Harnack's inequality

In mathematics, Harnack's inequality is an inequality relating the values of a positive harmonic function at two points, introduced by A. Harnack (1887). J. Serrin (1955) and J. Moser (1961, 1964) generalized Harnack's inequality to solutions of elliptic or parabolic partial differential equations. Perelman's solution of the Poincare conjecture uses a version of the Harnack inequality, found by R. Hamilton (1993), for the Ricci flow. Harnack's inequality is used to prove Harnack's theorem about the convergence of sequences of harmonic functions. Harnack's inequality also implies the regularity of the function in the interior of its domain.

Harmonic functions

Let $D=D(z_{0},R)$ be an open disk in the plane and let f be a harmonic function on D such that f(z) is non-negative for all $z\in D$. Then the following inequality holds for all $z\in D$:

$0\leq f(z)\leq \left({\frac {R}{R-\left|z-z_{0}\right|}}\right)^{2}f(z_{0}).$

For general domains $\Omega$ in $\mathbf {R} ^{n}$ the inequality can be stated as follows: If $\omega$ is a bounded domain with ${\bar {\omega }}\subset \Omega$, then there is a constant $C$ such that

$\sup _{x\in \Omega }u(x)\leq C\inf _{x\in \Omega }u(x)$

for every twice differentiable, harmonic and nonnegative function $u(x)$. The constant $C$ is independent of $u$; it depends only on the domain.

Elliptic partial differential equations

For elliptic partial differential equations, Harnack's inequality states that the supremum of a positive solution in some connected open region is bounded by some constant times the infimium, possibly with an added term containing a functional norm of the data:

$\sup u\leq C(\inf u+||f||)$

The constant depends on the ellipticity of the equation and the connected open region.

Parabolic partial differential equations

For parabolic partial differential equations, such as the heat equation, Harnack's inequality states that for positive solutions y in some connected open set, there is an inequality

$y(t_{1},x_{1})\leq cy(t_{2},x_{2})$

for some constant c depending on the equation, the two times, the two points, and the open region, provided the time t₂ is later than time t₁. It is not possible to bound y in terms of the value at some earlier time without extra information. Informally, this means that there is a limit to how fast things can cool down, but there is no limit to how fast they can heat up.

References

• Gilbarg, David (1988). Elliptic Partial Differential Equations of Second Order. Springer. ISBN 3-540-41160-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Hamilton, Richard S. (1993), "The Harnack estimate for the Ricci flow", Journal of Differential Geometry, 37 (1): 225–243, ISSN 0022-040X, MR1198607
• Harnack, A. (1887), Die Grundlagen der Theorie des logarithmischen Potentiales und der eindeutigen Potentialfunktion in der Ebene, Leipzig: V. G. Teubner
• Kamynin, L.I. (2001) [1994], "Harnack theorem", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
• Kamynin, L.I.; Kuptsov, L.P. (2001) [1994], "Harnack's inequality", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
• Moser, Jürgen (1961), "On Harnack's theorem for elliptic differential equations", Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 14: 577–591, ISSN 0010-3640, MR0159138
• Moser, Jürgen (1964), "A Harnack inequality for parabolic differential equations", Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 17: 101–134, ISSN 0010-3640, MR0159139
• Serrin, James (1955), "On the Harnack inequality for linear elliptic equations", Journal d'Analyse Mathématique, 4: 292–308, ISSN 0021-7670, MR0081415