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{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Country
| native_name = ''República Portuguesa''
| conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
| common_name = Portugal
| image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
|image_map = Location Portugal EU Europe.png
|map_caption = {{map_caption|location_color=dark green|region=[[Europe]]|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[European Union]]|subregion_color=light green|legend=Location Portugal EU Europe.png}}
| national_anthem = "''[[A Portuguesa]]''"
| capital = [[Lisbon]]<sup>5</sup>
| latd=38 |latm=46 |latNS=N |longd=9 |longm=11 |longEW=W
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<sup>1</sup>
| regional_languages = [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]]
| demonym = [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]
| government_type = [[Parliamentary republic]]<sup>6</sup>
| leader_title1 = [[President of Portugal|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Aníbal Cavaco Silva]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Portugal|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[José Sócrates]]
| leader_title3 = [[Assembly of the Republic|Assembly President]]
| leader_name3 = [[Jaime Gama]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Portuguese Nationality|Formation]]
| sovereignty_note = <small>Conventional date for Independence is '''1139'''</small>
| established_date1 = [[868]]
| established_event1 = [[Condado de Portucale|Founding]]
| established_event2 = [[Condado Portucalense|Re-founding]]
| established_date2 = [[1095]]
| established_event3 = <small>[[Battle of São Mamede|''De facto'' sovereignty]]</small>
| established_date3 = [[June 24]] [[1128]]
| established_event4 = '''[[Kingdom of Portugal|Kingdom]]'''
| established_date4 = '''[[25 July]] [[1139]]'''
| established_event5 = [[Treaty of Zamora|Recognized]]
| established_date5 = [[5 October]] [[1143]]
| established_event6 = <small>[[Manifestis Probatum|Papal Recognition]]</small>
| established_date6 = [[1179]]
| accessionEUdate = [[1 January]] [[1986]]
| EUseats = 24
| area_rank = 110th
| area_magnitude = 1 E10
| area_km2 = 92,345
| area_sq_mi = 35,645 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| percent_water = 0.5
| population_estimate = {{increase}} 10,584,344| population_estimate_year = 2006
| population_estimate_rank = 75th
| population_census = 10,148,259
| population_census_year = 2001
| population_density_km2 = 114
| population_density_sq_mi = 295 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| population_density_rank = 87th
| life_spectancy = {{increase}} 78,17 years
| infant_mortality_rate = 3,4/1000 (2007)
| GDP_PPP_year = 2007 (IMF)
| GDP_PPP = $230.6 billion
| GDP_PPP_rank = 43rd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $23,464 <!--Government est.-->(2006)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 34th <!--IMF-->
| GDP_nominal_year = 2007 (IMF)
| GDP_nominal = $223.3 billion
| GDP_nominal_rank = 36th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $21,019
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 32nd
| HDI_year = 2005
| HDI = {{decrease}} 0.897
| HDI_rank = 29th
| HDI_category = <span style="color:#090;">high</span>
| GPI_year = 2007
| GPI = {{increase}} 1.481
| GPI_rank = 9th
| GPI_category = <span style="color:#090;">very high</span>
| currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]])²
| currency_code = EUR
| country_code = PRT
| time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]]³
| utc_offset =
| time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = 0
| cctld = [[.pt]]<sup>4</sup>
| calling_code = 351
| footnote1 = [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]], spoken in some villages of the municipality of [[Miranda do Douro]], was officially recognized in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''), since then awarding an official right-of-use Mirandese to the linguistic minority it is concerned.<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/pt1_en.html#13 The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal], europa.eu - [[European Commission]] website, accessed January 2007.</ref> The [[Portuguese Sign Language]] is also recognized.
|footnote2 = Before 1999: [[Portuguese escudo]].
|footnote3 = [[Azores]]: [[UTC]]-1; UTC in [[European Summer Time|summer]].
|footnote4 = The [[.eu]] domain is also used, as it is shared with other [[European Union]] member states.
|footnote5 = [[Coimbra]] was the capital of the country from 1139 to about 1260.
|footnote6 = The present form of the Government was established by the [[Carnation Revolution]] of [[April 25]] [[1974]], that ended the authoritarian regime of the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]].
}}
'''Portugal''' {{Audio-IPA|en-us-Portugal.ogg|[ˈpɔrtʃəgəl]}}, officially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa}}<ref>{{pt icon}} [http://www.portugal.gov.pt/Portal/PT/Portugal/ Portal do Governo]</ref>), is a country on the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. Located in southwestern [[Europe]], Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west and south and by [[Spain]] to the north and east. The Atlantic [[archipelago]]s of the [[Azores Islands|Azores]] and [[Madeira]] are also part of Portugal.


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The land within the borders of today's Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since [[Prehistoric Iberia|prehistoric times]]. Some of the earliest [[civilization]]s include [[Lusitanians]] and [[Celt]]ic societies. Incorporation into the [[Roman Republic]] dominions took place in the 2nd century BC. The region was ruled and colonized by [[Germanic peoples]], such as the [[Suebi]] and the [[Visigoths]], from the 5th to the 8th century. From this era, some vestiges of the [[Alans]] were also found. The [[Muslim]] [[Moors]] arrived in the early 8th century and conquered the [[Christian]] [[Timeline of Portuguese history (Germanic Kingdoms)|Germanic kingdoms]], eventually occupying most of the Iberian Peninsula. In the early 1100s, during the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]'', Portugal appeared as a kingdom independent of its neighbour, the [[Kingdom of León]] and [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]]. In a little over a century, in 1249, Portugal would establish almost its entire modern-day borders by conquering territory from the Moors.

During the [[15th century|15th]] and [[16th century|16th]] centuries, with a [[Portuguese Empire|global empire]] that included possessions in [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[South America]], Portugal was one of the world's major economic, political, and cultural powers. In the [[17th century]], the [[Portuguese Restoration War]] between Portugal and Spain ended the sixty year period of the [[Iberian Union]] (1580-1640). In the 19th century, armed conflict with French and Spanish invading forces and the loss of its largest territorial possession abroad, [[Brazil]], disrupted political stability and potential economic growth. After the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] and the [[Carnation Revolution]] [[coup d'état]] in 1974, the ruling [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|regime]] was deposed in Lisbon and the country handed over its last overseas provinces in Africa. Portugal's last overseas territory, [[Macau]], was handed over to [[People's Republic of China|China]] in 1999.

Portugal is a [[developed country]],<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-b.html Appendix B - International Organizations and Groups: developed countries (DCs)], CIA - The World Factbook - Appendix B, [[The World Factbook]]</ref> has a high [[Human Development Index]] and is among the world's 20 highest rated countries in terms of [[quality of life]],<ref>[http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf Quality-of-life Survey], [[The Economist]]</ref> although having the lowest [[GDP per capita]] of [[Western Europe]]an countries. It is a member of the [[European Union]] (since 1986) and the [[United Nations]] (since 1955); as well as a founding member of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD), [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]], Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa ([[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]], CPLP), European Union's [[Eurozone]], and is also a [[Schengen Agreement|Schengen]] state. According to the [[Global Peace Index]], Portugal is the 7th most peaceful country in the world, only behind Iceland, Denmark, Norway, New Zealand, Japan and Ireland.

==History==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "History of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{Main|History of Portugal}}
[[Image:TemplodeDiana.jpg‎|thumb|left|200px|Roman temple in the city of [[Évora]].]]
The early history of Portugal, whose name derives from the Roman name [[Portus Cale]], is shared with the rest of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. The region was [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula|settled]] by Pre-[[Celts]] and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the [[Gallaeci]], [[Lusitanians]], [[Celtici]] and [[Cynetes]], visited by [[Phoenicians]] and [[Carthaginians]], incorporated in the [[Roman Republic]] dominions (as [[Lusitania]] in 138 BC), settled again by [[Suevi]], [[Buri (Germanic tribe)|Buri]], and [[Visigoths]], and conquered by [[Moors]]. Other minor influences include some 5th century vestiges of [[Alans|Alan]] settlement, which were found in [[Alenquer]], [[Coimbra]] and even [[Lisbon]].<ref>Milhazes, José. [http://www.rtp.pt/index.php?article=264957&visual=16&rss=0 Os antepassados caucasianos dos portugueses] - [[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal]] in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].</ref> In 868, during the [[Reconquista]] (by which Christians reconquered the Iberian peninsula from the Muslim and Moorish domination), the [[First County of Portugal]] was formed. A victory over the Muslims at [[Ourique]] in 1139 is traditionally taken as the occasion when Portugal is transformed from a county ([[County of Portugal]] as a fief of the [[Kingdom of León and Castile]]) into an [[Portuguese monarchy|independent kingdom]].

[[Image:CasteloGuimarães-1-.jpg‎|thumb|left|200px|The castle of [[Guimarães]], known as the cradle of Portugal.]]
On [[June 24]] [[1128]], the [[Battle of São Mamede]] occurred near [[Guimarães]]. At the Battle of São Mamede, [[Afonso I of Portugal|Afonso Henriques]], Count of Portugal, defeated his mother, [[Teresa, Countess of Portugal|Countess Teresa]], and her lover, [[Fernão Peres de Trava]], in battle - thereby establishing himself as sole leader. Afonso Henriques officially declared Portugal's independence when he proclaimed himself [[List of Portuguese monarchs|king of Portugal]] on [[July 25]], [[1139]], after the [[Battle of Ourique]], he was recognized as such in 1143 by [[Alfonso VII of León|Afonso VII]], king of León and Castile, and in 1179 by [[Pope Alexander III]].
Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military [[Christian monasticism|monastic orders]], pushed southward to drive out the Moors, as the size of Portugal covered about half of its present area. In 1249, this [[Reconquista]] ended with the capture of the [[Algarve]] on the southern coast, giving Portugal its present day borders, with minor exceptions.

In 1373, Portugal made an [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance|alliance with England]], which is the longest-standing alliance in the world.

In 1383, the king of Castile, husband of the daughter of the Portuguese king who had died without a male heir, claimed his throne. An ensuing popular revolt led to the [[1383-1385 Crisis]]. A faction of petty noblemen and commoners, led by John of Aviz (later [[John I of Portugal|John I]]), seconded by General [[Nuno Álvares Pereira]] defeated the Castilians in the [[Battle of Aljubarrota]]. This celebrated battle is still a symbol of glory and the struggle for independence from neighboring Spain.

In the following decades, Portugal spearheaded the exploration of the world and undertook the [[Portugal in the Age of Discovery|Age of Discovery]]. Prince [[Henry the Navigator]], son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavor.

In 1415, Portugal gained the first of its overseas colonies when a fleet conquered [[Ceuta]], a prosperous Islamic trade center in North [[Africa]]. There followed the first discoveries in the Atlantic: [[Madeira]] and the [[Azores]], which led to the first [[colonialism|colonization]] movements.
[[Image:Portugal Império total.png|thumb|left|300px|An anachronous map of the [[Portuguese Empire]] (1415-1999). Red - true possessions; Pink - explorations, areas of influence and trade and claims of sovereignty; Blue - main sea explorations, routes and areas of influence. The [[Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia|disputed discovery of Australia]] is not shown.]]
[[Image:TorredeBelém.jpg‎|thumb|upright|200px|[[Belém Tower]] in Lisbon, a symbol of the portuguese [[Age of Discovery]].]]
Throughout the 15th century, [[European exploration of Africa#Portuguese explorers|Portuguese explorers]] sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts for [[Economic history of Portugal#15th century|several common types of tradable commodities at the time, ranging from gold to slaves]], as they looked for a route to India and its spices, which were coveted in Europe. In 1498, [[Vasco da Gama]] finally reached India and brought economic prosperity to Portugal and its then population of one million residents.

In 1500, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], en route to India, discovered [[Brazil]] and claimed it for Portugal.<ref>The standard view of historians is that Cabral was blown off course as he was navigating the currents of the South Atlantic, sighted the coast of South America, thereby accidentally discovering Brazil. For an account of an alternative view of the discovery of Brazil, however, see [[Alternative theory of the European discovery of Brazil]]</ref> Ten years later, [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] conquered [[Goa]], in [[India]], [[Ormuz]] in the Persian Strait, and [[Malacca]] in what is now a [[state]] in [[Malaysia]]. Thus, the Portuguese empire held dominion over commerce in the [[Indian Ocean]] and South Atlantic. The Portuguese sailors set out to reach Eastern Asia by sailing eastward from Europe landing in such places like [[Taiwan]], [[Japan]], the island of [[Timor]], and it may also have been Portuguese sailors that were the first Europeans to discover [[Australia]].<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSSYD3449720070321 Map proves Portuguese discovered Australia: new book], in [[Reuters]] (Wed Mar 21, 2007) - (see [[Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia]])</ref>

Portugal's independence was interrupted between 1580 and 1640. Because the heirless King [[Sebastião of Portugal|Sebastian]] died in battle in Morocco, [[Philip II of Spain]] claimed his throne and so became Philip I of Portugal. Although Portugal did not lose its formal independence, it was governed by the same monarch who governed [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], briefly forming a [[Iberian Union|union]] of kingdoms, as a [[personal union]]; in 1640, [[John IV of Portugal|John IV]] spearheaded an uprising backed by disgruntled nobles and was proclaimed king. The [[Portuguese Restoration War]] between Portugal and Spain on the aftermath of the 1640 revolt, ended the sixty-year period of the [[Iberian Union]] under the [[House of Habsburg]]. This was the beginning of the [[House of Braganza]], which was to reign in Portugal until 1910. On [[1 November]] [[1755]], [[Lisbon]], the largest city and capital of the Portuguese Empire, was strongly shaken by [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|an earthquake]] which killed between 60,000 and 90,000 people and destroyed eighty-five percent of the city.

By this time, however, the [[Portuguese empire]] was already under attack from other countries, specifically Britain and the Netherlands. Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, [[Brazil]].
At the height of European [[colonialism]] in the 19th century, Portugal had lost its territory in [[South America]] and all but a few bases in Asia. During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there. Portuguese territories eventually included the modern nations of [[Cape Verde]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Angola]], and [[Mozambique]].

In 1910, a revolution deposed the [[Portuguese monarchs|Portuguese monarchy]], but chaos continued and considerable economic problems were aggravated by the [[Portugal in World War I|military intervention in World War I]], which led to a [[28 May 1926 coup d'état|military coup d'état in 1926]]. This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] under [[António de Oliveira Salazar]].

[[Image:MonumentoUltramar.jpg‎|thumb|left|Monument to the soldiers lost in the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] (1961-1974).]]
In December 1961, the Portuguese army was involved in armed action in its colony of [[Portuguese India]] against an [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Indian invasion]]. The operations resulted in the defeat of the isolated and relatively small Portuguese defense force which was not able to resist a much larger enemy. The outcome was the loss of the Portuguese territories in the [[Indian subcontinent]].
Also in the early 1960s, independence movements in the Portuguese overseas provinces of [[Angola]], [[Mozambique]], and [[Portuguese Guinea]], in Africa, resulted in the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] (1961-1974). In 1974, a bloodless left-wing military [[coup]] in [[Lisbon]], known as the [[Carnation Revolution]], led the way for a modern democracy as well as the independence of the last colonies in Africa shortly after. However, Portugal's last overseas territory, [[Macau]] (Asia), was not handed over to the [[People's Republic of China]] until as late as 1999.

Portugal was a founding member of [[NATO]], [[OECD]] and [[EFTA]]. In 1986, Portugal joined the [[European Union]] (then the [[European Economic Community]]). Portugal was one of the founding countries of the [[euro]] in 1999 and is integrated into the [[Eurozone]]. It is also a co-founder of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP).

==Administrative divisions==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Administrative divisions of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
[[Image:Açores.jpg‎|thumb|left|200px|[[Sete Cidades]], [[São Miguel Island]], [[Azores]].]]
[[Image:Portugal NUTS II.svg|thumb|right|Map of [[Mainland Portugal]] and the two [[autonomous regions of Portugal]] (not in their actual locations).]]
{{main|Administrative divisions of Portugal}}
Portugal has an administrative structure of 308 [[municipalities of Portugal|municipalities]] (Portuguese singular/plural: ''concelho/concelhos''), which are subdivided into more than 4,000 [[freguesia|parishes]] (''freguesia/freguesias''). Municipalities are grouped for administrative purposes into superior units. For continental Portugal the municipalities are gathered in 18 Districts, while the Islands have a Regional Government directly above them. Thus, the largest unit of classification is the one established since 1976 into either [[mainland Portugal]] (''Portugal Continental'') or the [[autonomous regions of Portugal]] ([[Azores]] and [[Madeira]]).

The [[European Union]]'s system of [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics]] is also used. According to this system, Portugal is divided into 7 regions ([[Alentejo]], [[Algarve]], [[Açores]], [[Centro, Portugal|Centro]], [[Lisboa, Region|Lisboa]], [[Madeira]], and [[Norte, Portugal|Norte]]), which are subdivided into 30 subregions.

==Geography and climate==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Geography of Portugal" and "Conservation areas of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
[[Image:Algarve-1.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Praia da Marinha]], [[Lagoa (Algarve)|Lagoa]], [[Algarve]].|left]]
{{main|Geography of Portugal|Conservation areas of Portugal}}

The climate can be classified as [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] type ''csa'' in the south and ''csb'' in the north, according to the [[Köppen climate classification]]. Portugal is one of the warmest European countries, the annual temperature averages in [[mainland Portugal]] are 13 °C (55 °F) in the north and 18 °C (64 °F) in the south. The [[Madeira]] and [[Azores]] Atlantic archipelagos have a narrower temperature range. Generally, spring and summer are sunny, whereas autumn and winter are rainy and windy.
Extreme temperatures occur in Northeastern parts of the country in winter (where they may fall to -15 °C) and Southeastern parts in summer (where they can soar up to 45 °C). Sea coastal areas are milder, temperatures varying between -2 °C on the coldest winter mornings and 40 °C on the hottest summer afternoons. Absolute extremes registered so far have been -23 °C in [[Serra da Estrela]] and 48 °C in the [[Alentejo]] region.
[[Continental Portugal|Mainland Portugal]] is split by its main river, the [[Tagus]]. The northern landscape is mountainous in the interior areas, with plateaus indented by river valleys. The south, between the [[Tagus]] and the [[Algarve]] (the [[Alentejo]]), features mostly rolling plains and a climate somewhat warmer and drier than in the cooler and rainier north. The [[Algarve]], separated from the [[Alentejo]] by mountains, enjoys a [[Mediterranean climate]] much like southern Spain. [[Snow]] falls occasionally (on some cold winter days) in the northern interior of the country, from October to May. However, it is a very rare event in the south. The coast registers snow usually once in five or six years.
[[Image:Alentejo oak on wheat field.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Cork oak]] on [[wheat]] field, a typical image of the [[Alentejo]] region.]]

The islands of the Azores are located in the [[Mid-Atlantic Ridge]] whilst the Madeira islands were formed by the activity of an [[plate tectonics|in-plate]] [[Hotspot (geology)|hotspot]], much like the [[Hawaii|Hawaiian archipelago]]. Some islands have had volcanic activity as recently as 1957. Portugal's highest point is [[Mount Pico]] on [[Pico Island]]. It is an ancient volcano measuring 2,351 m (7,713 ft). [[Continental Portugal|Mainland Portugal]]'s highest point is [[Serra da Estrela]], measuring 1993 m (6,558 ft).

[[Portugal EEZ|Portugal's Exclusive Economic Zone]], a seazone over which the Portuguese have special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources, has 1,727,408 km². This is the 3rd largest [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of the [[European Union]] and the 11th in the world.
[[Conservation areas of Portugal]] include one national park (Parque Nacional), 12 natural parks (Parque Natural), 9 natural reserves (Reserva Natural), 5 natural monuments (Monumento Natural), and 7 protected landscapes (Paisagem Protegida), ranging from the [[Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês]] to the [[Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela]] to the [[Paul de Arzila]]. Climate and geographical diversity shaped the Portuguese Flora. There are almost 2,800 autochthonous species. Due to economical reasons the pines trees (especially the [[Pinus pinaster]] and [[Pinus pinea]] species), the chestnut tree ([[Castanea sativa]]), the cork oak ([[Quercus suber]]), and the eucalyptus ([[Eucalyptus globulus]]) are very widespread. Fauna is diverse and includes [[fox]]es, [[badger]]s, [[genet]]s, [[feral cat]]s, [[hare]]s, [[weasel]]s, and [[polecat]]s. Portugal is an important stop over place for migratory birds.

[[Image:Eel-tail catfish.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Catfish]]
[[Marine fish]] species number are on the thousands mark. The marine bioluminescence is very well represented (in different colors spectra and forms), with interesting phenomena like the glowing plankton, that´s possible to observe in some beaches. In Portugal is possible also to observe the uppwelling phenomena, specially on the west coast, which turns the sea extremely rich in nutrients and biodiversity.
[[Conservation areas of Portugal]] include one national park (Parque Nacional), 12 natural parks (Parque Natural), 9 natural reserves (Reserva Natural), 5 natural monuments (Monumento Natural), and 7 protected landscapes (Paisagem Protegida), ranging from the [[Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês]] to the [[Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela]] to the [[Paul de Arzila]]. Climate and geographical diversity shaped the Portuguese Flora. Due to economical reasons the pines trees (especially the [[Pinus pinaster]] and [[Pinus pinea]] species), the chestnut tree ([[Castanea sativa]]), the cork oak ([[Quercus suber]]), and the eucalyptus ([[Eucalyptus globulus]]) are very widespread.
[[Image:Canis Lupus Signatus.JPG|right|thumb|200px|The [[Iberian Wolf]].]]
Fauna is diverse and includes [[fox]]es, [[badger]]s, several species of whales and dolphins, sharks,brown bears, iberian linxes, iberian wolves,wild goats ( Capra ibex pyrenaica), wild sheep, civets, mongooses, wild cats ( Felis silvestris), [[hare]]s, [[weasel]]s, [[polecat]]s and many others. Portugal is an important stop over place for migratory birds, like in Saint Vicent Cape or [[Monchique]] mountain, where it can be seen thousands of birds that fly from [[Europe]] to [[Africa]] in the Autumn or on the opposite direction, in the Spring. They congregate here, because [[Iberian Peninsula]] is the closest place in Europe to Africa. Portugal has around 600 bird species and almost every year there are new records. Islands have some American origin species, while the mainland share European and African bird species.
Insect fauna has many endemic species, that are only found in some places in Portugal, others are more widespread like the [[stag beetle]] (Lucanus cervus) and the cicada. Macaronesian islands ([[Azores]] and [[Madeira]]) have many endemic species (like birds, reptiles,bats,insects,snails and slugs) that developed differently from any place in the world due to it´s isolated location and so evolved very unique species. Only in Madeira is possible to observe 200 species of land [[gastropods]].

==Government and politics==
<!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series-->
[[Image:Assembleia Republica Portugal 3.JPG|thumb|200px|upright|[[Assembly of the Republic]], [[Lisbon]].]]
{{main|Politics of Portugal}}
Portugal is a democratic republic ruled by the [[Portuguese Constitution of 1976|constitution of 1976]] with [[Lisbon]], the nation's largest city, as its capital.
The four main governing components are the [[List of Presidents of Portugal|president of the republic]], the [[assembly of the republic]], the [[Government of Portugal|government]], and the courts. The constitution grants the division or separation of powers among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Portugal like most European countries has no [[state religion]], making it a [[secular state]].
[[Image:Josesocrates2006.jpg|left|thumb|[[José Sócrates]], current [[Prime Minister of Portugal]].]]
The president, who is elected to a five-year term, has a supervising, non-executive role. The current President is [[Aníbal Cavaco Silva]]. The Assembly of the Republic is a [[unicameral]] parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for four-year terms. The government is headed by the [[List of Prime Ministers of Portugal|prime minister]] (currently [[José Sócrates]]), who chooses the Council of Ministers, comprising all the ministers and the respective state secretaries.

The national and regional governments (those of [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]] autonomous regions), and the [[Assembly of the Republic|Portuguese parliament]], are dominated by two political parties, the [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]] and the [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]]. Minority parties [[Unitarian Democratic Coalition]] ([[Portuguese Communist Party]] plus [[Ecologist Party "The Greens"]]), [[Left Bloc|Bloco de Esquerda]] (Left Bloc) and [[Democratic and Social Center / People's Party|CDS-PP]] (People's Party) are also represented in the [[Assembly of the Republic|parliament]] and local governments.

The [[courts]] are organized into categories, including judicial, administrative, and fiscal. The [[Portuguese Supreme Court|supreme court]]s are the courts of last appeal. A thirteen-member [[Portuguese Constitutional Court|constitutional court]] oversees the constitutionality of legislation.

==Foreign relations==
[[Image:Cplp.gif|thumb|right|130px|Flags of the member states of the [[CPLP]].]]
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Foreign Relations of Portugal" and "Military of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{main|Foreign relations of Portugal}}

Portugal is a founding member of [[NATO]] (1949), [[OECD]] (1961) and [[EFTA]] (1960); it left the latter in 1986 to join the [[European Union]]. In 1996 it co-founded the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP). It has a friendship alliance and [[multiple citizenship|dual citizenship]] treaty with Brazil. Portugal is part of the world's oldest active alliance through its [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance|treaty with the United Kingdom]].

The only international dispute concerns the municipality of [[Olivenza|Olivença]]. Under Portuguese sovereignty since 1297, the municipality of Olivença was ceded to Spain under the Treaty of Badajoz in 1801, after the [[War of the Oranges]]. Portugal claimed it back in 1815 under the [[Congress of Vienna|Treaty of Vienna]]. Nevertheless, bilateral diplomatic relations between the two neighbouring countries are cordial, as well as within the [[European Union]].

==Military==
{{main|Military of Portugal|Military history of Portugal}}
[[Image:F16A FAP refuel KC-10.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Portuguese Air Force]] [[F-16]].]]
The armed forces have three branches: [[Portuguese Army|Army]], [[Portuguese Navy|Navy]], and [[Portuguese Air Force|Air Force]]. The military of Portugal serves primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and providing humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. As of 2002, the total armed forces of Portugal numbered 43,600 active personnel including 2,875 women. Reservists numbered 210,930 for all services. The army had 25,400 personnel with equipment including 187 main battle tanks. The navy of 10,800, including 1,580 marines, had two submarines, six frigates, and 28 patrol and coastal combatants. The air force of 7,400 was equipped with 50 combat aircraft. Paramilitary police and republican guards, the [[Guarda Nacional Republicana]] (GNR), number 40,900. GNR is a police force under the authority of the military, its soldiers are subject to military law and organization. It has provided detachments for participation in international operations in [[Iraq]] and [[East Timor]]. The United States maintains a military presence with 770 troops. Portugal participates in peacekeeping operations in several regions. Defense spending in 1999–00 was $1.3 billion, representing 2.2% of GDP.

Since the early 2000s, [[compulsory military service]] is no longer practised. The changes also turned the forces' focus towards professional military engagements. The age for voluntary recruitment is set at 18. In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major military interventions: the [[Portugal in the Great War|First Great War]] and the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] (1961-1974). Portugal has participated in peacekeeping missions in [[East Timor]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Kosovo]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]] ([[Nasiriyah]]), and [[Lebanon]]. The [[Portuguese Rapid Reaction Brigade|Portuguese Military's Rapid Reaction Brigade]], a combined force of the nations elite [[Parachute Troops School|Paratroopers]], [[Special Operations Troops Centre]], and [[Portuguese Army Commandos|Commandos]], is a special elite fighting force.

==Economy==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Economy of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
[[Image:ParquedasNações.jpg‎|thumb|200px|left|''[[Parque das Nações]]'', where [[Expo'98]] took place - on the short term, the growth of public investment and external demand (including tourism receipts) accelerated with Expo.]]
{{main|Economy of Portugal|Economic history of Portugal}}

Portugal's economy is based on services and industry such as software and automotive. Business services have overtaken more traditional industries<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.ft.com/reports/investportugal2008 Investing in Portugal Report], [[Financial Times]]</ref> such as textiles, clothing, footwear, cork and wood products and beverages (wine, beer, juice, soft drinks). The country has increased its role in the automotive, mold-making and software sectors. Services, particularly tourism, are playing an increasingly important role. Portugal's [[European Union]] (EU) funding will be cut by 10%, to 22.5 billion euros, during the 2007-2013 period. EU expansion into eastern Europe has erased Portugal's past competitive advantage and relative low labor costs. Portugal's [[economic development]] model has been changing from one based on [[consumption|public consumption]] and [[public investment]] to one focused on [[exports]], [[investment|private investment]], and development of the [[high-tech]] sector. At present, Portugal is exporting more technology than it imports<ref name="autogenerated1" />.

Portugal joined the [[European Union]] in 1986 and started a process of modernization within the framework of a stable environment. It has achieved a healthy level of growth. Successive governments have implemented reforms and privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy. Portugal was one of the founding countries of the [[euro]] in 1999, and therefore is integrated into the [[Eurozone]].
[[Image:1 Euro coin Pt.gif|thumb|right|Portuguese national side of a 1 [[euro]] coin. The centrepiece is the 1144 [[royal seal]] of King [[Afonso Henriques]].]]
Major industries include [[oil refineries]], [[automotive]], [[cement]] production, [[pulp and paper industry]], [[textile]], [[footwear]], [[furniture]], and [[cork (material)|cork]] (of which Portugal is the world's leading producer).<ref>''Grande Enciclopédia Universal'', p. 10543, "Portugal", para. 4</ref> Manufacturing accounts for 33% of exports. Portugal is the world's fifth-largest producer of [[tungsten]], and the world's eighth-largest producer of [[wine]]. Agriculture and Fishing (see [[Portugal EEZ]]) no longer represents the bulk of the economy. However, Portugal has a strong tradition in the [[fisheries]] sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita. [[Portuguese wines]], namely [[Port Wine]] (named after the country's second largest city, [[Porto]]) and [[Madeira Wine]] (named after [[Madeira|Madeira Island]]), are exported worldwide. [[Tourism]] is also important, especially in mainland Portugal's southernmost region of the [[Algarve]] and in the Atlantic [[Madeira|Madeira archipelago]]. [[Image:AlgarveGolf.jpg‎|thumb|left|200px|[[Golf]] in the [[Algarve]].]]

The Global Competitiveness Report for 2005, published by the [[World Economic Forum]], places Portugal on the 22nd position, ahead of countries such as [[Spain]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[France]], [[Belgium]] and [[Hong Kong]] <!-- Portugal fall behind these countries in more recent Competitve Report so might need to update -->. This represents an increase of two places from the 2004 ranking. Portugal was ranked 20th on the Technology index and 15th on the Public Institutions index.<ref>[http://www.investinportugal.pt/MCMSAPI/HomePage/NewsRoom/PORTUGAL+IMPROVES+ITS+POSITION+IN+THE+WEF+COMPETITIVENESS+RANKING.htm http://www.investinportugal.pt/MCMSAPI/HomePage/NewsRoom/PORTUGAL+IMPROVES+ITS+POSITION+IN+THE+WEF+COMPETITIVENESS+RANKING.htm] ''Investinportugal.pt'' Retrieved on 05-16-07 </ref>

Research about [[standard of living]] by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s [[quality of life]] survey<ref>http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf</ref> places Portugal as the country with the 19th-best quality of life in the world, ahead of other economically and technologically advanced countries like [[France]], [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[South Korea]]. This is despite the fact that Portugal has the lowest per capita GDP in Western Europe and among the lowest in the [[European Union]].

[[Caixa Geral de Depósitos]], [[Energias de Portugal|EDP]], [[Galp Energia|Galp]], [[Millennium bcp]], [[Portugal Telecom]] and [[Sonae]] are among the largest corporations of Portugal by both number of employees and [[net income]].

The major [[stock exchange]] is the [[Euronext Lisbon]] which is part of the [[NYSE Euronext]], the first global stock exchange. The [[PSI-20]] is Portugal's most selective and widely known [[stock index]].

==Energy, transportation, communications, water supply and sanitation==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Transportation in Portugal" and "Communications in Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
[[Image:Pontevascodagama.jpg‎|right|thumb|200px|[[Vasco da Gama Bridge]], over the [[Tagus|River Tagus]], is the longest bridge in Europe.{{Fact|date=July 2008}}]]
[[Image:Ponte25deAbril.jpg‎|right|thumb|200px|[[25 de Abril Bridge]], [[Lisbon]].]]
{{main|Transportation in Portugal|Communications in Portugal|Renewable energy in Portugal|Water supply and sanitation in Portugal}}

In 2006 the world's largest [[solar energy|solar power]] plant began operating in the nation's sunny south while the world's first commercial [[wave power]] farm opened in October 2006 in the [[Norte region]]. As of 2006, 55% of electricity production was from coal and fuel power plants. The other 40% was produced by [[hydroelectric]]s and 5% by [[wind energy]]. The government is channeling $38,000,000,000 into developing [[renewable energy]] sources over the next five years.

Portugal wants [[renewable energy]] sources like solar, wind and wave power to account for nearly half of the electricity consumed in the country by 2010. "This new goal will place Portugal in the frontline of renewable energy and make it, along with [[Austria]] and [[Sweden]], one of the three nations that most invest in this sector", Prime Minister [[José Sócrates]] said.
[[Image:AlquevaDam.jpg‎|thumb|left|200px|[[Alqueva Dam]], [[Alentejo]] - [[irrigation]] and [[hydroelectric power]] generation facility which created the largest artificial lake in Western Europe.]]
Transportation was seen as a priority in the 1990s, pushed by the growing use of automobiles and industrialization. The country has a 68,732 km (42,708 mi) network of roads, of which almost 3,000 km (1,864 mi) are part of a 44 [[motorway]]s system.

The two principal metropolitan areas have subway systems: [[Lisbon Metro]] and Metro Sul do Tejo in Lisbon [[Metropolitan Area]] and [[Porto Metro]] in Porto, each with more than 35 km (22&nbsp;mi) of lines. Construction of a high-speed [[TGV]] line connecting Porto with Lisbon and Lisbon with Madrid will begin in 2008; it will replace the [[Pendolino]]s.

Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover point for many foreign airlines at airports all over the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in [[Alcochete]], to replace Lisbon's [[Portela airport]]. Currently, the most important airports are in [[Portela Airport|Lisbon]], [[Faro Airport (Portugal)|Faro]], [[Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport|Porto]], [[Madeira Airport|Funchal]] ([[Madeira]]), and [[João Paulo II Airport|Ponta Delgada]] ([[Azores]]).
Portugal has one of the highest [[mobile phone]] penetration rates in the [[world]] (the number of operative mobile phones already exceeds the population). This network also provides wireless mobile Internet connections as well, and covers the entire territory. As of October 2006, 36.8% of households had high-speed Internet services and 78% of companies had Internet access. Most Portuguese watch television through cable (June 2004: 73.6% of households). Paid Internet connections are available at many cafés, as well as many post offices. One can also surf on the Internet at hotels, conference centres and shopping centres, where special areas are reserved for this purpose. Free internet access is also available to Portuguese residents at "Espaços de Internet" across the country.

Portugal has also modernized its [[Water supply and sanitation in Portugal|water supply and sanitation system]], in particular by increasing the rate of wastewater treated with support from EU subsidies to 80%. The country has also established a modern institutional and legal framework for the water and sanitation sector, including an autonomous regulatory agency, a national asset holding company called [[Águas de Portugal]] and a number of multi-municipal utilities. This replaced an institutionally fragemented sector structure, under which the country's 308 municipalities - many of them very small - had exclusive responsibility for water and sanitation.

==Demographics==
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{{main|Demographics of Portugal|Immigration to Portugal}}
[[Image:Porto-1-.jpg‎|thumb|right|200px|[[Douro]] river crossing ''[[Grande Porto]]'', Portugal's second most populated subregion.]]

The country is fairly homogeneous linguistically and religiously. Native [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] are ethnically a combination of pre-Celts, [[Celts]], and the [[Lusitanians]], along with some other minor contributions by [[Phoenicia]]ns, [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] ([[Visigoths]], [[Suebi]], [[Buri (Germanic tribe)|Buri]]), [[Alans]], some [[Jew]]s and [[Moors]] (mostly [[Berber people|Berber]]s and some [[Arab]]s).

In the 2001 census, the population was 10,356,117, of which 52% was female, 48% was male. Portugal, long a country of emigration,<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/portugal/48.htm Portugal - Emigration]</ref> has now become a country of net immigration,<ref>Charis Dunn-Chan ,[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4436276.stm Portugal sees integration progress], [[BBC]]</ref> and not just from the former [[Asia]]n and [[Africa]]n [[Portuguese empire|colonies]]; by the end of 2003, legal [[immigrants]] represented about 5% of the population, and the largest communities were from [[Brazil]], [[Ukraine]], [[Romania]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Angola]], [[Russia]], [[Guinea-Bissau]] and [[Moldova]] with other immigrants from parts of [[Latin America]], [[Han Chinese|China]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. The great majority of Portuguese are [[Catholic Church in Portugal|Roman Catholic]], though a large percentage consider themselves non-practising, especially in urban lands.

The most populous cities are [[Lisbon]], [[Porto]], [[Vila Nova de Gaia]], [[Amadora]], [[Braga]], [[Coimbra]], [[Almada]], [[Funchal]], [[Setúbal]] and [[Guimarães]]. There are seven Greater Metropolitan Areas ([[Grande Área Metropolitana|GAM]]s): [[Grande Área Metropolitana do Algarve|Algarve]], [[Grande Área Metropolitana de Aveiro|Aveiro]], [[Grande Área Metropolitana de Coimbra|Coimbra]], [[Grande Área Metropolitana de Lisboa|Lisbon]], [[Grande Área Metropolitana do Minho|Minho]], [[Grande Área Metropolitana do Porto|Porto]] and [[Grande Área Metropolitana de Viseu|Viseu]].

==Education, science and technology==
[[Image:Coimbra University Tower 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The tower of the [[University of Coimbra]], [[Coimbra]] - the university is one of the [[list of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest in continuous operation in the world]].]]
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{{main|Education in Portugal|Higher education in Portugal|Science and technology in Portugal}}
The educational system is divided into preschool (for those under age 6), basic education (9 years, in three stages, [[compulsory]]), [[secondary education]] (3 years), and [[higher education]] ([[university]] and [[polytechnic]]).

Total adult literacy rate is 95%. Portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100%. About 20% of college-age students attend one of the country's higher education institutions (compared with 50% in the United States). In addition to being a key destination for [[international student]]s, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005.

Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The [[University of Coimbra|oldest Portuguese university]] was first established in [[Lisbon]] before moving to [[Coimbra]]. Universities are usually organized into [[faculty (university)|faculties]]. Institutes and schools are also common designations for autonomous subdivisions of [[list of colleges and universities in Portugal|Portuguese higher education institutions]], and are always used in the polytechnical system. The [[Bologna process]] has been adopted since 2006 by Portuguese universities and polytechnical institutes.
[[Image:UNL presidency building.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Headquarters of the [[New University of Lisbon]], [[Lisbon]].]]
Scientific and technological [[research]] activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of [[R&D]] units belonging to [[list of universities in Portugal|public universities]] and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the [[Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação|INETI - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação]]. The funding of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education. The largest R&D units of the public universities by number of publications which achieved significant international recognition, include [[biosciences]] research institutions like the [[Instituto de Medicina Molecular]], the [[Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology]], the [[IPATIMUP]], and the [[Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular]]. Among the private universities, notable research centers include the [[Facial Emotion Expression Lab]]. Internationally notable state-supported research centres in other fields include the [[International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory‎]], a joint research effort between Portugal and Spain. Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the [[Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência]] and the [[Champalimaud Foundation]] which yearly awards one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the [[Sciences Academy of Lisbon]].

Portugal made agreements with several European scientific organizations aiming at full membership. These include the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), the [[European Laboratory for Particle Physics]] (CERN), [[ITER]], and the [[European Southern Observatory]] (ESO). Portugal has entered into [[Higher education in Portugal#International partnership agreements|cooperation agreements with MIT (USA) and other North American institutions]] in order to further develop and increase the effectiveness of Portuguese higher education and research.

==Law==
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{{main|Law of Portugal|Portuguese legal system}}
The [[Portuguese legal system]] is part of the civil law legal system, also called the continental family legal system. Until the end of the 19th century, [[France|French]] law was the main influence. Since then the major influence has been [[German legal system|German law]]. The main laws include the [[Constitution]] (1976, as amended), the [[Civil Code]] (1966, as amended) and the [[Penal Code]] (1982, as amended). Other relevant laws are the ''Commercial Code'' (1888, as amended) and the ''Civil Procedure Code'' (1961, as amended). Portuguese law applied in the former [[Portuguese colonies|colonies and territories]] and continues to be the major influence for those countries.

==Religion==
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[[Image:SANTUARIO001.preview-1-.jpg‎|thumb|right|200px|The sanctuary of [[Fátima]].]]
{{main|Religion in Portugal}}
[[Separation of church and state|Church and state were formally separated]] during the [[Portuguese First Republic]] (1910-26), a separation reiterated in the [[Portuguese Constitution]] of 1976. Portugal is a [[secular state]]. Other than the Constitution, the two most important documents relating to [[religious freedom]] are the 2001 Religious Freedom Act and the 1940 Concordata (as amended in 1971) between Portugal and the [[Holy See]].

Portuguese society is overwhelmingly [[Roman Catholic]]. 84% of the population are nominally Roman Catholic, but only about 20% attend mass and take the sacraments regularly. A larger number wish to be baptized, married in the church, and receive last rites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ateismo.net/diario/2007/01/portugal-est-mais-secularizado-do-que.php|title=Portugal está mais secularizado do que a Espanha|accessdate=2007-04-28|publisher=Diário Ateísta|date=[[18 January]] [[2007]]}}</ref>

Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a [[Christianity|Christian]] origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the [[Roman Catholic Church]] were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the [[History of Portugal (1279-1415)|13th and 14th centuries]], the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the [[reconquista|reconquest]] and its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including the [[University of Coimbra|first university]]. The growth of the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese overseas empire]] made its [[Mission (Christian)|missionaries]] important agents of [[Colonisation|colonization]] with important roles of [[evangelization]] and [[teaching]] in all inhabited continents.

==Language==
{{main|Languages of Portugal}}
[[Image:Map-Lusophone World-en.png|thumb|right|250px|The [[Lusophone]] world.]]
The official language of the Portuguese Republic is the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], which, with over 210 million of native speakers, is the fifth most spoken language in the world and the third most spoken in the western world. It's the official language of Portugal and [[Brazil]], and the official language, together with other languages, of [[Angola]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Macao]], [[Mozambique]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], [[Equatorial Guinea]] and [[East Timor]]. It is also spoken in the former [[Portuguese India]] ([[Goa]], [[Damão]], Dadrá and [[Diu]] and Nagar-Aveli) and has got official status in the [[European Union]], the [[Mercosur]] and the [[African Union]].

They are officially recognized:

the [[Portuguese language]];
the [[Mirandese]], also the official language in the municipality of [[Miranda do Douro]], with origins in asturo-Leon, taught as an optional second language in the schools of Miranda do Douro and [[Vimioso]] municipalities.
The Portuguese language is a [[Romance language]] (the group Ibero-Romanesque), as the Castilian, Catalan, Italian, French, Romanian and others.

The Portuguese is known as "the language of Camões" (because of [[Luís Vaz de Camões]], author of [[The Lusiads]]), "the last flower of Lazio", expression used in the sonnet "Portuguese Language" of [[Olavo Bilac]] or "the sweet language" by the Spanish [[Miguel de Cervantes]] .

==Culture==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Culture of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{main|Culture of Portugal}}
Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the [[Portugal in the Age of Discovery|Age of Discovery]].
[[Image:PalaciodaPena.jpg‎|thumb|left|200px|[[Pena National Palace]], [[Sintra]].]]
[[Portuguese literature]], one of the earliest Western literatures, developed through text and song. Until 1350, the [[Portuguese-Galician]] [[troubadour]]s spread their literary influence to most of the Iberian Peninsula.<ref> ''Poesia e Prosa Medievais'', p. 9, para. 4</ref> [[Gil Vicente]] (ca. 1465 - ca. 1536), was one of the founders of both Portuguese and Spanish dramatic traditions. Adventurer and poet [[Luís de Camões]] (ca. 1524-1580) wrote the epic poem ''[[The Lusiads]]'', with [[Virgil]]'s [[Aeneid]] as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by [[Fernando Pessoa]] (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as [[Almeida Garrett]], [[Camilo Castelo Branco]], [[Eça de Queiroz]], [[Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen]], and [[António Lobo Antunes]]. Particularly popular and distinguished is [[José Saramago]], winner of the 1998 [[Nobel Prize for literature]].

[[Music of Portugal|Portuguese music]] encompasses a wide variety of genres. The most renowned is [[fado]], a melancholy urban music, usually associated with the [[Portuguese guitar]] and ''saudade'', or longing. [[Coimbra fado]], a unique type of fado, is also noteworthy. Internationally notable performers include [[Amália Rodrigues]], [[Carlos Paredes]], [[José Afonso]], [[Mariza]], [[Carlos do Carmo]], [[Mísia]], and [[Madredeus]].[[Image:I039 porto 04227-1-.jpg‎|thumb|left|200px|''[[Casa da Música]]'' (Music House), [[Porto]].]] One of the most notable Portuguese musical groups outside the country, and specially in [[Germany]], is the goth-metal band [[Moonspell]]. In addition to fado and folk, the Portuguese listen to pop and other types of modern music, particularly from [[North America]] and the [[United Kingdom]], as well as a wide range of Portuguese and Brazilian artists and bands.<ref>[http://euro200.eu.mialias.net/Portugese-Top50.htm Portugese-Top50 stats]</ref> Bands with international recognition include [[Blasted Mechanism]] and [[The Gift (band)|The Gift]], both of which were nominated for an [[MTV Music Award]]. Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as ''[[Festival Sudoeste]]'' in [[Zambujeira do Mar]], ''[[Festival de Paredes de Coura]]'' in [[Paredes de Coura]], ''[[Festival Vilar de Mouros]]'' near [[Caminha]], and ''[[Rock in Rio Lisboa]]'' and ''[[Super Bock Super Rock]]'' in [[Lisbon]]. Out of the summer season, Portugal has a large number of festivals, designed more to an urban audience, like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto. Furthermore, one of the largest international [[Goa trance]] festivals takes place in northern Portugal every two years, and the student festivals of ''[[Queima das Fitas]]'' are major events in a number of cities across Portugal.

In the Classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianist [[Maria João Pires]], and in the past by the great cellist [[Guilhermina Suggia]]. Notable composers include [[Luís de Freitas Branco]] and his student [[Joly Braga Santos]], and [[Fernando Lopes-Graça]].
It has also a rich history as far as painting is concerned. The first well-known painters date back to the XV century – like [[Nuno Gonçalves]] - were part of the Gothic painting period.
[[José Malhoa]], known for his work ''Fado'', and [[Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro]] (who painted the portraits of [[Teófilo Braga]] and [[Antero de Quental]]) were both references in naturalist painting.
[[Image:Lisboa-Pessoa-A Brasileira-1.jpg|thumb|140px|right|[[Fernando Pessoa]]'s statue in front of famous Lisbon café "''[[A Brasileira]]''".]]
The 20th century saw the arrival of [[Modernism]], and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: [[Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso]], who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly by the [[Delaunays]]. Among his best known works is ''Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro''. Another great modernist painter/writer was [[Almada Negreiros]], friend to the poet [[Fernando Pessoa]], who painted his (Pessoa’s) portrait. He was deeply influenced by both [[Cubist]] and [[Futurism (art)|Futurist]] trends. Prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters [[Vieira da Silva]], [[Júlio Pomar]], and [[Paula Rego]].
Traditional architecture is distinctive. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like [[Eduardo Souto de Moura]], [[Álvaro Siza Vieira]] and [[Gonçalo Byrne]]. Internally, [[Tomás Taveira]] is also noteworthy.

Since the 1990s, Portugal has increased the number of public cultural facilities, in addition to the [[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]] established in 1956 in Lisbon. These include the [[Belém Cultural Center]] in Lisbon, [[Serralves Foundation]] and the [[Casa da Música]], both in [[Porto]], as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls which were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country.

==Cuisine==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Portuguese cuisine" and "Portuguese wine", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
[[Image:Pasteis.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Pastel de nata|Pastéis de Nata]]'' (cream custards).]]
{{main|Portuguese Cuisine|Portuguese Wine}}
Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry [[cod]] (''[[bacalhau]]'' in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of [[Bacalhau#Bacalhau dishes|recipes]]. There are more than enough ''[[bacalhau]]'' dishes for each day of the year. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled [[sardines]] and [[caldeirada]]. Typical Portuguese meat recipes, that may take [[beef]], [[pork]], [[domestic sheep|lamb]], or [[chicken]], include [[feijoada]], [[cozido à portuguesa]], [[frango de churrasco]], and [[carne de porco à alentejana]].[[Image:Porto.Grahams12.jpg|thumb|Vintage [[port wine|port]] from 1870 and 1873.|left]]
Typical [[fast food]] dishes include the [[francesinha]] from Porto, and ''bifanas'' (grilled pork), ''prego'' (grilled beef) or ''leitão'' ([[pig]]let) [[sandwiches]] which are well known around the country. The Portuguese art of [[pastry]] has its origins in ancient recipes of which [[pastéis de Belém]] (or ''pastéis de nata'') originally from Lisbon, and [[ovos-moles]] from Aveiro are good examples. Portuguese cuisine is very diverse, with different regions having their own traditional dishes. The Portuguese have a cult for good food and throughout the country there are myriads of good restaurants and small typical ''tascas''.

Portuguese wines have deserved international recognition since the times of the Roman Empire, which associated Portugal with their God [[Dionysus|Bacchus]]. Today the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are: [[Vinho Verde]], [[Vinho Alvarinho]], [[Vinho do Douro]], [[Vinho do Alentejo]], [[Vinho do Dão]], [[Vinho da Bairrada]] and the sweet: [[Port Wine]], [[Madeira Wine]] and the [[Moscatel]] from [[Setúbal]] and [[Favaios]]. Port Wine is well known around the world and the most widely known wine type in the world. The [[Douro]] wine region is the oldest in the world.

==Sports and games==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Sport in Portugal" your work will be very appreciated. -->
{{main|Sport in Portugal}}
[[Football (soccer)|Football]] is the most known, loved and played sport. The legendary [[Eusébio]] is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history and [[Luís Figo]] and [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] are among the numerous examples of other world-class footballers born in Portugal and noted worldwide.

The [[Portugal national football team|Portuguese national team]]s, have titles in the [[FIFA World Youth Championship]] and in the [[UEFA]] youth championships. The main national team - ''Selecção Nacional'' - finished second in [[2004 European Football Championship|Euro 2004]], reached the third place in the [[1966 FIFA World Cup]], and reached the fourth place in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], their best results in major competitions to date.

[[F.C. Porto]], [[S.L. Benfica]] and [[Sporting Clube de Portugal|Sporting C.P.]] are the largest [[sports clubs]] by popularity and in terms of trophies won, often known as "''os três grandes''" ([[Big Three (Portugal)|"the big three"]]). They have a number of titles won in the European [[UEFA]] club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season. Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the "big three", compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity.
[[Image:Pavilhao Atlantico Lisboa.JPG|thumb|left|200px|''[[Pavilhão Atlântico]]'' (Atlantic Pavilion), an indoor sports venue and concert hall in Lisbon.]]
Portugal has a successful [[rink hockey]] team, with 15 [[Rink Hockey World Championship|world titles]] and 20 [[Rink Hockey European Championship|european titles]], making it the country with the most wins in both competitions. The most successful Portuguese rink hockey clubs in the history of European championships are [[FC Porto (rink hockey)|F.C. Porto]], [[SL Benfica (rink hockey)|S.L. Benfica]], [[Sporting CP]], and [[Óquei de Barcelos]].

The [[Portugal national rugby union team|national rugby union team]] made a dramatic qualification into the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]] and became the first all amateur team to qualify for the World Cup since the dawn of the professional era. The Portuguese national team of [[rugby sevens]] has performed well, becoming one of the strongest teams in Europe, and proved their status as European champions in several occasions.

[[Rui Silva]], in men's athletics, has won several gold, silver and bronze medals in the European, World and Olympic Games competitions. [[Francis Obikwelu]] in the 100 m and the 200 m, had silver in the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]. [[Naide Gomes]] in [[pentathlon]] and [[long jump]], is another Portuguese elite athlete, which led to a gold medal in the [[2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships]]' long jump competition. In the [[triathlon]], [[Vanessa Fernandes]], has won a large number of medals and major competitions across the world and in 2007 became the world champion both in [[Triathlon]] and [[Duathlon]]. In [[judo]], [[Telma Monteiro]] is European champion in the women's under-52 kg category. [[Nelson Évora]] is world champion in [[triple jump]].

[[Cycling]], with [[Volta a Portugal]] being the most important race, is also a popular sports event and include professional cycling teams such as [[SL Benfica (cycling team)|S.L. Benfica]], [[Boavista (cycling team)|Boavista]], [[Clube de Ciclismo de Tavira]], and [[União Ciclista da Maia]]. Noted Portuguese cyclists include, among others, names as [[Joaquim Agostinho]], [[Marco Chagas]], [[José Azevedo]] and [[Sérgio Paulinho]] (an olympic medalist in Athens).

The country has also achieved notable performances in sports like [[fencing]], [[surfing]], [[windsurf]], [[kitesurf]], [[kayaking]], [[sailing]] and [[shooting]], among others.
The [[paralympic]] athletes have also conquered many medals in sports like [[swimming]], [[boccia]] and [[wrestling]].
Portugal has its own original [[martial art]], [[jogo do pau]], in which the fighters use staffs to confront one or several opponents.

== International rankings ==
===Political and economic rankings===
* [[Freedom in the World 2006|Political freedom]] ratings - Free; political rights and civil liberties both rated 1 (the highest score available)
** [[Reporters Without Borders#Worldwide press freedom index|Press freedom]] - 8th freest, at 2.00
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita]] - 34th highest, at [[International dollar|I$]]22,677
* [[List of countries by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] - 29th highest, at 0.897
* [[List of countries by income equality|Income Equality]] - 59th most equal, at 38.5 ([[Gini Index]])
* [[List of countries by unemployment rate|Unemployment rate]] - 98th lowest, at 8.00%
* [[Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption]] - 28th least corrupt, at 6.5 on index
* [[Index of Economic Freedom|Economic Freedom]] - 30th freest, at 2.29 on index

===Health rankings===
* [[List of countries and territories by fertility rate|Fertility rate]]- 188th most fertile, at 1.48 per woman
** [[List of countries by birth rate|Birth rate]] - 167th most births, at 10.50 per 1000 people
* [[List of countries by death rate|Death rate]] - 52nd highest death rate, at 10.60 per 1000 people
* [[List of countries by life expectancy|Life Expectancy]] - 49th highest, at 77.87 years
** [[List of countries by suicide rate|Suicide Rate]] - 42nd highest suicide rate, at 18.9 for males and 4.9 for females
* [[List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate|HIV/AIDS rate]] - 73rd most cases, at 0.40%

===Other rankings===
* [[Global Peace Index]] - 7th highest (2008), out of 121 countries
* [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|CO<sub>2</sub> emissions]] - 68th highest emissions, at 5.63 tonnes per capita
* [[List of countries by electricity consumption|Electricity Consumption]] - 44th highest consumption of electricity, at 44,010,000,000 kWh
* [[Broadband Internet access worldwide#Broadband subscribers in OECD countries|Broadband uptake]] - 21st highest uptake in [[OECD]], at 11.5%
* [[Beer consumption by country|Beer consumption]] - 22nd highest, at 59.6 litres per capita
* [[Wine consumption by country|Wine consumption]] - 4th highest, at 53.0 litres per capita
* [[Wine production by country|Wine production]] - 11th highest, at 576,500 tonnes

==Facts and figures==
*Official [[Calendar date|date format]]: YYYY/MM/DD (ex. 2006/09/08)
*Common [[Calendar date|date format]]: DD/MM/YYYY (ex. 06/09/2006), dates are written out as ''DD de MM de YYYY'' (ex. ''18 de Agosto de 2005'')
*[[Decimal]] separator is a comma: 123,45
*Thousands are officially separated by a space — 10&nbsp;000 — although the point is widely used — 10.000
{{main|Linguistic issues concerning the euro#Portuguese}}
*The euro sign is commonly placed either before or after the amount, with the separator either a comma or a point: 10,95 € - € 10,95 - € 10.95 - 10.95 €
{{main|Postal code#Portugal}}

==See also==
{{Portugal topics}}

== Notes ==
=== References ===

{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===

{{sourcesstart}}
* Ribeiro, Ângelo & Saraiva, José Hermano ''História de Portugal I - A Formação do Território'' QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-106-6)
* Ribeiro, Ângelo & Saraiva, José Hermano ''História de Portugal II - A Afirmação do País'' QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-107-4)
* de Macedo, Newton & Saraiva, José Hermano ''História de Portugal III - A Epopeia dos Descobrimentos'' QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-108-2)
* de Macedo, Newton & Saraiva, José Hermano ''História de Portugal IV - Glória e Declínio do Império'' QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-109-0)
* Ribeiro, Ângelo & Saraiva, José Hermano ''História de Portugal V - A Restauração da Indepêndencia'' QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-110-4)
* Saraiva, José Hermano ''História de Portugal X - A Terceira República'' QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-115-5)
* Loução, Paulo Alexandre: ''Portugal, Terra de Mistérios'' Ésquilo, 2000 (third edition; ISBN 972-8605-04-8)
* Muñoz, Mauricio Pasto: ''Viriato, A Luta pela Liberdade'' Ésquilo, 2003 (third edition; ISBN 972-8605-23-4)
* ''Grande Enciclopédia Universal'' Durclub, 2004
* ''Constituição da República Portuguesa'', VI Revisão Constitucional, 2004
* ''Programa do Movimento das Forças Armadas'', 1974 [http://www.uc.pt/ihti/proj/docs25a/MFA1-1.HTM]
{{sourcesend}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Portugal}}<!--Please discuss links on the talk page before adding them to this list - remember to read the WP:EL guidelines.-->
*{{en icon}}/{{pt icon}} [http://www.portugal.gov.pt/Portal/EN/ Official Portuguese Government website]
*{{en icon}} [http://www.parlamento.pt/ingles/index.html Official Parliament website]
*{{en icon}} [http://www.visitportugal.com/Cultures/en-US/default.html Official Travel and Tourism office website]
*{{en icon}} [http://wikitravel.org/en/Portugal Wikitravel guide to Portugal]
*{{wikiatlas|Portugal}}
*{{en icon}} [http://worldphotobase.com/europe/portugal.php?s=thumb Portugal in Photography 2007]
*{{en icon}} {{CIA_World_Factbook_link|po|Portugal}}

{{Template group
|title = Geographic locale
|list =
{{Countries of Europe}}

{{Template group
|title = International organizations
|list =
{{Members of the European Union (EU)}}
{{Council of Europe}}
{{NATO}}
{{OECD}}
{{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)|state=collapsed}}
{{WTO}}
{{Latinunion}}
{{International Summits held in Portugal}}
}}
}}
{{Template group
|title = History
|list =
{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
}}
{{coor title dm|38|42|N|9|11|W|type:country}}

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[[Category:Portugal| ]]
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Revision as of 03:42, 5 August 2008

hey all you guys out there!!!:)

Hippies are cooooool!!!!!!!!!!

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