Fraternity (disambiguation): Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Fraternity]] |
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{{wiktionarypar|fraternity}} |
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'''Fraternity''' is a word for [[brotherhood]], though the term usually connotes a distinct organization. A fraternity is a kind of club. |
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Fraternities can be organized for many purposes. The only true distinction between a fraternity and any other form of social organization is the implication that the members freely associate as equals for a mutually beneficial purpose, (rather than because of a religous, governmental, commercial, or familial bond, although there are fraternities dedicated to each of these topics). |
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The ability to organize freely apart from the institutions of government and religion were a fundamental part of the establishment of the modern world. In ''Living the Enlightenment'', Margaret C. Jacobs showed the development of Jurgen Habermas' 'public space' in 17th century Netherlands was closely related to the establishment of lodges of Freemasons.<ref>{{cite book | last = Jacob | first = Margaret C. | title = Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 1991 | location = New York, New York | url = http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24345304}}</ref> |
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===History=== |
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There are known fraternal organizations which existed as far back as ancient Greece and [[Mithraic Mysteries|Rome]], and analogous institutions called [[confraternities]] which existed allied to the Catholic Church in the late medieval period. |
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The development of Freemasonry in the early 1700's became a critical watershed moment in fraternal organization, and there have been hundreds of varieties of Freemasonry, and thousands of closely parallel organizations since then. Virtually any fraternal organizations today bear some debt to the models of organization first worked out in Masonic lodges. |
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The development was especially dynamic in America, where the freedom to associate outside governmental regulation is expressly sanctioned in law. There have been hundreds of fraternal organizations in America alone, and at the turn of the last century, there were enough memberships for every adult male, (because of multiple memberships, probably only 50% of adult males belonged to any organizations).<ref>{{cite book |author = Stevens, Albert C. |year = 1907 |title = Cyclopedia of Fraternities: A Compilation of Existing Authentic Information and the Results of Original Investigation as to the Origin, Derivation, Founders, Development, Aims, Emblems, Character, and Personnel of More Than Six Hundred Secret Societies in the United States |publisher = E. B. Treat and Company}}</ref> [[Arthur M. Schlesinger]] coined the term 'a nation of joiners' to refer to the phenomenon in October 1944. <ref>{{cite journal | last = Schlesinger | first = Arthur M. | title = Biography of a Nation of Joiners | journal = American Historical Review | volume = L | issue = 1 | pages = 1 | publisher = American Historical Association | location = Washington, D.C. | date = Oct. 1944}}</ref> Schlesinger in turn referred to [[Alexis de Tocqueville|de Tocqueville's]] commentary on American reliance on private organization dating back to the 1830's. |
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There are many attributes that fraternities can have, or not depending on their structure and purpose. Fraternities can have differing degrees of secrecy, some form of initiation or ceremony marking admission, formal codes of behavior, disciplinary procedures, very differing amounts of real property and assets. |
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===College and university fraternities=== |
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{{main|Fraternities and sororities}} |
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Fraternities have a long history in colleges and universities, and form a major component of the whole range of fraternities. In Europe, students have been organized in nations and corporations since the beginnings of the modern university in the late medieval period, but the situation can differ greatly by nation. In the United States, fraternities in colleges date to the 1820's, but did not fully assume an established pattern until the 1840's. They were strongly influenced by the patterns set by Freemasonry. |
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==Fraternities, general== |
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*[[List of general fraternities|Fraternal and service organizations]]. |
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::e.g. [[Independent Order of Odd Fellows]], [[Knights of Columbus]] or [[Freemasonry]]. |
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*[[secret society|secret societies]]. |
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*[[chivalric orders]]. |
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*[[benefit society|benefit societies]], mutual aid societies, [[Friendly society|Friendly societies]]. |
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*[[social club|social clubs]]. |
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*[[trade union|trade unions]]. |
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::e.g. [[Knights of Labor]]. |
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==Fraternity, for students in colleges and universities== |
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*North America |
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**[[Student organizations in North America (fraternities and sororities)]], also called ''social fraternities'', initiatory organizations which unite students through the undergraduate college course. ''See also:[[List of student organizations in North America (fraternities and sororities)]]''. |
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**[[Honor society|Honor societies]], organizations which recognize achievement. |
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**[[Collegiate secret societies in North America|Class societies]], organizations in which membership is limited by year of study. |
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**[[Literary society|Literary societies]], organizations formed as a student-directed supplement to the academic curriculum. |
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**[[Professional fraternity|Professional fraternities]], organizations which promote fellowship among those in a particular academic discipline or career field. |
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**[[Service fraternities and sororities]], organizations whose primary purpose is community service. |
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**informally, a [[fraternity and sorority houses|fraternity or sorority house]], large group housing for members of a fraternity or sorority. |
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*[[Corporation (university)|Student corporations]] in Austria. |
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*[[Corporation (university)|Student corporations]] in England. |
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*[[Corporation (university)|Student corporations]] in Estonia. |
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*[[Corporation (university)|Osakunta]] in Finland. |
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*[[Corporation (university)|Bureau des élèves]] in France. |
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*[[Student organizations in Germany (Studentenverbindung)]]. |
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*[[Corporation (university)|Ordine goliardico]] in Italy. |
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*[[Corporation (university)|Student corporations]] in Latvia. |
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*[[Corporation (university)|Studentenverenigingen]] in the Netherlands. |
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*[[Corporation (university)|Student corporations]] in Poland. |
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*[[Corporation (university)|Student corporations]] in Spain. |
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*[[Student organizations in Sweden (nationer)]]. |
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*[[List of student organizations in the Philippines (fraternities)|Student organizations in the Philippines (fraternities)]]. |
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*[[List of student organizations in Puerto Rico (fraternities and sororities)|Sudent organizations in Puerto Rico (fraternities and sororities)]]. |
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==Music== |
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*[[Fraternity (band)]], an Australian rock group from the early 1970s, featuring AC/DC's Bon Scott |
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*[[Fraternity Records]], a record label |
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==Film== |
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*[[Fraternity of Assassins]] is a fictional secret society in the 2008 action film ''[[Wanted (film)|Wanted]]''. |
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==Other== |
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*A [[bachelor band]], in [[zoology]] or working with animals |
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{{disambig-cleanup}} |
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---- |
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[[de:Bruderschaft]] |
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[[es:Fraternidad (desambiguación)]] |
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[[fr:Fraternité (société)]] |
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[[sk:Bratstvo]] |
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Revision as of 01:34, 5 August 2008
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