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{{History of Greater Iran}}
{{History of Greater Iran}}


The '''Buyids''' ([[Caspian languages|Caspian]]:Bowyiyün) ({{PerB|آل بویه}}), also known as ''Buwaihids'', ''Buyyids'', or '''Āl-i Būya''', are an [[Iranian people|Iranian]]<ref>[http://www.iranica.com/articles/v7/v7f4/v7f408.html Encyclopedia Iranica: DEYLAMITES]</ref><ref>Clifford Edmund Bosworth, ''The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual'', Columbia University, 1996. pg 154-155.</ref><ref>"Buyid Dynasty." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Jan. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018373>. Excerpt:''Islamic dynasty of pronounced Iranian and Shi'i character that provided native rule in western Iran and Iraq in the period between the Arab and Turkish conquests. Of Daylamite (northern Iranian) origin, the line was founded by the three sons of Buyeh (or Buwayh), 'Ali, Hasan, and Ahmad.''</ref><ref>JAN RYPKA. History of Iranian Literature. Dordrecht: D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY, 1968. pg 146: "The were a purely Iranian dynasty from Daylam"</ref> people from [[Daylaman]] who founded a [[Shi'a]] dynastic confederation of [[Persian empire|Persia]] and controlled most of modern-day [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]] in the [[10th century|10th]] and [[11th century|11th centuries]].
The '''Buyids''' ([[Caspian languages|Caspian]]:Bowyiyün) ({{PerB|آل بویه}}), also known as ''Buwaihids'', ''Buyyids'', or '''Āl-i Būya''', were a [[Shi'a]] dynasty of [[Dailam|Dailamite]] origin<ref>[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v4f6/v4f6a015.html Encyclopaedia Iranica: BUYIDS]</ref><ref>[http://www.iranica.com/articles/v7/v7f4/v7f408.html Encyclopedia Iranica: DEYLAMITES]</ref><ref>Clifford Edmund Bosworth, ''The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual'', Columbia University, 1996. pg 154-155.</ref><ref>"Buyid Dynasty." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Jan. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018373>. Excerpt:''Islamic dynasty of pronounced Iranian and Shi'i character that provided native rule in western Iran and Iraq in the period between the Arab and Turkish conquests. Of Daylamite (northern Iranian) origin, the line was founded by the three sons of Buyeh (or Buwayh), 'Ali, Hasan, and Ahmad.''</ref><ref>JAN RYPKA. History of Iranian Literature. Dordrecht: D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY, 1968. pg 146: "The were a purely Iranian dynasty from Daylam"</ref> who ruled over the south and western part of Iran and over Iraq from the middle of the 10th to the middle of the 11th centuries.<ref>[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v4f6/v4f6a015.html Encyclopaedia Iranica: BUYIDS]</ref>


===History===
===History===

Revision as of 13:36, 2 September 2008

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The Buyids (Caspian:Bowyiyün) (Template:PerB), also known as Buwaihids, Buyyids, or Āl-i Būya, were a Shi'a dynasty of Dailamite origin[1][2][3][4][5] who ruled over the south and western part of Iran and over Iraq from the middle of the 10th to the middle of the 11th centuries.[6]

History

The Vakeel Bazaar of Shiraz was originally built during the Buyid era, possibly during the rule of 'Adud al-Daula.

The founders of the Buyid confederation were Ali b. Buya and his two younger brothers, al-Hasan and Ahmad. Originally a soldier in the service of the Ziyarids of Tabaristan, Ali was able to recruit an army to defeat a Turkish general from Baghdad named Yaqut in 934. Over the next nine years the three brothers gained control of the remainder of the Abbasid Caliphate. While accepting the titular authority of the caliph in Baghdad, the Buyid rulers assumed effective control of the state.

The first several decades of the Buyid confederation were characterized by large territorial gains. In addition to Fars and Jibal, which were conquered in the 930s, and central Iraq, which submitted in 945, the Buyids took Kerman (967), Oman (967), the Jazira (979), Tabaristan (980), and Gurgan (981). After this, however, the Buyids went into a slow decline, with pieces of the confederation gradually breaking off and local dynasties under their rule becoming de facto independent[7].

The approximate century of Buyid rule, coupled with the rise of other Iranian dynasties in the region, represents a period in Iranian history sometimes called the "Iranian Intermezzo," since it was an interlude between the rule of the Abbasid Arabs and the Seljuk Turks[8]. Indeed, as Dailamite Iranians the Buyids consciously revived symbols and practices of Persia's Sassanid dynasty[9]. In fact, beginning with 'Adud al-Daula they used the ancient Sassanid title Shâhanshâh (شاهنشاه), literally king of kings.[10]

The Buyid confederation was split between and governed by multiple members of the dynasty. They nominally recognized the suzerainty of caliphs of Baghdad, who in reality had no temporal power within the state. The title used by the Buyid rulers was amir, meaning governor or prince. Generally one of the amirs would be recognized as having seniority over the others; this individual would use the title of amir al-umara'[11], or senior amir. Although the senior amir was the formal head of the Buyids, he did not usually have any significant control outside of his own personal amirate; each amir enjoyed a high degree of autonomy within his own territories. As mentioned above, some of the stronger amirs used the Sassanid title of Shâhanshâh. Succession of power was hereditary, with fathers dividing their land among their sons.

The Buyid army consisted of their fellow Dailamite Iranians, who served as foot soldiers, and of the Turkish cavalry that had played a prominent role in the Abbasid military. The Dailamites and Turks often quarreled with each other in an attempt to be the dominant force within the army[12]. To compensate their soldiers the Buyid amirs often distributed iqta's, or the rights to a percentage of tax revenues from a province, although the practice of payment in kind was also frequently used[13].

The Fall

During the mid-1000s, the Buyid amirates gradually fell to the Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks. In 1055 Tughrul conquered Baghdad, the seat of the caliphate, and ousted the last of the Buyid rulers.[14]. Like the Buyids, the Seljuks kept the Abbasid caliphate as the titular ruler.[14]

Buyid Rulers

Major Rulers

Generally, the three most powerful Buyid amirs at any given time were those in control of Fars, Jibal and Iraq. Sometimes a ruler would come to rule more than one region, but no Buyid rulers ever exercised direct control of all three regions.

File:Buyids.png
Territory controlled by the Buyid dynasty in 970

Daylamids of Fars

Power in Fars seized by the Shabankara Kurdish Chief Fadluya

Buyid era art: Painted, incised, and glazed earthenware. Dated 10th century, Iran. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Daylamids of Rey

To the Ghaznavids.

Daylamids of Iraq

To the Seljuks.

Minor Rulers

It was not uncommon for younger sons to found collateral lines, or for individual Buyid members to take control of a province and begin ruling there. Note: the following list is incomplete.

Buyids of Basra

To the Buyids of Fars.

Buyids of Hamadan

To the Kakuyids.

Buyids of Kerman

To the Buyids of Fars.

Buyids of Khuzistan

To the Buyids of Fars.

References

  1. ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica: BUYIDS
  2. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica: DEYLAMITES
  3. ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996. pg 154-155.
  4. ^ "Buyid Dynasty." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Jan. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018373>. Excerpt:Islamic dynasty of pronounced Iranian and Shi'i character that provided native rule in western Iran and Iraq in the period between the Arab and Turkish conquests. Of Daylamite (northern Iranian) origin, the line was founded by the three sons of Buyeh (or Buwayh), 'Ali, Hasan, and Ahmad.
  5. ^ JAN RYPKA. History of Iranian Literature. Dordrecht: D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY, 1968. pg 146: "The were a purely Iranian dynasty from Daylam"
  6. ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica: BUYIDS
  7. ^ Examples of the former include the loss of Mosul in 990, and the loss of Tabaristan and Gurgan in 997. An example of the latter is the Kakuyid dynasty of Isfahan, whose fortunes rose with the decline of the Buyids of northern Iran.
  8. ^ Blair, Sheila. The Monumental Inscriptions From Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1992. ISBN 9004093672
  9. ^ Arthur Goldschmidt, "A Concise History of the Middle East: Seventh Edition ", Westview Press, 2001. pg 87.
  10. ^ See:
    • Patrick Clawson. Eternal Iran. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. ISBN 1-4039-6276-6 p. 19
    • The most thorough treatment of the Buyids is: The Buyid Dynasty of Baghdad by Mafizullah Kabir. Calcutta. Iran Society. 1964
  11. ^ Kabir, Mafizullah. The Buwayhid Dynasty of Baghdad (334/946-447/1055). Calcutta: Iran Society, 1964. p. 6.
  12. ^ Busse, Heribert. Iran Under the Buyids. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Ed. R. N. Frye. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1975. p. 265, 298. ISBN 0521200938
  13. ^ Sourdel-Thomine, J. "Buwayhids." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume I. New Ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960. p. 1353.
  14. ^ a b Bernard Lewis, The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years, (New York: Scribner, 1995) p. 89.

Another excellent discussion of the Buyids is Harvard professor Roy Mottahedeh's Loyalty and Leadership in an Early Islamic Society

See also

[6] The Buyid Domination as the Historical Background for the Flourishing of Muslim Scholarship During the 4th/10th Century by Dr. M. Ismail Marcinkowski*

  • Encyclopedia Iranica: DEYLAMITES
  • [1] The Buyid Domination as the Historical Background for the Flourishing of Muslim Scholarship During the 4th/10th Century by Dr. M. Ismail Marcinkowski]
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