Bellum Batonianum: Difference between revisions
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Hoshidoshi (talk | contribs) Tacitus writes of the Pannonian mutany of AD 14, not the Pannonian Revolt of AD 6-9 |
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[[Image:GreatIllyrianRevolt.jpg|thumb|300px|The Great Illyrian Revolt, 6-9 AD.]] |
[[Image:GreatIllyrianRevolt.jpg|thumb|300px|The Great Illyrian Revolt, 6-9 AD.]] |
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The '''Great Illyrian Revolt''' (or '''Pannonian Revolt'''<ref>Miller, Norma. ''Tacitus: Annals I'', 2002, ISBN-10: 1853993581. ''It had originally been joined to Illyricum, but after the great Illyrian/Pannonian revolt of A.D. 6 it was made a separate province with its own governor.''</ref>) was a major conflict<ref>Wilkes, J. J. ''The Illyrians'', 1992, p. 183, ISBN 0631198075. ''...Pannonian Illyrians between Italy and the East. That could only be done at a great cost and not before a rebellion of Illyricum brought the regime of Augustus to the brink of disaster.''</ref> between an alliance of [[Illyrian tribes]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] forces that lasted for four years beginning in 6 CE and ending in 9 CE. |
The '''Great Illyrian Revolt''' (or '''Pannonian Revolt'''<ref>Miller, Norma. ''Tacitus: Annals I'', 2002, ISBN-10: 1853993581. ''It had originally been joined to Illyricum, but after the great Illyrian/Pannonian revolt of A.D. 6 it was made a separate province with its own governor.''</ref>) was a major conflict<ref>Wilkes, J. J. ''The Illyrians'', 1992, p. 183, ISBN 0631198075. ''...Pannonian Illyrians between Italy and the East. That could only be done at a great cost and not before a rebellion of Illyricum brought the regime of Augustus to the brink of disaster.''</ref> between an alliance of [[Illyrian tribes]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] forces that lasted for four years beginning in 6 CE and ending in 9 CE. |
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In 6 AD, several regiments of [[Daesitiates]], a warlike Illyrian tribe led by [[Bato I]], were gathered in one place to prepare to join Augustus's stepson and senior military commander [[Tiberius]] in a war against the [[Germans]]. Instead, the Daesitiates mutinied and defeated a Roman force sent against them. The Daesitiates were soon joined by the [[Breuci]]<ref>Wilkes, J. J. ''The Illyrians'', 1992, p. 207, ISBN 0631198075. ''The rising began among the Daesitiates of central Bosnia under their leader Bato but they were soon joined by the Breuci. The four-year war which lasted from AD 6 to 9 saw huge...''</ref> led by [[Bato II]], another Illyrian tribe that supplied several auxiliary regiments. They gave battle to a second Roman force from [[Moesia]] led by [[Caecina Severus]] (the governor of Moesia). Despite their defeat, they inflicted heavy casualties at the Battle of [[Sirmium]]. The rebels were now joined by a large number of other Illyrian tribes. At risk was the strategic province of [[Illyricum]], recently expanded to include the territory of the [[Pannonii]], an Illyrian tribe based on the west bank of the [[Danube]] who were subjugated by Rome in 12-9 BC. Illyricum was on Italy's eastern flank, exposing the Roman heartland to the fear of a rebel invasion. |
In 6 AD, several regiments of [[Daesitiates]], a warlike Illyrian tribe led by [[Bato I]], were gathered in one place to prepare to join Augustus's stepson and senior military commander [[Tiberius]] in a war against the [[Germans]]. Instead, the Daesitiates mutinied and defeated a Roman force sent against them. The Daesitiates were soon joined by the [[Breuci]]<ref>Wilkes, J. J. ''The Illyrians'', 1992, p. 207, ISBN 0631198075. ''The rising began among the Daesitiates of central Bosnia under their leader Bato but they were soon joined by the Breuci. The four-year war which lasted from AD 6 to 9 saw huge...''</ref> led by [[Bato II]], another Illyrian tribe that supplied several auxiliary regiments. They gave battle to a second Roman force from [[Moesia]] led by [[Caecina Severus]] (the governor of Moesia). Despite their defeat, they inflicted heavy casualties at the Battle of [[Sirmium]]. The rebels were now joined by a large number of other Illyrian tribes. At risk was the strategic province of [[Illyricum]], recently expanded to include the territory of the [[Pannonii]], an Illyrian tribe based on the west bank of the [[Danube]] who were subjugated by Rome in 12-9 BC. Illyricum was on Italy's eastern flank, exposing the Roman heartland to the fear of a rebel invasion. |
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They faced further reverses on the battlefield and a bitter guerrilla war in the [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnian]]<ref>Wilkes, J. J. ''The Illyrians'', 1992, p. 216, ISBN 0631198075. ''Further east the formidable Daesitiates of central Bosnia retained their name. The great rebellion of All 6 had been led by their chief Bato, and their relatively low total of 103 decuriae likely reflects...''</ref> mountains specifically [[Alma]] near [[Sirmium]]. It took them three years of hard fighting to quell the revolt, which was described by the Roman historian [[Suetonius]] as the most difficult conflict faced by Rome since the [[Punic Wars]] two centuries earlier. Tiberius finally quelled the revolt in 9 AD. This was just in time: that same year [[Arminius]] destroyed [[Publius Quinctilius Varus|Varus]]'s three legions in Germany. The Roman high command did not doubt that Arminius would have formed a grand alliance with the Illyrians.<ref>[[Dio Cassius]] LV.29-34; [[Suetonius]] ''Tiberius'' 16, 17.</ref> |
They faced further reverses on the battlefield and a bitter guerrilla war in the [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnian]]<ref>Wilkes, J. J. ''The Illyrians'', 1992, p. 216, ISBN 0631198075. ''Further east the formidable Daesitiates of central Bosnia retained their name. The great rebellion of All 6 had been led by their chief Bato, and their relatively low total of 103 decuriae likely reflects...''</ref> mountains specifically [[Alma]] near [[Sirmium]]. It took them three years of hard fighting to quell the revolt, which was described by the Roman historian [[Suetonius]] as the most difficult conflict faced by Rome since the [[Punic Wars]] two centuries earlier. Tiberius finally quelled the revolt in 9 AD. This was just in time: that same year [[Arminius]] destroyed [[Publius Quinctilius Varus|Varus]]'s three legions in Germany. The Roman high command did not doubt that Arminius would have formed a grand alliance with the Illyrians.<ref>[[Dio Cassius]] LV.29-34; [[Suetonius]] ''Tiberius'' 16, 17.</ref> |
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The fighting of the Illyrian Revolt had lasting effects on Roman soldiers. Unhappy with their payment of swampy and mountainous Pannonian lands for such harsh military service, Roman soldiers staged a mutany in AD 14 demanding restitution. [[Tiberius]] dispatched his son, [[Drusus]], to put down the mutany. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 18:43, 3 July 2008
The Great Illyrian Revolt (or Pannonian Revolt[1]) was a major conflict[2] between an alliance of Illyrian tribes and Roman forces that lasted for four years beginning in 6 CE and ending in 9 CE.
In 6 AD, several regiments of Daesitiates, a warlike Illyrian tribe led by Bato I, were gathered in one place to prepare to join Augustus's stepson and senior military commander Tiberius in a war against the Germans. Instead, the Daesitiates mutinied and defeated a Roman force sent against them. The Daesitiates were soon joined by the Breuci[3] led by Bato II, another Illyrian tribe that supplied several auxiliary regiments. They gave battle to a second Roman force from Moesia led by Caecina Severus (the governor of Moesia). Despite their defeat, they inflicted heavy casualties at the Battle of Sirmium. The rebels were now joined by a large number of other Illyrian tribes. At risk was the strategic province of Illyricum, recently expanded to include the territory of the Pannonii, an Illyrian tribe based on the west bank of the Danube who were subjugated by Rome in 12-9 BC. Illyricum was on Italy's eastern flank, exposing the Roman heartland to the fear of a rebel invasion.
Augustus ordered Tiberius to break off operations in Germany and move his main army to Illyricum. Tiberius sent Valerius Messallinus (the governor of Dalmatia and Pannonia) ahead with troops. When it became clear that even Tiberius's forces were insufficient, Augustus was obliged to raise a second task force under Tiberius's nephew Germanicus. He resorted to the compulsory purchase and emancipation of thousands of slaves in order to amass enough troops. This happened for the first time since the aftermath of the Battle of Cannae two centuries earlier. The Romans had now deployed no less than 15 legions and an equivalent number of auxilia (i.e. 150 regiments, including 50 recruited from Roman citizens both free-born and freed slaves). In addition, they were assisted by a large number of Thracian troops deployed by their King Rhoemetalces, a Roman amicus (ally) a grand total of 200,000 men.[4]
They faced further reverses on the battlefield and a bitter guerrilla war in the Bosnian[5] mountains specifically Alma near Sirmium. It took them three years of hard fighting to quell the revolt, which was described by the Roman historian Suetonius as the most difficult conflict faced by Rome since the Punic Wars two centuries earlier. Tiberius finally quelled the revolt in 9 AD. This was just in time: that same year Arminius destroyed Varus's three legions in Germany. The Roman high command did not doubt that Arminius would have formed a grand alliance with the Illyrians.[6]
The fighting of the Illyrian Revolt had lasting effects on Roman soldiers. Unhappy with their payment of swampy and mountainous Pannonian lands for such harsh military service, Roman soldiers staged a mutany in AD 14 demanding restitution. Tiberius dispatched his son, Drusus, to put down the mutany.
References
- ^ Miller, Norma. Tacitus: Annals I, 2002, ISBN-10: 1853993581. It had originally been joined to Illyricum, but after the great Illyrian/Pannonian revolt of A.D. 6 it was made a separate province with its own governor.
- ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, p. 183, ISBN 0631198075. ...Pannonian Illyrians between Italy and the East. That could only be done at a great cost and not before a rebellion of Illyricum brought the regime of Augustus to the brink of disaster.
- ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, p. 207, ISBN 0631198075. The rising began among the Daesitiates of central Bosnia under their leader Bato but they were soon joined by the Breuci. The four-year war which lasted from AD 6 to 9 saw huge...
- ^ Rhoemetalces's kingdom was annexed by emperor Claudius.
- ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, p. 216, ISBN 0631198075. Further east the formidable Daesitiates of central Bosnia retained their name. The great rebellion of All 6 had been led by their chief Bato, and their relatively low total of 103 decuriae likely reflects...
- ^ Dio Cassius LV.29-34; Suetonius Tiberius 16, 17.
Further reading
See also
