to build a 10-million-ton-capacity refinery in Chongqing to process the imported crude.

Chongqing is a booming city. It has the third fastest economic growth of all Chinese cities. However, Chongqing's overall economic performance is still lagging behind eastern cities such as Shanghai. For instance in 2007, the nominal GDP of Chongqing was only 411.18 billion yuan (US$58.7 billion) - about 1.65% of total national product, although it registers a year-on-year growth of 15.3%. Its per capita GDP too was relatively low at 14,339 yuan (US$2,050) - below the national average. Nevertheless, Chongqing is a city that is full of promises and ambition. In the near future, it plans to transform itself into the financial centre of western and central China. By doing so, it will become the beachhead for the development of the western part of the country - emulating a "Chinese Chicago" by opening up the country's interior to further investment and industrialization.

Media

Chongqing is served by the Chongqing People's Broadcast Station as the largest radio station. The only municipal-level TV network is Chongqing TV station, claimed to be the 4th largest television station. Chongqing Daily is the largest newspaper group, controlling more than 10 newspapers and one website.

Transportation

The three main forms of public transport in Chongqing are subway, light rail transit and intercity railway.

River port

Chongqing is the biggest inland river port in western China. Historically, most of its transportation, especially to eastern China, is via the Yangtze River.

Railways

• Chongqing-Chengdu (Sichuan province) railway
• Chongqing-Guiyang (Guizhou province) railway
• Chongqing-Xiangfan (Hubei province) railway
• Chongqing-Huaihua (Hunan province) railway
• Chongqing-Suining (Sichuan province) express railway
• Chongqing Wanzhou-Yichang (Hubei province) railway (under construction)
• Chongqing-Lanzhou (Gansu province) railway (under construction)

Highways

• Chongqing-Chengdu highway
• Chongqing-Wanzhou-Yichang highway (Wanzhou-Yichang section under construction)
• Chongqing-Guiyang highway
• Chongqing-Dazhou-Xi'an highway (Dazhou-Xi'an section under construction)
• Chongqing-Suining highway

Airport

Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport, located in Yubei district, north of Chongqing, provides links to most parts of China and to other countries. In year 2007, a total of 10,355,730 person-time transporting volume was reported, which ranks this airport as the 10th largest one in China and the third largest one in southwest China.

Future

According to Chongqing Municipal Government's ambitious plan in May 2007, Chongqing is going to invest 150 billion RMB in 13 years to finish 513 km of underground/light track system. A transportation network will consist of 9 straight and 1 circular line. However, only one light track line of 19km (Chongqing lightrail line 2 project 1) was finished (2005).

It has been announced that Chongqing will receive six railways and a ring road by 2020. These improvements will add 363.5 kilometers of road and railway to the pre-existing transportation stock. In addition to this 93 new train stations will be built to supplement 111 stations that are already in place.

Looking forward to 2050, Chongqing is planned to have nine railway lines, totaling 513 kilometers, with 270 stations. The Line 1 is a subway while Line 2 and Line 3 are light rail transit.

Climate

Magnolia street lights in Chongqing.

Chongqing has a humid subtropical climate, with the two-season monsoonal variations typical of South Asia.

Chongqin's summers are among the hottest in China. The temperature can be as high as 43°C (109°F), with an average high of 95°F (35°C) in August. Yet even in the hottest weather the wind is often cold, making such high temperatures more bearable.

Winters are fairly mild, but damp and overcast; average January highs are 48F (9C). Chongqing has one of the lowest sunshine totals annually in China.

Chongqing can get foggy sometimes. Chongqing is famous for its foggy weather in spring and winter days, which gives this city a nickname of "雾都", in English "foggy city". This special weather once protected Chongqing from being overrun by the Japanese invaders during the Second World War.

With the weather at its best in the spring and fall, these are the best times for one to visit the city of Chongqing.

Tourism & Landmarks

Chongqing has a number of tourist attractions.

The Dazu Rock Carvings (Chinese: 大足石刻; pinyin: Dàzú Shíkè), in Dazu county, are a series of Chinese religious sculptures and carvings, dating back as far as the 7th century A.D., depicting and influenced by Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist beliefs. Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Dazu Rock Carvings are made up of 75 protected sites containing some 50,000 statues, with over 100,000 Chinese characters forming inscriptions and epigraphs.

Fishing Town or Fishing City (Simplified Chinese: 钓鱼城; Traditional Chinese: 釣魚城; Pingyin: diaoyucheng), also called the “Oriental Mecca” and “the Place That Broke God's Whip”, is one of the three great ancient battlefields of China. It is famous for its resistance to the Mongol armies in the latter half of the Song Dynasty. One of the most notable events was the death of Mongol leader Mongke Khan by cannon shot, which forced the immediate withdrawal of Mongol troops from Europe and Asia and prevented the Mongolian Empire from expanding towards Africa and Western Europe.

In 2005 Chinese tourist authorities began development of an attraction to be known as "Ladies’ Town" in the Shuangqiao District. The 'town's' motto is to be: "Ladies Can Never Be Wrong, and Gentlemen Should Never Refuse Ladies’ Requests." The project is expected to be completed in 2008-2010.

Chongqing has an impressive skyline consisting of numerous skyscrapers. The city is also well known for its more than three thousand bridges.

Hot pot is Chongqing's local culinary specialty. Tables in hotpot restaurants usually contain a central vat (or pot) where food ordered by the customers is boiled/deep fried. As well as beef, pork, lotus and other vegetables, items such as pig's kidney, brain; duck's bowels; and cow's stomach are often added to the pot.

The Great Hall of the People in Chongqing.

A night view of People's Grand Hall in Chongqing

• The city is home to one of the largest public assembly buildings in China, the Great Hall of the People which, though built in modern times, emulates traditional architectural styles. It is adjacent to the densely populated and hilly central district, with narrow streets and pedestrian only walkways.

• There is a museum at the World War II headquarters of General "Vinegar Joe" Stilwell.

• A giant ferris wheel offers spectacular views of the metropolitan area, although it is currently out of action.

• A modern and well stocked zoo exhibits many national and regional animals, including the Giant Panda and the extremely rare South China Tiger.

• The People's Liberation Monument, located in the center of Chongqing city, attracts many visitors. It is surrounded by numerous shopping centres.

• Red Rock Village Museum is a place to attract a lot of people, it is the home of Communist Party Leaders Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai stayed there for negotiation with Kuomintang on coalition between two parties.

• In July 2007, the city built a bathroom with 1,000 toilets spread out over 32,290 square feet. Some urinals are uniquely shaped, including ones inside open crocodile mouths and several that are topped by the bust of a woman resembling the Virgin Mary. Officials submitted an application to Guinness World Records to have the free four-story public bathroom listed as the world's largest.

Astronomical phenomena

The previous total solar eclipse as seen from downtown Chongqing was the solar eclipse of June 26, 1824. The next will be the solar eclipse of 22 July 2009.

Sister cities

• Washington, D.C., USA
• Düsseldorf, Germany
• Seattle, USA
• Hiroshima, Japan
• Mito, Ibaraki, Japan
• Toronto, Canada
• Brisbane, Australia
• Toulouse, France
• Leicester, England
• Detroit, Michigan, USA
• Shiraz, Iran

Chongqing Municipality has a Memorandum of Understanding (a form of twinning arrangement) with Wales, UK and became a 'sister region' of Wales in March 2008.

In June 2007, a twinning agreement between Chongqing and Sør-Trøndelag was signed.

City Tree and Flower

The city's tree is the evergreen magnolia (magnolia delavayi) abundant in street plantings, with the tulip-like shape of its mature unopened blooms repeated in street lights. The city's flower is the Common Camellia (Camellia japomica ).

Colleges and universities

Chongqing University	重庆大学	founded in 1929
Southwest University	西南大学	founded in 1906
Chongqing Institute of Technology	重庆工学院
Chongqing Jiaotong University	重庆交通大学
Chongqing Normal University	重庆师范大学
Chongqing Technology and Business University	重庆工商大学
Chongqing Three Gorges University	重庆三峡学院
Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications	重庆邮电学院
Yangtze Nomal University	长江师范学院	founded in 1931
Sichuan Fine Arts Institute	四川美术学院
Sichuan International Studies University	四川外语学院
Southwest University of Political Science and Law	西南政法大学
Third Military Medical University	第三军医大学
Western Chongqing University	渝西学院
Chongqing University of Medical Sciences	重庆医科大学
Chongqing University of Science and Technology	重庆科技学院

Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.

Sports

Professional sports teams in Chongqing include:

• Chinese Football Association Super League
  • Chongqing Lifan
• Chinese Basketball Association
  • None

See also

• List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
• List of laojiaos in Chongqing municipality

References

External links

• Chongqing Municipal Government website
• Template:Wikitravel