Herefordshire

For the UK Parliamentary constituency (abolished 1885), see Herefordshire (UK Parliament constituency).

County of Herefordshire
Geography
Status	Ceremonial county Non-metropolitan district Non-metropolitan county Unitary authority
Origin	Historic
Region	West Midlands
Area: - Total - District	Ranked 26th 2,180 km² Ranked 3rd
Admin HQ	Hereford
ISO 3166-2	GB-HEF
ONS code	00GA
NUTS 3	UKG11
Demographics
Population - Total (2022) - Density - District	Ranked 45th [1] / km² Ranked
Ethnicity	99.1% White
Politics
Arms of County of Herefordshire District Council Herefordshire Council http://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/
Executive
MPs	Paul Keetch (LD) Bill Wiggin (C)

Herefordshire (pronounced ['herəfədʃə]) is a historic and ceremonial county in the West Midlands region of England. It also forms a unitary district known as the County of Herefordshire. It borders the English ceremonial counties of Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire to the east, Gloucestershire to the southeast, and the Welsh preserved counties of Gwent to the south west and Powys to the west. Hereford is a cathedral city and is the county town; with a population of approximately 50,000 inhabitants it is also the largest settlement. The county is one of the most rural and least densely populated in England, being a largely agricultural area which is primarily known for its fruit and cider production, and the world famous Hereford cattle breed.

Constitution

Herefordshire was reconstituted both as a new non-metropolitan district (effective 19th July 1996) and as a new county comprising the area of the afore mentioned district (effective 1st April 1998) by Statutory Instrument as defined in The Hereford and Worcester (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996.

The Hereford and Worcester (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996 effectively established Herefordshire as a unitary authority on the 1st April 1998, combining county and district functions into a single council. Herefordshire is also commonly called a unitary district, but this is not official nomenclature.

Herefordshire is officially known as a unitary authority for local government purposes.

History

Main article: History of Herefordshire

Herefordshire is one of the 39 historic counties of England.

In 1974 it was merged with neighbouring Worcestershire to form the relatively short-lived Hereford and Worcester non-metropolitan county. Within this, Herefordshire was covered by the districts of South Herefordshire, Hereford, and part of Malvern Hills and Leominster districts.

On 1 April 1998 it was split out again, in the form of a unitary authority, with broadly the same borders as before. It is the third largest unitary area in England, after East Riding of Yorkshire and Tynedale.

Cities, towns and villages

Main article: List of places in Herefordshire

The major settlements in the county include Hereford, which is the county town and Herefordshire's only city, as well as the towns of Leominster, Ledbury, Ross-on-Wye, Kington and Bromyard.

See also Category:Towns in Herefordshire and Category:Villages in Herefordshire.

Economy

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Herefordshire at current basic prices published by the Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

Year	Regional Gross Value Added[2]	Agriculture[3]	Industry[4]	Services[5]
1995	1,622	218	567	836
2000	1,885	155	643	1,087
2003	2,216	185	708	1,323

^ includes hunting and forestry

^ includes energy and construction

^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding

Well known companies in Herefordshire are Bulmer's cider in central Hereford, with its UK market leader, Strongbow. PGL Holidays is based in Ross-on-Wye.

Education

Herefordshire has a comprehensive education system with seven independent schools. Most state schools are from 11-16. Sixth form provision is limited.

Colleges of further and higher education

• Herefordshire College of Technology
• Hereford Sixth Form College
• National School of Blacksmithing
• Herefordshire College of Art and Design
• John Masefield High School and Sixth Form College (Ledbury)
• The Minster College and Sixth Form (Leominster)
• John Kyrle High School and Sixth form centre( Ross-on-wye)
• Hereford Cathedral School (Independent)

Agriculture

The agricultural economy has changed massively in recent years within the county. The county is on the western side of England which has been historically pastoral as opposed to the east which was more arable.

Beef

Probably Hereford's most famous export is its beef cattle Hereford cattle. Herefords are docile but extremely hardy creatures and these attributes have led to their proliferation across the world, particularly the US, South America and Australia. The breed is so gentle that a Hereford bull has been used as the mascot for Hereford United Football Club for many years, led around packed stadiums prior to major matches.

Fruit

The county is famous for its apple and pear orchards, and of course its cider. There are many orchards around the county but not as many as there once were.

In the last few years, soft fruits such as strawberries have become a new and rapidly expanding area of the agricultural economy of the county. One of the main reasons for this was the introduction of the polytunnel or French tunnel. This allowed the strawberries to be grown for a far longer season and at a higher quality (with no blemishes from the rain). The strawberries are mainly picked by Eastern European workers who come over for the season to earn some money, more than they could working in their country of origin and with the bonus, for many of them, of learning or improving their English fluency. The polytunnels have been a major issue in the county, as some people see them as a "blot on the landscape".

Although some polytunnel sites are technically illegal, Herefordshire Council has chosen to ignore legal ruling in the belief that if agriculture is to survive, then it must be allowed to innovate; otherwise, the industry will stagnate and the county will suffer.

Dairy

There was a time when the majority of farms in the county would have had dairy cattle for milk production. The cost of investing in new equipment, long hours, BSE, foot-and-mouth disease and mainly the falling milk prices have meant that the milk production has drastically reduced, with only a few farms still in dairy farming.

Potatoes

As mentioned above, the county is historically pastoral. The soils are mostly clay, meaning that large scale potato production was very difficult, as tractors were not powerful enough to pull the large machinery required to harvest the crop. Around the early 1990s new technology and more powerful machines overcame this problem. Potato production started to increase, fuelled by a few other key factors: The previously pastoral soils had not had potatoes grown in them; consequently they were not infected with eelworm (Heterodera rostochiensis and Heterodera pallida), which in the east of England had to be sprayed against weekly (a large cost). Also, the clay soil produced an unblemished potato of the highest grade. The intensive nature of the crop meant that potatoes could be grown viably on a given field in only one of every five years. Because potato growers always needed more land than they owned, they rented extra. This demand for rental fields came at a time when the rest of the industry was struggling and in serious decline. The potato farmers' rents of £300-500 per acre (as opposed to normally £80 per acre) were very helpful to many farmers in a difficult period.

Emblems

Coat of arms

Herefordshire County Council was granted a coat of arms on February 28, 1946. The arms became obsolete in 1974 on the abolition of the council, but were transferred to the present Herefordshire Council by order in council in 1997.

The arms are blazoned as follows:

Gules on a fesse wavy between in chief a lion passant guardant argent and in base a Herefordshire bull's head caboshed proper, a bar wavy azure; and for a Crest on a wreath of the colours a demi lion rampant gules holding in the sinister claw a fleece or; and for Supporters, on the dexter side a lion guardant or gorged with a wreath of hops fructed proper and on the sinister a talbot argent gorged with a collar or charged with three apples proper.

The red colouring of the shileld is taken form the arms of the City of Hereford. The red colour also represents the red earth of Herefordshire. The silver and blue wave across the centre of the shield represents the River Wye. The lions that form parts of the arms, crest and supporters are also taken from Hereford's arms. The agricultural produce of Herefordshire is represented by the bull's head, fleece, hops nad apples. The talbot comes from the heraldry of the Talbot family, Marcher Lords of Shrewsbury and also from that of Viscount Hereford.

The Latin motto is: Pulchra terra Dei donum or This fair land is the gift of God.

County flower

As part of a competition organised by the charity Plantlife to raise awareness of conservation issues, the public were asked to vote for "county flowers" that they felt best represented their county. Mistletoe was announced as the winning choice for Herefordshire in 2004. The emblem has no official status, and has not been widely adopted. Herefordshire Council uses a logo consisting of a green apple.

Places of interest

• Abbey Dore Court
• Berrington Hall
• Courtyard Centre for the Arts
• Dore Abbey File:AP Icon.PNG
• Eastnor Castle
• Eye Manor
• Hampton Court
• Hellens Manor
• Hereford Cathedral File:AP Icon.PNG
• Malvern Hills
• Herefordshire Beacon
• Priory Church File:AP Icon.PNG

• Sutton Walls Hill Fort

Transport

Road

The M50, one of the first motorways to be built in the UK, runs through the south of the county and, with the A40 dual carriageway, forms part of the major route linking South Wales with Gloucester, Oxford and London

The hilly nature of the terrain in Mid Wales means that the main ground transport links between North Wales and South Wales run through Herefordshire. The other trunk roads in Herefordshire, the A49 and the A465, form part of these north–south routes as well as catering for local traffic. These are single-carriageway roads and mean that travelling through the county is often slow. In 2006, ASDA supermarkets opened a controversial supermarket scheme connecting to this small roundabout on a flood plain. This project has large flood defences and the roundabout has been replaced by traffic lights and the road level raised as part of the project.

Railways

The Welsh Marches Railway Line also runs north–south with passenger trains operated by Arriva Trains Wales offering links to Manchester as well as to North and South Wales. Hereford is the western end of the Cotswold Line which runs via Worcester with through services to Oxford and London (operated by First Great Western) and to Birmingham and Nottingham (operated by London Midland).

Former routes which are now closed were Ledbury to Gloucester; Hereford to Ross-on-Wye and onward to Gloucester and Monmouth; Hereford to Hay-on-Wye; Pontrilas to Hay-on-Wye; Leominster to New Radnor; Eardisley to Presteigne; and Leominster to Worcester via Bromyard.

Air

There are no airports with scheduled air services in Herefordshire though Birmingham, Cardiff and Bristol international airports are all within reach and the RailAir coach operated by First Great Western provides connections from Heathrow via Reading station. Shobdon Aerodrome near Leominster is a centre for general aviation and gliding. Hot air ballooning is also popular with Eastnor Castle being one of the favourite launch sites in the area.

Waterways

Historically, the rivers Wye and Lugg were navigable but the wide seasonal variations in water levels mean that few craft larger than canoes and coracles are now used. There are canoe centres at The Boat House, Glasbury-on-Wye, the Hereford Youth Service and Kerne Bridge Ross-on-Wye, as well as a rowing club in Hereford.

The early 19th century saw the construction of two canals, The Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal and The Leominster & Stourport Canal but these were never successful and there are now few remains to be seen. The Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal is currently undergoing a restoration project, which might include the construction of a new canal basin in Hereford city centre as part of the regeneration of the Edgar Street Grid.

Notable People

• St. John Kemble Catholic priest and martyr
• Tom Spring, bare-knuckle boxer, champion of England in 19th century
• Nell Gwynne, mistress of King Charles II of England
• Edward Elgar, famous composer
• Ronnie Radford, Hereford United footballer who scored first goal in FA Cup victory over Newcastle United in 1972
• Peter Scudamore, jockey

External links

• The Hereford Times Local news, sport & information
• myherefordshire.com - Herefordshire County Portal Local events, jobs, photos and news
• Herefordshire Libraries 10 Libraries across Herefordshire
• Herefordshire College of Technology HCT website
• Herefordshire & Worcestershire Earth Heritage Trust Records and protects the county's Earth Heritage