Angela Merkel

Angela Merkel
Chancellor of Germany
Incumbent
Assumed office 22 November 2005
President	Horst Köhler
Deputy	Frank-Walter Steinmeier
Preceded by	Gerhard Schröder
Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Minister
In office 17 November 1994 – 26 October 1998
Chancellor	Helmut Kohl
Preceded by	Klaus Töpfer
Succeeded by	Jürgen Trittin
Women and Youth Minister
In office 18 January 1991 – 17 November 1994
Preceded by	Hannelore Rönsch
Succeeded by	Claudia Nolte
Personal details
Born	(1954-07-17) 17 July 1954 Hamburg, West Germany
Political party	CDU
Spouse(s)	Ulrich Merkel (div.) Joachim Sauer
Alma mater	University of Leipzig
Profession	Physicist

(IPA: [ˈaŋɡela doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛɐ̯kəl]) (born Angela Dorothea Kasner, 17 July 1954, in Hamburg, Germany), is the Chancellor of Germany. Merkel, elected to the German Parliament from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, has been the chairwoman of the Christian Democratic Union CDU since 9 April 2000, and Chairwoman of the CDU-CSU parliamentary party group from 2002 to 2005. She leads a Grand coalition with its sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU), and with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), formed after the 2005 federal election on 22 November 2005.

In 2007, Merkel was also President of the European Council and chair of the G8. She played a central role in the negotiation of the Treaty of Lisbon and the Berlin Declaration. In domestic policy, health care reform and problems concerning future energy development have thus far been the major issues of her tenure.

Merkel is the first female Chancellor of Germany. She is considered by Forbes Magazine to be the most powerful woman in the world at the present time. In 2007 she became the second woman to chair the G8 after Margaret Thatcher.

In 2008 Merkel received the Charlemagne Prize "for her work to reform the European Union": the prize was presented by Nicolas Sarkozy.

Early life

Angela Merkel was born as Angela Dorothea Kasner in Hamburg, as the daughter of Horst Kasner (b. 6 August 1926 in Berlin-Pankow), a Lutheran pastor and his wife, Herlind (b. 8 July 1928 in Elbing as Herlind Jentzsch), a teacher of English and Latin. Her mother is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Her grandparents on her mother's side lived in Elbing in East Prussia; one of them had Polish origin. She has a brother, Marcus (born 7 July 1957), and a sister, Irene (b. 19 August 1964).

Merkel's father studied Theology in Heidelberg and, afterwards, in Hamburg. In 1954 her father received a pastorship at the church in Quitzow near Perleberg in Brandenburg, and the family moved to Templin. Thus Merkel grew up in the countryside 80 km (50 miles) north of Berlin, in the socialist German Democratic Republic (GDR). Gerd Langguth, a former senior member of Merkel's Christian Democratic Union states in a book that the family's ability to travel freely from East to West Germany, as well as their possession of two automobiles, leads to the conclusion that Merkel's father had a 'sympathetic' relationship with the communist regime, since such freedom and perquisites for a Christian pastor and his family would have been otherwise impossible in East Germany.

Like most pupils, Merkel was a member of the official, socialist-led youth movement Free German Youth (FDJ). Later she became a member of the district board and secretary for "Agitprop" (agitation and propaganda) at the Academy of Sciences in that organisation. However, she did not take part in the secular coming of age ceremony Jugendweihe, which was common in East Germany, and was confirmed instead.

Merkel was educated in Templin and at the University of Leipzig, where she studied physics from 1973 to 1978. Merkel worked and studied at the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin-Adlershof from 1978 to 1990. Angela Merkel speaks Russian fluently, and even earned a statewide prize for her proficiency. After being awarded a doctorate (Dr. rer. nat.) based on a doctoral thesis on quantum chemistry she worked in research.

In 1989, Merkel got involved in the growing democracy movement after the fall of the Berlin Wall, joining the new party Democratic Awakening. Following the first (and only) democratic election of the East German state, she became the deputy spokesperson of the new pre-unification caretaker government under Lothar de Maizière.

Member of Bundestag

At the first post-reunification general election in December 1990, she was elected to the Bundestag from a constituency which includes the districts of Nordvorpommern and Rügen, as well as the city of Stralsund. This has remained her electoral district until today. Her party merged with the west German CDU . and she became Minister for Women and Youth in Helmut Kohl's 3rd cabinet. In 1994, she was made Minister for the Environment and Reactor Safety, which gave her greater political visibility and a platform on which to build her political career. As one of Kohl's protégées and his youngest cabinet minister, she was referred to by Kohl as "das Mädchen" ("the girl").

Leader of the Opposition

When the Kohl government was defeated in the 1998 general election, Merkel was named Secretary-General of the CDU. In this position, Merkel oversaw a string of Christian Democrat election victories in six out of seven state elections in 1999 alone, breaking the SPD-Green coalition's hold on the Bundesrat, the legislative body representing the states. Following a party financing scandal, which compromised many leading figures of the CDU (most notably Kohl himself, who refused to reveal the donor of DM 2,000,000 because he had given his word of honour and the then party chairman Wolfgang Schäuble, Kohl's hand-picked successor, who wasn't cooperative either), Merkel criticized her former mentor, Kohl, and advocated a fresh start for the party without him. She was elected to replace Schäuble, becoming the first female chair of her party, on 10 April 2000. Her election surprised many observers, as her personality offered a contrast to the party she had been chosen to lead; Merkel is a Protestant, originating from predominantly Protestant northern Germany, while the CDU is a male-dominated, socially conservative party with deep Catholic roots, and has its strongholds in western and southern Germany.

Following Merkel's election as CDU leader, she enjoyed considerable popularity among the German population and was favoured by many Germans to become Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's challenger in the 2002 election. However, she did not receive enough support in her own party and particularly its sister party (the Bavarian Christian Social Union, or CSU), and was subsequently out-manoeuvred politically by CSU leader Edmund Stoiber, who had had the privilege of challenging Schröder but squandered a large lead in the opinion polls to lose the election by a razor-thin margin. After Stoiber's defeat in 2002, in addition to her role as CDU chairwoman, Merkel became leader of the conservative opposition in the lower house of the German parliament, the Bundestag. Her rival, Friedrich Merz, who had held the post of parliamentary leader prior to the 2002 election, was eased out to make way for Merkel.

Merkel supported a substantial reform agenda concerning Germany's economic and social system and was considered to be more pro-market (and pro-deregulation) than her own party (the CDU); she advocated changes to German labour law, specifically, removing barriers to laying off employees and increasing the allowed number of work hours in a week, arguing that existing laws made the country less competitive because companies cannot easily control labour costs at times when business is slow.

Merkel argued for Germany's nuclear power to be phased out less quickly than the Schröder administration had planned.

Merkel advocated a strong transatlantic partnership and German-American friendship. In the spring of 2003, defying strong public opposition, Merkel came out in favour of the U.S. invasion of Iraq, describing it as "unavoidable" and accusing Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of anti-Americanism. This led some critics to characterize her as an American lackey. She criticised the government's support for the accession of Turkey to the European Union and favoured a "privileged partnership" instead. In doing so, she was seen as being in unison with many Germans in rejecting Turkish membership of the European Union.

Comparisons

As a female politician from a centre right party, and a scientist, Merkel has been compared by many in the English language press to former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Some have referred to her as "Iron Lady", "Iron Girl" and even "The Iron Frau" (both alluding to Thatcher, whose nickname was "The Iron Lady" -- Thatcher has an undergraduate degree in chemistry). Political commentators have debated the precise extent to which their agendas are similar.

In addition to being the first female German chancellor and the youngest German chancellor after the War, Merkel is also the first from East Germany (although born in Hamburg), the first born after World War II, and the first with a background in natural sciences. She studied physics; her predecessors law, business and history.

Merkel topped Forbes magazine's list of "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women" in 2006, 2007 and 2008.

On 30 May 2005, Merkel won the CDU/CSU nomination as challenger to Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of the SPD in the 2005 national elections. Her party began the campaign with a 21% lead over the SPD in national opinion polls, although her personal popularity lagged behind that of the incumbent. However, the CDU/CSU campaign suffered when Merkel, having made economic competence central to the CDU's platform, confused gross and net income twice during a televised debate. She regained some momentum after she announced that she would appoint Paul Kirchhof, a former judge at the German Constitutional Court and leading fiscal policy expert, as Minister of Finance.

Merkel and the CDU lost ground after Kirchhof proposed the introduction of a flat tax in Germany, again undermining the party's credibility on economic affairs and convincing many voters that the CDU's platform of deregulation was designed to benefit only the rich. This was compounded by Merkel proposing to increase VAT to reduce Germany's deficit and fill the gap in revenue from a flat tax. The SPD were able to increase their support simply by pledging not to introduce flat taxes or increase VAT. Although Merkel's standing recovered after she distanced herself from Kirchhof's proposals, she remained considerably less popular than Schröder, and the CDU's lead was down to 9% on the eve of the election. Merkel was also criticized for plagiarizing a passage from a speech used by President Ronald Reagan in a 1980 US presidential debate for her own television election duel with Gerhard Schröder, the Social Democratic chancellor.

On 18 September Merkel's CDU/CSU and Schröder's SPD went head-to-head in the national elections, with the CDU/CSU winning 35.3% (CDU 27.8%/CSU 7.5%) of the second votes to the SPD's 34.2%. Neither the SPD-Green coalition nor the CDU/CSU and its preferred coalition partners, the Free Democratic Party, held enough seats to form a majority in the Bundestag, and both Schröder and Merkel claimed victory. A Grand Coalition between the CDU/CSU and SPD faced the challenge that both parties demanded the chancellorship. However, after three weeks of negotiations, the two parties reached a deal whereby Merkel would become Chancellor and the SPD would hold 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet. The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on November 14. Merkel was elected Chancellor by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November but 51 members of the governing coalition voted against her.

Reports had indicated that the Grand Coalition would pursue a mix of policies, some of which differ from Merkel's political platform as leader of the opposition and candidate for Chancellor. The coalition's intent was to cut public spending whilst increasing VAT (from 16 to 19%), social insurance contributions and the top rate of income tax. Employment protection will no longer cover employees during their first two years in a job, pensions will be frozen and subsidies for first-time home buyers will be scrapped. On foreign policy, Germany would maintain its strong ties with France and eastern European states, particularly Russia, and support Turkey for one day joining the European Union.

Merkel had stated that the main aim of her government would be to reduce unemployment, and that it is this issue on which her government will be judged.

Chancellor of Germany

File:Angela Merkel SJ8.jpg

Merkel at the European Parliament in Strasbourg (17 January 2007).

Early state visits

Merkel's first foreign trip took place on the day she was sworn in as Chancellor, and went to Paris for a meeting with the then French president, Jacques Chirac. In his speech, Chirac emphasized the importance of the Franco-German Companionship for Europe. After the meeting with Chirac, she travelled to Brussels for talks with EU leaders and the Secretary-General of NATO, Jaap de Hoop Scheffer. She then traveled to London where she met with the then British Prime Minister, Tony Blair. On November 28 she received her first state guest: President Pohamba of Namibia, a former colony of Germany. In her first government address on 30 November, 2005 she announced her objective of improving the German Economy and reducing unemployment.

Merkel made her first visit to the Middle East as President-in-office of the European Council on 1 April 2007. She offered Europe's help to get Israel and the Palestinians back to the negotiating table, and tried to restart international efforts for renewed peace talks.

On September 25, 2007, Chancellor Angela Merkel met the Dalai Lama for "private and informal talks" in Berlin in the Chancellery amid protest from China. China afterwards cancelled separate talks with German officials, including talks with Justice Minister Brigitte Zypries.

Cabinet

See also Cabinet Merkel

The cabinet of Angela Merkel was sworn in at 16:00 CET, November 22, 2005.

• Angela Merkel (CDU) – Chancellor
• Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD) – Vice Chancellor and Minister of Foreign Affairs
• Wolfgang Schäuble (CDU) – Minister of the Interior
• Brigitte Zypries (SPD) – Minister of Justice
• Peer Steinbrück (SPD) – Minister of Finance
• Michael Glos (CSU) – Minister for Economics and Technology
• Olaf Scholz (SPD) – Minister for Labour and Social Affairs
• Horst Seehofer (CSU) – Minister for Consumer Protection, Food, and Agriculture
• Franz Josef Jung (CDU) – Minister of Defence
• Ursula von der Leyen (CDU) – Minister for Family, Senior Citizens, Women, and Youth
• Ulla Schmidt (SPD) – Minister for Health
• Wolfgang Tiefensee (SPD) – Minister for Transport, Building, Urban Development
• Sigmar Gabriel (SPD) – Minister for Environment, Nature Preservation and Nuclear Safety
• Annette Schavan (CDU) – Minister for Research and Education
• Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul (SPD) – Minister for Economic Co-operation and Development
• Thomas de Maizière (CDU) – Minister for Special Affairs and Director of the Chancellor's Office

On October 31, after the defeat of his favoured candidate for the position of Secretary General of the SPD, Franz Müntefering indicated that he would resign as Chairman of the party in November, which he did. Ostensibly responding to this, Edmund Stoiber (CSU), who was originally nominated for the Economics and Technology post, announced his withdrawal on November 1. While this was initially seen as a blow to Merkel's attempt at forming a viable coalition and cabinet, the manner in which Stoiber withdrew earned him much ridicule and severely undermined his position as a Merkel rival. Separate conferences of the CDU, CSU and SPD approved the proposed Cabinet on November 14.

Personal life

In 1977, Angela Kasner married physics student Ulrich Merkel. The marriage ended in divorce in 1982. Her second husband is quantum chemist and professor Joachim Sauer. He remains out of the spotlight. She has no children, but Sauer has two adult sons.

Merkel is also prominent at German national football team's matches, and is an honorary club member of Energie Cottbus.

Honours

In 2007 Angela Merkel was awarded the honorary doctorate of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She received the Karlspreis (Charlemagne Prize) for 2008 for distinguished services to European unity. In January 2008 she was awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz (Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany). She was also awarded the honorary doctorate from Leipzig University in June 2008.

Selected published works

• Der, R. (1980). "On the influence of spatial correlations on the rate of chemical reactions in dense gases. I. Quantum statistical theory". Chemical Physics. 53 (3): 427–435. doi:10.1016/0301-0104(80)85131-7. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Der, R. (1980). "On the influence of spatial correlations on the rate of chemical reactions in dense systems. II. Numerical results". Chemical Physics. 53 (3): 437–442. doi:10.1016/0301-0104(80)85132-9. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Boeger, I. (1982). "An Extended Kinetic Model and its Reduction by Sensitivity Analysis for the Methanol/Oxygen Gas-Phase Thermolysis". Acta Chim. Hung. 129 (6): 855–864. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Merkel, Angela (1982). "Berechnung von Hochdruck-Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für Zerfalls- und Rekombinationsreaktionen einfacher Kohlenwasserstoffmoleküle und -radikale (Calculation of High Pressure Velocity Constants for Reactions of Decay and Recombinations of simple Hydrocarbon Molecules and Radicals)". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. 263 (3): 449–460. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Merkel, Angela (1985). "Berechnung von Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für den C-H-Bindungsbruch im Methylradikal (Calculation of Velocity Constants for the Break of the Carbon-Hydrogen-Bond in the Methyl Radical)". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. 266 (2): 353–361. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Merkel, Angela (1987). "Nonempirical parameter estimate for the statistical adiabatic theory of unimolecular fragmentation carbon-hydrogen bond breaking in methyl". Molecular Physics. 60 (6): 1379–1393. doi:10.1080/00268978700100901. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Merkel, Angela (1988). "Evaluation of the rate constant for the S_N2 reaction fluoromethane + hydride: methane + fluoride in the gas phase". Journal of American Chemical Society. 110 (25): 8355–8359. doi:10.1021/ja00233a012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Mix, H. (1988). "Vibrational Properties of Surface Hydroxyls: Nonempirical Model Calculations Including Anharmonicities". Coll. Czechoslov. Chem. Commun. 53 (10): 2191–2202. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Schneider, F. (1989). "The lowest bound states of triplet (BH2)+". Chemical Physics Letters. 161 (6): 527–531. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(89)87033-2. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Merkel, Angela (1990). "Theoretical approach to reactions of polyatomic molecules". International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 36: 191–208. doi:10.1002/qua.560380214. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Merkel, Angela (1998). "The role of science in sustainable development". Science. 281 (5375): 336–337. doi:10.1126/science.281.5375.336.

External links

• Template:De icon The Office of the Chancellor
• Template:De icon Merkel's personal website
• website of Merkel's party
• Template:PND
• Angela Merkel Sworn in as German Chancellor - report from Deutsche Welle
• Günter Grass, The Guardian, 16 September 2005, "We must not be blackmailed by Merkel's neoliberal gang" German Nobel prize-winning author expresses his view against Merkel and in favour of Schröder
• Template:En icon "The career of CDU leader Angela Merkel", by Lena Sokoll, 8 July 2005
• Carnival in Germany : Photos of the Rose Monday Parade, 7 February 2005 [1] Political satire at Carnival Parades is a very old and proud German tradition. Here George W. Bush and Merkel are ridiculed because of their stance on the Iraq war; with "Wiedereröffnung" meaning "Reopening".
• Template:De icon CDUnion - a weblog for Merkel
• Template:De icon Stoppt Merkel - a weblog opposing Merkel's candidacy
• Ruth Elkins, The Independent, 19 June 2005, "Angela Merkel: Iron Mädchen"
• Clay Risen, Slate, July 5, 2005, "Deutschland's Iron Lady"
• Severin Weiland, Der Spiegel, 3 June 2005, "Angela Merkel The Underestimated"
• Template:De icon "Die Zuckerpuppe aus der Schwarzgeldtruppe", Merkel parody from the traditional deriding of politicians at the inauguration of the strong-beer season at the Nockherberg, 2000
• Ralf Neukirch, Der Spiegel, 11 October 2005, "Germany's New Chancellor: Merkel's Surprising Rise to the Top
• DW staff, Deutsche Welle, 11 October 2005, "Kohl's Girl" Makes Good
• Ralf Neukirch, Gabor Steingart and Stefan Aust, Der Spiegel, Interview with Chancellor-designate Angela Merkel, 17 October 2005, "I am immune to the Seduction of Power"
• Angela Merkel: A 'Continental European Politician in the Making' Knowledge@Wharton, March 9, 2006
• Merkel's meteoric rise to power 11 October 2005, Profile of Angela Merkel's career from www.expatica.com
• http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/01/10/germany.merkel.reut/index.html

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