Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)

Ghost in the Shell
Promotional film poster
Directed by	Mamoru Oshii
Written by	Kazunori Itō
Produced by	Yoshimasa Mizuo Ken Matsumoto Ken Iyadomi Mitsuhisa Ishikawa
Starring	Atsuko Tanaka Akio Ōtsuka Kōichi Yamadera Tamio Ōki Iemasa Kayumi (Japan) Mimi Woods Richard Epcar Christopher Joyce William Knight Tom Wyner (USA)
Cinematography	Hisao Shirai
Edited by	Shūichi Kakesu Shigeyuki Yamamori
Music by	Kenji Kawai
Distributed by	Shochiku (Japan) Manga Entertainment (North America, Australia and UK)
Release dates	November 18, 1995 December 8, 1995 December 8, 1995 November 29, 1996
Running time	82 minutes
Country	Japan
Languages	Japanese English

This article is about the first film adaptation. For material on the philosophy of the Ghost in the Shell universe, see Ghost in the Shell (philosophy), for other adaptations see Ghost in the Shell.

Ghost in the Shell (GHOST IN THE SHELL／攻殻機動隊, Gōsuto In Za Sheru/Kōkaku Kidōtai, lit. Ghost in the Shell/Mobile Armoured Riot Police) is a 1995 anime film directed by Mamoru Oshii; an adaptation of the manga Ghost in the Shell by Masamune Shirow, produced by Production I.G, and written by Kazunori Itō. A sequel, Innocence, was released in 2004.

Plot

The movie begins with Major Motoko Kusanagi spying on a meeting taking place in New Port City. The meeting is interrupted by a Section 6 enforcement team, at which point Motoko kills a foreign diplomat in the meeting who is attempting to transport an important programmer out of the country.

In the next scene, Section 9 chief Daisuke Aramaki is introduced conversing with an official about programmers who are attempting to gain political asylum. The story then moves into the main plotline when Aramaki describes one of the minister's interpreters having had her brain hacked into by the mysterious "Puppet Master".

The hacker turns out to be a garbageman who is going through a divorce and attempts to ghost-hack his wife using a program provided to him by an individual who met him in a bar. Batou and Ishikawa arrive at the latest access terminal moments after the hacking attempt from it ends, failing to catch any suspect but also realizing that the locations from which the hack is performed correlate to the garbage truck route. When the garbageman finds out that the police are looking for him, he attempts to warn the person who provided him with the ghosthacking software. Batou and Kusanagi catch up to the man, who attempts to flee using thermoptic camouflage. Eventually, the fugitive is incapacitated by Kusanagi.

It turns out that the man is not the actual Puppet Master but only a ghosthacked "puppet" of the criminal. The garbageman whom he aided in ghosthacking has also been ghosthacked - in reality he did not have a wife or daughter, and all memories of them he possesses are false.

One night, a female cybernetic body is suddenly assembled at Megatech without approval, and the cyborg escapes into the city where it is run over. Section 9 gets the body to try and determine why it was built. Batou relates a strange fact: the body has not even one brain cell as it is completely robotic, yet there are indications that there is a ghost within it. Kusanagi expresses a wish to 'dive in' to the body and contact the ghost.

Nakamura of Section 6, accompanied by Doctor Willis, comes to claim the escaped body. Willis confirms that the ghost in the shell is the Puppet Master. It claims that it never possessed a body because it is a computer program that achieved sentience, and that it desires political asylum from Section 9. Nakamura says that its request is ridiculous, and that the ghost in the body was programmed for self-preservation. The body argues that human DNA is a set of programs to preserve itself as well. Nakamura angrily protests that the body cannot prove its existence as a sentient life form. Aramaki points out that even if the body can prove its sentience, political asylum is not granted to criminals, and the Puppet Master is a wanted felon. The body retorts that he cannot offer any proof of his own existence, either, when modern science cannot define what life really is. The body then states that it is not an AI but rather a sentient entity that was created through the accumulation of data and the flow of information known as Project 2501.

As they are talking to the body, Togusa realizes that someone with therm-optic camouflage entered the building along with the officials. He alerts Kusanagi, and they realise that Section 6 is up to something. The persons who entered with therm-optic camouflage snatch the ruined cyborg containing the Puppet Master. As they escape in their getaway car, Togusa shoots a tracking device into its registation plate. Batou starts to follow them by car while Kusanagi follows by helicopter.

Ishikawa in the next scene talks to Aramaki after investigating further into Project 2501 and it turns out that the project was initiated before the Puppet Master showed up, even though it was claimed by some officials that the project was created in order to capture the Puppet Master. He hints that the Puppet Master was a tool of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to do its dirty work. The escape of the Puppet Master would be a threat to Section 6 and the ministry would risk having secrets leaked out to the public.

Soon, the getaway car carrying the Puppet Master meets up with another and they split off in different directions. Batou follows the second car and Kusanagi chooses to follow the original. With the help of a road block and additional police, Batou stops the second car and discovers it is a decoy. He then rushes to support Kusanagi.

Kusanagi follows the car to an abandoned building. There, she runs into a large version of a tank guarding the Puppet Master. Her assault rifle useless; she spends most of the fight running. When the tank runs out of ammo she tries to rip the tank's hatch off. However, she is unsuccessful, and damages her cyborg body. The tank grabs her and is about to crush her skull when Batou shows up and destroys the tank with some heavy weaponry.

It turns out that the Puppet Master's body is still intact, and Kusanagi decides to 'dive in' and contact its ghost immediately, as Aramaki would just use it as a bargaining chip. As they connect, the Puppet Master and Kusanagi's ghosts contact each other and the Puppet Master introduces himself to the two. It confirms that it is Project 2501, a Section 6 project that has hacked ghosts to serve various interests.

During its time collecting data and installing programs into various ghosts, it has become self-aware. It tells them that it had been looking for Kusanagi for a long time, knowing of her through the many networks that it had hacked into. It is a sentient being because it can recognize its own existence but lacks two experiences that are granted to all living organisms: reproduction and death. As a solution the Puppet Master finally expresses its wish to merge its ghost with Kusanagi's in order to give birth to a new single entity. Batou attempts to disconnect the dive, but The Puppet Master hacks into him, preventing the disconnection.

Meanwhile, helicopters from Section 6 approach the abandoned building with orders to destroy the Puppet Master as a primary target along with Kusanagi, presumably to cover up the project. Batou sees lasers pointing to both the bodies, but the snipers are unable to shoot because of the Puppet Master's hacking.

Kusanagi and the Puppet Master continue to talk about the merge, with Kusanagi expressing concern over the fact that both of them will change and no longer retain their current identities. She wants a guarantee that she will retain her identity, but the Puppet Master argues that there is no reason to keep with it, because her desire to stay unchanging within a dynamic environment is ultimately what limits her. Kusanagi finally decides to merge with it just as the snipers from the helicopters fire. Batou regains control over his body and puts out his arm to protect Kusanagi. The Pupper Master is destroyed but Batou's outstretched arm saves Kusanagi's brain shell.

Kusanagi wakes at Batou's safe house - in a child-sized cyborg body. Batou comes in and informs her of what transpired since her original body was destroyed (approximately twenty hours earlier): the foreign minister resigned as a result of the conspiracy, and Nakamura is being questioned. Motoko decides to leave and reveals that she is no longer either Kusanagi nor the Puppet Master, but rather a combination of the two. The film concludes with the new Motoko/2501 entity watching the panorama of the city and musing on what should it do next — "The net is vast and infinite."

Adaptation

The film adaptation presents the story's themes in a more serious, atmospheric and slow-paced manner than the manga. In addition, in order to condense the manga into 82 minutes of screen time, the movie excludes the subplots in order to focus exclusively on the "Puppet Master" plot.

Unlike the manga and the TV series, the producers have stated that the movie is set in Hong Kong, in the making-of Ghost in the Shell featurette. The writing depicted on the scenery is Chinese Hànzì characters, and not Japanese kana/kanji.

Reception

Template:Globalize/USA The movie was applauded as one of the first anime films to seamlessly blend computer and cell animation (after Macross Plus Movie Edition). It was one of the first anime features to cross over to non-anime fans in North America.

Soundtrack

Untitled

Track listing

1. "M01 I - Making of Cyborg"
2. "M02 Ghosthack"
3. "EXM Puppetmaster"
4. "M04 Virtual Crime"
5. "M05 II - Ghost City"
6. "M06 Access"
7. "M07 Nightstalker"
8. "M08 Floating Museum"
9. "M09 Ghostdive"
10. "M10 III - Reincarnation"
11. "See You Everyday" (Bonus track)

"See You Everyday" is different from the rest of the soundtrack, being a pop song sung in Cantonese by Fang Ka Wing. It can be faintly heard playing in the marketplace scene, when Batou is hunting the ghost-hacked puppet.

Choral song

According to the soundtrack's liner notes, the haunting choral song that plays throughout the film is a wedding song, sung to get rid of all evil influences that are about to follow. The lyrics of the song itself seems to reflect the union between Kusanagi and Project 2501 which takes place towards the end of the movie. Kenji Kawai originally wanted to use Bulgarian folk singers, but was unable to find any, so he relied on the Japanese folk song choir he used earlier in the Ranma 1/2 anime. The song uses an ancient form of the Japanese language mixed with Bulgarian harmony and traditional Japanese notes.

Lyrics

1. 吾が舞へば、麗し女、酔ひにけり（あがまへば、くはしめ、ゑひにけり）
A ga maeba, kuwashime yoinikeri（あがまえば、くわしめ、よいにけり）
Because I had danced, the beautiful lady was enchanted

2. 吾が舞へば、照る月、響むなり（あがまへば、てるつき、とよむなり）
A ga maeba, terutsuki toyomunari（あがまえば、てるつき、とよむなり）
Because I had danced, the shining moon echoed

3. 結婚に、神、天下りて（よばひに、かみ、あまくだりて）
Yobai ni, kami amakudarite（よばいに、かみ、あまくだりて）
Proposing marriage, the god shall descend

4. 夜は明け、鵺鳥、鳴く（よはあけ、ぬへとり、なく）
Yo wa ake, nuedori naku（よはあけ、ぬえどり、なく）
The night clears away and the chimera bird (White's Thrush) will sing

5. 遠神恵賜（とほ、かみ、ゑみ、ため）
Toh kami, emi tame（とお、かみ、えみ、ため）
The distant god may give us the precious blessing!

Cultural analysis of lyrics

Married nobles in the Japanese pre-feudal era typically slept in separate bedrooms. Sneaking into the bedroom of a love interest constituted a proposal for marriage. Therefore, 3rd line may be understood as "yobahi/nightly crawl into bedroom" rather than "kekkon/wedding."

A sterling bird is mentioned in 4th line. When this bird sings at dawn, it is considered an ominous sign because its song is believed to be less melodic than other birds and thus baleful.

The fifth line is a set of Shinto "god words". In the ancient days when Shinto relied on more shamanic rituals, a turtle shell was burned to reveal a fortune and special words were said to proclaim that the truth had been revealed. These words eventually became a prayer used to cleanse impurities.

The last line of the song was overdubbed in the international release of the film with "One Minute Warning", a song by U2 and Brian Eno. Some speculate that this edit was done for marketing purposes by Manga Entertainment, one of the major financiers of the film).

Influence on popular culture

• In the opening credits, the numbers that flow in the background are actually computer codes for the different names of the staff who worked on the movie. These flowing numbers inspired the Matrix digital rain. The numbers in the foreground that count down to credits are the computer code version of these credits. The 'countdown' effect is intended to look like data decryption.

• Video material from this movie was used in the video of Wamdue Project's dance hit King of my Castle in 1999.

Academic influence

Ghost in the Shell was analyzed together with William Gibson's book Neuromancer in chapter 4 "Orienting the Future" of Wendy Hui Kyong Chun's book "Control and Freedom - Power and Paranoia in the Age of Fiber Optics" (2006, The MIT Press). She looks at the aspect of high-tech Orientalism put forth in both works.

Trivia

File:Ghost in the shellposter.jpg

Alternative film poster

• The Puppet Master quotes two consecutive Bible verses: Firstly 1 Corinthians 13:12 from the King James Version, "For now we see through a glass, darkly" and at the end of the film a paraphrase of 1 Corinthians 13:11 "When I was a child, my speech, feelings, and thinking were all those of a child. Now that I am a man I have no more use for childish ways."

• The brand of beer Batou drinks is a real beer brand called San Miguel Beer which is the dominant beer in the Philippines and popular in Hong Kong. Noteworthy is the anime's detailed and accurate recreation of the San Miguel beer can, including its gold label and corporate seal.

• The tank in the abandoned building also destroys a picture of Ernst Haeckel's pedigree of man, however with various fish species as ancestors of "hominis".

• On official subtitles, Kusanagi refers to her handgun as a "Zastaber". The gun is similar to a real model, a CZ 100, made by Česká zbrojovka of the Czech Republic. The arms manufacturer Crvena Zastava also exists, however, but is a Serbian firm and does not make that model of gun. Her rifle is also supposedly a Zastava product, the CZN-M22 (Crvena Zastava/Nosle model 22), although it is not a real model. Togusa's revolver is called a "Matever" instead of "Mateba". That gun is fictional, but Mateba makes similar automatic revolvers. (It is a common convention in anime to slightly alter brand names of real-life products or company, either as a form of parody, or in order to avoid costly licensing.)

• A cult classic outside the country, the ticket sales of the movie weren't as great domestically. Hence the sequel to the movie lost the title "Ghost in the Shell 2" and the secondary title became the primary title "Innocence."

• The original comic did not specify the location of the city, but rumor is rampant that it is set in Kobe, where Shirow Masamune (the creator of the manga) lives. In the movie, the city was created to be complete mixture of Asian culture, Chinese being the primary one. To go with the art, the music created for the movie used whole assortment of Southeastern Asia origins, and even play methods were often ad-libbed to create mixed ethnicity (although, Mr. Kawai admits it also partly had to do with the fact that he had no idea how to play some of them). Some drums were played by a female drummer to create a softer touch.

• In ordinary anime, characters would at least blink to create the feeling of "being animated," but in this movie, Motoko's eyes intentionally stayed unblinking many times. Director Mamoru Oshii's intention was to portray her as a "doll."

• After he struggled to convey the mood that the characters are supposed to emanate for English version dub, Mr.Oshii's thought was to thank the Japanese cast for making his job a whole lot easier. It took two days to record the Japanese dub, whereas the English version took three weeks to get right ("they can speak the line, but they couldn't emote"). In the pamphlet for Innocence, he actually pokes fun at a certain internationally recognized anime director by saying "Unlike some directors, I do give due credit to voice actors" (After seeing some overacting in his movie that was inspired from Gulliver's Travel, the man Mr. Oshii is referring to refuses to use any professional voice actors to this date)

• In Manga Entertainment's domesticated releases, the closing title song is "One Minute Warning" by Passengers, which is a U2 and Brian Eno collaboration. In the original Japanese version of the film, the song Reincarnation III by Kenji Kawai is used, which can be found on the original soundtrack CD.

External links

• Ghost in the Shell at IMDb
• Official Site At Manga.com
• Production I.G English website
• Ghost in the Shell at MusicBrainz
• Ghost in the Shell at MusicBrainz
• Ghost in the Shell ({{{type}}}) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
• "ＧＨＯＳＴ　ＩＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＳＨＥＬＬ　～攻殻機動隊～ (Kōkaku Kidōtai)" (in Japanese). Japanese Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
• Reincarnation on YouTube (Choral song)