Goguryeo language: Difference between revisions

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The Goguryeo language was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo (37 BC – AD 668),The language is also known as Koguryo, Koguryoic, and Koguryoan. It is unknown except for a small number of words, which mostly suggest that it was similar but not identical to the language of Silla, and influenced by the Tungusic languages. Supporters of the Altaic language family often classify the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family. Most Korean linguists believe that Goguryeo language was closest to the Altaic languages. Striking similarities between Baekje and Goguryeo can also be found, which is consistent with the legends that describe Baekje being founded by the sons of Goguryeo's founder. The Goguryeo names for government posts are mostly similar to those of Baekje and Silla. There are some hypotheses on the classification of the Goguryeo language which is disputed at the present time. [1] Some linguists propose the so-called "Buyeo languages" family that includes the languages of Buyeo, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Old Japanese. Chinese records suggest that the languages of Goguryeo, Buyeo, East Okjeo, and Gojoseon were similar, while the Goguryeo language differed significantly from that of Malgal (Mohe)^[1]^[2]^[3]

Some words of Goguryeo origin can be found in the old Korean language (early 10th to late 14th century) but most were soon replaced with ones of Silla origin.

Vocabulary comparison

The tables below provides a vocabulary comparison that illustrates a number of examples of sound shifts that have occurred between Goguryeo languages and the main Buyeo and Tungusic languages, along with a selection of minority languages.

English	Goguryeo pronun.	Turkic	Mongol	Old Japanese	Japanese	Baekje	Silla	Middle Korean	Korean	Tungusic	Jurchen	Manchu	Evenki
ruler	kʌi / kai(皆) kai-sɐ(皆次) ka(加)Buyeo languages	qaγan kagan	kaγan(可汗)	kami₁("ruler") ki₁mi₁("king, emperor, monarch")	kami kimi("you")	ka kisi nirim	kan han kɯm("Gojoseon languages")	kɯi nim-kɯm	nim-kɯm	***	***	han	***
royal family (大加)	kochu-ka (古鄒加)	***	***	kami₁-tuka>koduka kami₂dukasa>kandukasa ("Shinto priest")	kozuka	kənkir-ji("king")	kəsə-kan("king") kəsɯl-han("king")	***	kɯ,kə,kɯn("big")	***	***	***	***
owner(主)	i (伊)	***	***	i("you") usi("owner")	nuʃi	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
king(太王)	***	***	***	***	***	əra-kha ("king") əryuk("queen")	***	əlusin ("lord, master")	ərɯsin ("senior")	***	***	əlcin("ambassador, servant")	***
title of honor	~ ji / ki(支)	***	***	ti("father") di("grand father")	ʨiʨi ʥiʥi -ʥi	~ ji / ki(支)	~ ji / ki /di(支,智,至)	***	~ ji	***	***	***	***
excellent shooter (善射者)	jumong (朱蒙) Buyeo languages	***	jəmə("noted bow") Jobe-Mergen("hunting expert")	tomo(shooter's equipment) yumi/yu("bow")	tomoe(emblem of tomo) yumi/yu	***	***	***	~mani("expert")	***	***	jolin-manga , julil-muəl(卓琳莽阿)	***
gold	so (蘇) so-miuən/so-mun (蘇文)	***	***	saɸi₁("cutlery,silver color")	sai sabi("rust")	so )	so("gold")	***	sö("metal") söh	***	***	sele("iron") šun("sun")	sigūn("sun")
silver	tʃiεt (折) tʃiεu-ʃιi/so-l (召尸)	***	***	ʦuʣu("Tin, tinworks")	suzu	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
lead	nəi-miuət namer^[4] (乃勿)	***	***	namari("lead")^[5]	namari	***	***	namɔr	nap/납	***	***	***	***
recover territory (復舊土)	ta mul (多勿)	***	***	tamu("to return, to come around, to turn around") tamuk("to resist, to retaliate")	temuka	***	***	***	taɕi ("again") tø- ("re-") muli(tsi)- ("repel") mol-("expel")	***	***	tabu-(to divide,to tear)	***
north(back)	je (提) jwat (絶) ʣo-li (助利) 椽那部,提那部,絶奴部,後部	arka("back")	hoina (Daur huainə) utara umara	tʃe>se("back")	se("back,height")	***	***	tuih	tui ("back, behind")	xama	***	juleri("front, south") amargi amasi("back")	***
south(front)	kuan^[6] (灌) (灌奴部)	kuzey,Ön(front)	***	kasira("head,top")^[7] kaɸo("face")^[8] kan-("pre-")	kashira kao("look, face") kana-(叶:to serve,to get one's wish)	***	arihi	***	kət("surface, look") arp(front)	***	***	julergi	***
east(left)	źwən/sun (順) (順奴部)	doğu,sol(left)	źeü , źegün	a-dʒuma/a-duma("east")	azuma	***	***	***	wen("left") sae("east")	źun	***	dergi	jun jəgin("left")
west(right)	yən (涓) (涓奴部)	batı	ürüne , barun	yom- (the mythological placename of world beyond) ini-si("west")	yomi("Hades") niʃi	***	***	***	orɯn("right") parɯn("right")	xangid	***	wargi	anŋū(right)
stone	***	taš	cilaɣu(n) (Classical) culuu (Khalkha) šuluu(n) (Buryat)	isi	iʃi	turak	***	tōlh	tōl tok(dialect)	***	***	tahan("steppingstones")	***
rock, cliff (巌,峴,岑)	pa-・ιəi/pua-・ιəi pàI/pa'i^[9] (巴衣,波衣) pua-ɣei/paxe (波兮)	***	***	[[wiktionary:岩#Noun\|iɸa]] / [[wiktionary:巌#Noun\|iɸaɸo]] ^[10] mama("cliff")	iwao ("great rock, bedrock")	***	***	pahoy	pawi	pax（石・崖） (Nivkh)	***	wehe	***
land (壌,壤)	no 内/奴～弩/悩 nori 奴閭	***	ńurū	nu/no("land") na	no	no buri	nu¨～nu¨ri/nε bəl	***	bəl nuri("world")	na ("land"）	na	na（土地）,noro(-n)	***
nation	(nua) > na ^[11] no 內,那,奴,惱	ili	ulus(<hulu-s< bulu-s)	nu/na("land, nation")^[12] na^[13]	na	***	***	narah	nara	guru-n(< * buru-n)	guru-n(< * buru-n)	gurun	***
walled city, fort, castle	kol^[14] / hol (忽) kuru / kolo (溝婁,屈, 骨)	qol-γan	küri-yen 'fence, hedge, device',/qol-γan	koɸori("brough, country") ki₂("city")^[15]	kōri -ki	***	***	kolh	koɯl gol	kur ~kur ~kuran	***	kuran~ kuren (城, 柵:"castle, citadl") golo（省:province)	***
capital's names	cholbon(卒本) solbon(率本) puru-na(不耐,平壤)	cholpon("Venus")	čolbaŋ("Venus")	***	***	soburi	sərabəl səbəl	shəbɯl	seoul saet-piəl("Venus")	***	***	***	***
middle (中)	nai(耐)^[16] kabəl 加火	***	***	na^[17] /naka("middle, inside") kapi>kaɸi(卵"content,egg,result,worth") kapa>kaɸa("outside")	naka kai kawa("side")	***	***	kaβɔn 가ㅸㄴ	kaun(-de) -gaus/-aus("half")	***	***	***	***
so big, best	māk/mo (莫) ma (馬) makhara (莫何邏)	***	***	ma-(prefix to mean "real/great/true/perfect")	ma-	***	***	***	mal-말 mat 맏("first;eldest;oldest")	maŋga ("strong")	***	maŋga ("difficult; tough, strong; somewhat more, somewhat better")	maŋa ("strong")
tribal elder (太大兄)	makha-ha-raji (莫何何羅支/太大兄) ~ji/ki("title of honor") 兄 laji / haraji("patriarch")	***	***	ma- kakaɸu-(to undertake,to be under orders) -dati("patriarch") -kara("birth, parentage") ti("father") di("old guy,grandfather")	ma- kakaer-(hold) -dati("appearange") -kara("reason") ʨiʨi ʥiʥi -ʥi	***	kak-kan kan-ki/kanji ~ji("title of honor")	***	hara("grand") ~ji("title of honor") har-abə-ji("grand father") ~achi("legation staff's title")	***	***	mahala("hat, cap") makta-ra- ("to prise")	***
leader ,chief	makli-ji/mori-ji (莫離支) ~ji("title of honor")	baš(head)	***	ma- kur-i("to command, to manage") dʒi("old guy,grandfather")	ma- kuri- ʥi	***	Marip-gan("king") Mae-kɯm("king")	maruha mari("head")	məri("head")	***	***	***	***
summit(峰)	süni (首泥)	***	***	sone₁("low and long peaks")^[18]	***	***	***	sunɯrk	tɕəŋsuri ("top of the head")	***	***	šun("sun") sukdun("air")	***
mountain (山)	γap-ma^[19] (盒馬) tat / tar (達) ma (馬)	taγ（"mountain"）	aɣula(n) (Classical Mongolian) ūl (Khalkh) ūla (Buryat) aulə (Daur)	take₂("peaks")^[20] yama("mountain")^[21] mure("mountain") tara	take yama	***	督 tɔrɔ(山), tara(多禮,多羅) ("land")	moyh(山)	me tang,tal("land") tuk("hill") orɯm (Jeju dialect)	***	***	alin tala("field") mulu("ridge of mountain")	***
tree, wood	kil^[22] kιənul, naro? (斤乙)	i¨("forest")/i¨γac("tree")	***	ki₂/ ke₂ ~ ko₂("tree")^[23] ko₂nara(a kind of beech)	ki konara	***	***	斤:nal(訓)/kɯn	kɯru ("stump; unit for counting trees") namu 나무 ("tree; wood")	***	***	***	***
willow tree	yoɯɪn^[24] (要隠)	***	***	yana-ki₂("willow tree")^[25]	yana-gi	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
bamboo	na^[26] (奈)	***	***	no₂(bamboo arrow)^[27] si-no("running bamboo,bamboo grass")	no ʃino	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
pine tree(松)	busi^[28]/pιu-sie (夫斯) pιu-so (扶蘇)	***	***	matu("pine tree")^[29] pusi("fire wood")^[30]	maʦu ɸuʃi	bu(扶,負) so(蘇)	***	sol（松）/pos（樺）	sol,sonamu	***	***	bahiya("pine cone")	***
peach	pasi (波尸)	***	***	***	***	***	***	poksiəŋ (桃)	poksuŋ-a, poksa (桃)	***	***	***	***
garlic	mier^[31] (買尸)	***	maŋgirsun(野蒜)	mi₁ra("garlic")^[32]	nira ("garlic chives")	***	***	manʌl (蒜)	manɯl	***	***	maca ("garlic chives")	***
grain	nabar^[33] /niəŋ-biuʌt 仍伐	***	***	nape₂>naɸe₂("seedling")^[34] ina-ɸo（"ear of rice"） mi₂（"fruit, seed, grain"） mame("grain")	nae inaho mame("bean")	***	***	***	nuy（"grains of unhulled rice amongst hulled rice"） narak（"rice plant; unhulled rice; grain of rice")	***	***	***	***
root	tsʌm^[35] (斬)	***	***	tukene("root,knot,joint")	ʦukene	***	pul?(根)	pulhuy(根)	ppuri	tʃamγ（根株） (Nivkh)	***	da	***
plow (犁)	ka-ʃιi^[36] (加尸)	kerci-（"to cut, to dig trenches"）	***	kari("plow")^[37] kuɸa("hoe")	kari kuwa	***	***	karai（木[杴]・鍬, kal-（plow) kal（刀）	***	gerbe-("break, snap") (Nanai)	***	halhan（"hoe"）/halhan～halgan(犂[鏵]:"plow")	gerbe-("break, snap")
ax	・ιo-sie, nərə-si (於斯)	***	***	wono₂("ax")	ono	***	***	*odzgɔy (烏子蓋) ("ax") nɔlh ("blade")	nal ("blade") nas ("sickle; scythe") tōkki ("ax")	***	***	anjikū ("hatchet")	***
water (水)	mi^[38] (米) mie (買) moro (模盧)	***	mören(江, 海) müren (沐漣) /moron (木連) (Khitanese)	mi₁/mi₁du/mi₁n-("water")^[39]	miʣu	mi(彌)	***	mɨl	mul	mu	mu 沒	muke	mū("water")
spring water (泉(井))	əɯl (於乙):井 iri^[40] (伊梨):泉	bul-a-q/bul-a-γ("fountain, spring")	ɯs (水"water")	wi ("well; reservoir, irrigation pond")	i	***	ɯl(乙)	umɯl ("well")	umul ("well")	eri～erri（"small river" 川） (Nivkh)	***	üla ("large river" 江)	***
dike (堤)	tu^[41] (吐)	töpü	***	take₂("higher hill") tutu-mi("dike")^[42] tu-(to stack,to pile,to gather)	take ʦuʦumi ʦu-	***	***	***	əntək tuk(堤)	***	***	do-("to stop")	***
pond	nemi^[43] / naymi (内米)	***	namug ("marsh, swamp")	nami₁ ("wave")^[44]	nami	mi(r)ji (蜜地,彌知)	***	***	? nɛnmul ("stream") mos ("pond") nɯpʰ 늪 ("swamp")	namu, lamu ("sea, ocean; lake" 海)	***	mūsa ("swamp")	***
river	kur (屈) na (那)	köl("lake")	***	kaɸa("river")	kawa	nari(那利) 久麻那利	***	kɔrɔm nāyh	karam nɛː	***	***	ula	***
sea	patan^[45]/padal/padan (波旦) pa-sia (波且)	***	***	wata("sea")^[46]	wada-ʦu-mi("gods of Sea")	***	波珍 padɔl	padah～parʌl	pada	***	namu	namu	***
cow	ʃιəu/*sü (首)^[47]	***	***	usi("cow")^[48]	uʃi	***	***	ʃyo/쇼	so	***	***	eje("castrated cow")	***
pig (猪)	u^[49] 烏 o-sie (烏斯) o-s^i¨ʌŋ (烏生)	*doŋuz > domuz	***	usi ("ox; cattle") wi ("pig,boar")^[50]	i("boar")	*tɕo-nʲi (猪耳)	***	totʰ 돝	twɛːji, toyaji(dialect), tochi(dialect)	***	***	ulgiyan("pig") ulha("domestic animal")	***
water deer	kosya^[51] (古斯也)	***	***	kuzika("deer")	kuzika	***	***	***	korani("Manchurian elk") kōrɛŋi, korɛi (Gyeongsang dialect)	***	***	kandahan ("a kind of deer")	***
horse	miel^[52] (滅)	***	mori～muri	uma～muma("horse")^[53]	uma	***	***	ｍʌl/(馬)	mal	mori (Nanai)	***	morin	***
swan (鵠)	ko-ʏιəi^[54] (古衣)	qoγu	***	kubi₁>kukuɸi₁("swan")^[55]	kukui/kugui("swan")	***	***	kohay kon	koni	***	***	gaha("bird, raven") gasha("big bird")	***
bear	komok^[56] (功木)	***	***	kuma("bear")^[57]	kuma	koma	***	kom	kōm	***	***	***	***
owl (鵂鶹)	ʦu^[58] (租)	***	***	tuku("owl")^[59] ʦu("nest")	ʦuku^[60]/mimi-dzuku su	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
rabbit	u-si-ɣam^[61]/o-sie-həm (烏斯含)	tawïsγan	***	wosagi₁/usagi₁("rabbit")^[62]	usagi^[63]	***	***	thos-gi	tho-ggi	***	***	***	***
weasel (狌)	yia-ʃιi^[64] (也尸)	***	***	itatʃi(weasel)^[65]	itaʨi(weasel)	***	***	yezï ~ yezɣ- ("fox")	yəu ("fox") yəsi(dialect)	***	***	***	***
horn	tsιi-nyiak^[66] (次若)	***	***	tuno("horn")^[67]	ʦuno	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
wing	əji, nərəgi (於支)	*älig > el ("hand")	***	tadamgi(arm) atʃi(foot,walk,rain,money)	aʃi	***	***	***	narɛ, nalgɛ	***	***	asχa	***
foot (足)	γuəi^[68] tor (廻)	***	***	kuw-("to kick")^[69] ko-yu("to get over")^[70]	ker- koe-	***	***	***	tari	***	***	***	***
mouth	huət-ts‘ii/kuërtsi^[71] kútsi/kutui kolci (忽次) ko-ts‘ii (古次) kuan/kuen (串)	***	훌츠qurc(Khalka)("skewer, spit" 串)	kutu～kuti/kuti < *kutui("mouth")^[72]	kuʨi	***	***	koc ("skewer, spit; promontory" 串)	kulrε (Jeju dialect) kul (South Jeolla dialect)	***	***	***	***
hair	təl(毛乙)>tiəl(鐵)	***	***	tar-u("trail, hang out")	tare-ru	***	***	***	毛:təl	***	***	tulə(ad:"to outside")	***
tooth	kʌi-ʃιi^[73] (皆尸)	***	***	ki₁ ("fang; tusk")^[74]	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
heart chest	kor^[75]/kιo-sιi (居尸)	göğüs	kökün	ko₂ko₂ro₂("heart")^[76] koro("oneself")	kokoro	***	***	***	kogäŋi ("core") / kasʰɯm ("chest, heart")	***	***	huhun (乳,乳房:"breast, bosom")	***
transverse (横)	・ιo-sie/*es (於斯)	***	***	yo₂ko₂("transverse") yo₂k-("to traverse")	yoko yoker-	***	***	əs/엇	***	***	***	***	***
valley	tan^[77]/tuən/t‘ən (旦,頓,呑)	***	***	tani("valley")^[78]	tani	***	***	tʌn～tuʌn（"valley") təŋgɛ（"valley")	***	***	***	***	***
side edge	ka-(・a) (加阿)	kera	***	kado₁("side edge,jag") kari("edge")	kado kari	***	***	kʌs	kā	***	***	kaja-("to cut") huwesi-("cutter, small blade")	***
ball (丸)	anʃi (安市) anʒip (安十)	***	ənduhə (Daur)	***	***	***	***	***	al	(x)elū-	***	umhan muheren	elū
layer (重)	biar/bιεt^[79] (別)	***	***	pe₁>ɸe₁("layer")^[80]	he("layer")	***	***	pʌl	***	***	***	fe("ex-, past, former")	***
neighbor (隣)	ιi-bιuʌt^[81] (伊伐)	***	***	ipa>ipe₁>iɸe₁("residences")^[82]	ie	***	***	ibɯt (隣)	iut (隣)	***	***	imiya-("to gather togather")	***
frost	sat (薩) sat-ɣan/sal-han (薩寒)	***	***	simo("frost") sayi/seye zayi/zaye ("icicle, ice")	simo sae	***	***	səri	***	***	***	juhe	***
lush (菁)	ka-tʃιe (加支)	***	***	kati/katin("lush, dark blue")	kaʨi	***	***	***	kəch-(蕪) kis- ("lush, overgrown with weeds, overrun with plants")	***	***	***	***
group, tribe	ul (于尸)	uruk ("clan")	ulus ("people, nation, tribe, horde")	uti("family, inside, home") udi ("tribe,clan,social status of one's family, lineage, birth, surname")	uʨi uʒi	***	***	ul（"relations; relatives; kinsfolk; clan"） uri ("we, us; the Korean people, Koreans")	***	***	***	urse ("people") uce("entrance")	***
mother	ya chi (也次)	Ana	***	ya("home") ti("bosom") [[Voiceless bilabial fricative\|ɸ]]aɸa("mother")/oya("parent")	haha, oya	***	***	어ㅿㅣ əzi	어미əmi 아매,에마 ame,ema(north dialect)	***	eniyen	a ja	***
baby	gu(仇)^[83] gιəu-sie / kus / kyus (仇斯)	koto("son"匈奴語) kız ("girl; daughter") O'gul	***	ko₁("baby")^[84]	kodomo("baby, child")	***	***	***	koma(童) koma-(小-)	***	omo	jui("kid")	kuŋa ("child")
writing literature (文)	kιən-ʃιi/kɯl (斤尸)	***	***	kak-("to write") kuk-/*kuru-("to form,to bind") ko₂to₂（"word, speech, language"）	kak- kukur-/kurum- koto	***	***	kɯl	kɯl	***	herse	hergen	***
jade	kusi^[85] ko-ʃie (古斯)	***	gas	kusiro₂（"bracelet")^[86]	kuʃiro	***	***	kusɯl ("jewel")	***	***	γun	gu	***
cool wind, clear wind	ʃa-nιet-ιi^[87] (沙熱伊)	***	***	same-("to cool") -ti("wind")	same- -ʨi	***	***	sanʌl("cool") -i("-wind")	sənɯl("cool")	***	***	***	***
hole (孔)	dzei-ts‘ii/tsei-ts‘ii^[88] (斉次/濟次)	***	***	tʃuk-("be off one's guard, to show through") tʃuki("chink, gap, vulnerable point")	suki	***	***	***	t’ul-(透), tɯm（隙)	***	***	***	***
hole (穴)	kap (甲) kap-pii^[89] (甲比)	qapca（"gorge, ravine"）, qapi¨γ（"Gate"）	***	kapi₁>kaɸi₁（"hole, gorge, narrow valley")^[90]	kubomi ("hole")	***	***	***	kul (穴)	***	***	***	***
three	mir/mil^[91] (密) siet (悉) s^ïei (史)	bis(5)	gurav	mi₁("3")^[92]	mi	***	mil	sei/səih	셋 sʰet̚	***	ilan	ilan	***
five	uc^[93]/ütsi/uci/üc/uca/uchha (于次,弓次)	üç(3)	tabun	itu("5")^[94]	iʦu	***	***	tasul (打戌)	tasət 닷 tah	dügün	sunja	sunja	***
seven	nan-・ιən nanin^[95] (難隠) nanən/nanun	Yeti	***	nana("7")^[96]	nana	***	***	(n)ìlgɯp(一急)	(n)ìlgúp	nadan	nadan	nadan	***
ten	tək/duk^[97] (德)	on toquz(9)	arav	to₂/to₂wo("10")^[98]	tō	***	***	***	yəl(10) on(100) chɯmun(1000)	juwa	juwan	juwan	ʒuwan
hard	ma (馬)	***	***	ma- ("truly, really")	ma-	***	***	modir-	mōjir- ("harsh; severe; cruel")	***	manga("hard")	maŋga("hard")	maŋa
high	dat/§ap/tar^[99] (達)	***	***	taka-/daka-（"high"）^[100]	taka-/daka	***	***	***	tarak- ("high") tarak ("loft")	***	***	den ("high") dekde- ("to rise")	***
rough	kuət-・ιəi^[101] (骨衣)	***	***	kata-("tough,firm")^[102]	katai("tough,stiff")	***	ka¨cʰɔ¨l	kəcʰɯl- (荒)	***	***	***	kata-("to become hard, to become rough")	***
round (圓)	toŋ-pιuəi^[103] (冬非)	***	***	tubura("round")^[104]	tsubura	***	***	tuŋgɯl-（圓）	tuŋgɯl-（圓}	***	***	torho-("to roll,to circle")	***
new	ʃιəu/*su^[105] (首)	***	***	zu("new, present, developing,a gleam") su-("fresh") sa-("young")^[106]	su-	***	say	say (새)	sɛ	***	iche	ice	***
deep	bιuk-sie (伏斯) puk^[107] (伏)	***	***	puka-si>ɸuka-si("deep")^[108]	ɸuka-i	***	***	kiph u˙n	kiph- puk ("deeply, completely, fully")	***	***	***	***
flat, level,shallow^[109]	biri^[110] (比里) pii-lιεt (比烈)	biri	***	pi₁ra->ɸi₁ra-("flat,level") pisi^[111]	hirata- hiʃi	***	***	***	pʌl	***	***	ba("field, district") pile-("to confirm, to criticize") tehere-("to flat, to be equal")	***
wide (廣)	nərə-si, ə-si (於斯)	***	osy/esy 阿斯(寬大:gererous, tolerant) nalai	naras-u("roll,to level off") os-u("transcend, surpass") e-si("right,wide,noble,enough")	naras-u("to level off") os-u("to transcend, to press, to push")	***	***	어위 (< *어쉬)	nəlb 넓- (廣) nəgɯrə (寬) ədzi (仁, 寬)	***	očo 我撮(寬)	ončo(廣:wast)	***
bent (曲)	kubəl (屈火)	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	kub- (曲-), kubɯl (曲)	***	***	***
black	kəmər/kəmhək^[112](今勿)	Qara	***	kuro₁("black")^[113]	kuro	***	***	kəm-/검-	검 kʌm	***	***	kara	***
white	ʃιi-lap^[114] (尸臘) nə γei (奈兮)	Aq	***	sira("white")^[115] siram- ("to become white")	ʃiro ʃiram-	***	***	ʃje-("to become white") hʌy-(白)	hʌy- hin hayan	***	***	šara-("to become white") šeyen("white") šanggiyan("white")	***
red	s^a-bιuk/sa(i)puk^[116] (沙伏) s^a-pιuəi-kιən/sa(i)pikon 沙非斤 sapi	Qyzyl	*hulaɣan > ulaan	so₂po>so₂ɸo("red")^[117]	soho	supi(赤鳥)	sapi(泗沘)	sitpɯk(赤)	붉은pulgɯn 시뻘건sippəlgən("deep red")	***	***	fulgiyan	***
yellow	kuət^[118] (骨) kweyru	***	***	ki₂-~ kú-("yellow")^[119]	ki(iro)	***	***	***	***	***	***	suwayan	***
blue (靑)	sal sat (薩)	***	***	so₁ra("sky") sumi₁re("violet")	sora-iro sumire-iro	***	siauliəg (昔里)	***	***	***	***	***
green (綠)	bιuʌt-lιək (伐力) puruk	***	***	mido("green") pa>ɸa("leaf") tura/tuta("vine")	midori ha ʦuru/ʦuta	***	***	phɯrɯn ("green, blue")	phurɯn ("green, blue") pharan ("blue")	***	***	***	***
to meet	pʌk/*pak (伯)	bak-（"to see, to look; to find"）	***	pak->ɸak->*wakar-(分:"to separate") mak-("to obtain,to prepare,to make")	wakar-(判,解:"to judge, to understand") mōker-	***	***	poizʌp- ("to humbly show oneself, to meet (an honored person)")	po-（"to see, to look"）/ poyp-（"to have an audience with, to meet (an honored person)"）	***	baka- ("to look for, to seek, to search")	baha-（"to get, to obtain"）	baka-（"to find"）
to swing	pu (釜)	***	***	pur->ɸur-("to swing,to shake")	ɸu-	***	***	***	pudɯl-("tremble, shake")	***	***	***	***
to enter	・ιi/*i ^[120] (伊)	***	ire- (to come)	ir-（"to enter"）^[121]	ir-	***	***	ip（口）/ip（門戸）	ir-(to arrive; to come) ip	i-（入）	***	ibe-("to get foward")	***
to get (取)	toŋ (冬)	***	***	tor-("to take, to get")	to-	***	***	***	tɯl-("to take, to hold")	***	***	***	***

Notes

^ 後漢書東夷列傳第七十五挹婁
^ 魏書捲一百列傳第八十八勿吉
^ 北史捲九十四列傳第八十二勿吉
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien
^ Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien
^ Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在
^ 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

External links

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Template:En icon Ancient Koguryo, Old Koguryo and the Relationship of Japanese to Korean (Abstract)

[1] 後漢書東夷列傳第七十五挹婁

[2] 魏書捲一百列傳第八十八勿吉

[3] 北史捲九十四列傳第八十二勿吉

[4] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[5] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[6] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[7] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[8] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[9] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[10] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[11] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[12] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[13] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[14] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[15] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[16] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[17] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[18] Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien

[19] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[20] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[21] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[22] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[23] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[24] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[25] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[26] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[27] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[28] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[29] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[30] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[31] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[32] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[33] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[34] Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien

[35] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[36] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[37] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[38] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[39] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[40] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[41] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[42] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[43] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[44] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[45] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[46] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[47] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[48] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[49] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[50] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[51] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[52] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[53] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[54] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[55] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[56] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[57] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[58] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[59] Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien

[60] Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien

[61] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[62] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[63] Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien

[64] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[65] Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien

[66] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[67] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[68] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[69] Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien

[70] Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien

[71] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[72] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[73] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[74] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[75] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[76] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[77] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[78] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[79] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[80] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[81] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[82] Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien

[83] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[84] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[85] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[86] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[87] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[88] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[89] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[90] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[91] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[92] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[93] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[94] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[95] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[96] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[97] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[98] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[99] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[100] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[101] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[102] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[103] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[104] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[105] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[106] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[107] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[108] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[109] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[110] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[111] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[112] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[113] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[114] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[115] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[116] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[117] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[118] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[119] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[120] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

[121] 板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在

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@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 |silver|| tʃiεt<br>(折)<br>tʃiεu-ʃιi/so-l<br>(召尸) || *** || *** || ʦuʣu("Tin, tinworks") || suzu || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|lead || nəi-miuət<br>namer <br> (乃勿) || *** || *** || namari("lead")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || namari || *** ||*** || nam{{IPA|ɔ}}r || nap/납 || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|lead || nəi-miuət<br>namer<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> (乃勿) || *** || *** || namari("lead")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || namari || *** ||*** || nam{{IPA|ɔ}}r || nap/납 || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
 |recover territory <br> (復舊土) || ta mul<br>(多勿) || *** || *** || tamu("to return, to come around, to turn around")<br>tamuk("to resist, to retaliate") || temuka || *** || *** || *** || taɕi ("again")<br/> tø- ("re-")<br>muli(tsi)- ("repel")<br>mol-("expel")|| *** || *** || tabu-(to divide,to tear) || ***
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 |north(back) || je<br>(提)<br> jwat<br>(絶) <br>ʣo-li<br>(助利)<br>椽那部,提那部,絶奴部,後部  || arka("back") || hoina ([[Daur language|Daur]] huain{{IPA|ə}})<br>utara<br>umara || tʃe>se("back") || se("back,height") || *** || *** || tuih || tui <br> ("back, behind") || xama || *** || juleri("front, south")<br>amargi<br>amasi("back") || ***
 |-
-|south(front) || kuan<br>(灌)<br>(灌奴部)||kuzey,Ön(front)|| *** || kasira("head,top")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>kaɸo("face")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>kan-("pre-") || kashira<br>kao("look, face")<br>kana-(叶:to serve,to get one's wish) || *** ||arihi|| *** || kət("surface, look")<br>arp(front)|| *** || *** ||julergi|| ***
+|south(front) || kuan<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(灌)<br>(灌奴部)||kuzey,Ön(front)|| *** || kasira("head,top")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>kaɸo("face")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>kan-("pre-") || kashira<br>kao("look, face")<br>kana-(叶:to serve,to get one's wish) || *** ||arihi|| *** || kət("surface, look")<br>arp(front)|| *** || *** ||julergi|| ***
 |-
 |east(left) || źwən/sun<br>(順) <br> (順奴部)  || doğu,sol(left)|| źeü ,<br> źegün || a-dʒuma/a-duma("east") || azuma || *** || *** || *** || wen("left")<br> sae("east") || źun || *** || dergi || jun<br>jəgin("left")
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 |stone || *** || taš || cila{{IPA|ɣ}}u(n) (Classical) <br /> culuu ([[Khalkha]]) <br /> šuluu(n) ([[Buryat language|Buryat]]) || isi || iʃi || turak || *** || tōlh || tōl <br> tok(dialect) || *** || *** || tahan("steppingstones") || ***
 |-
-|rock, cliff (巌,峴,岑) || pa-・ιəi/pua-・ιəi<br>pàI/pa'i<br>(巴衣,波衣) <ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br><br>pua-ɣei/paxe<br> (波兮) || *** || *** ||[[wiktionary:岩#Noun|i{{IPA|ɸ}}a]] / [[wiktionary:巌#Noun|i{{IPA|ɸ}}a{{IPA|ɸ}}o]] <ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>mama("cliff")|| iwao ("great rock, bedrock") || *** ||*** || pahoy|| pawi|| pax（石・崖） <br> (Nivkh) || *** || wehe || ***
+|rock, cliff (巌,峴,岑) || pa-・ιəi/pua-・ιəi<br>pàI/pa'i<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(巴衣,波衣)<br>pua-ɣei/paxe<br> (波兮) || *** || *** ||[[wiktionary:岩#Noun|i{{IPA|ɸ}}a]] / [[wiktionary:巌#Noun|i{{IPA|ɸ}}a{{IPA|ɸ}}o]] <ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>mama("cliff")|| iwao ("great rock, bedrock") || *** ||*** || pahoy|| pawi|| pax（石・崖） <br> (Nivkh) || *** || wehe || ***
 |-
 |land (壌,壤) || no <br> 内/奴～弩/悩<br>nori<br>奴閭 || *** || ńurū  || nu/no("land")<br>na || no || no <br> buri ||nu¨～nu¨ri/nε <br> bəl|| *** || bəl <br><br> nuri("world")   || na ("land"） || na || na（土地）,noro(-n) || ***
 |-
-|nation || (nua) > na <br> no <br> 內,那,奴,惱 <ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || ili  ||  ulus(<*hulu-s<* bulu-s) || nu/na("land, nation")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>na<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || na || *** || *** ||narah|| nara   || guru-n(< * buru-n) || guru-n(< * buru-n) || gurun || ***
+|nation || (nua) > na <ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> no <br> 內,那,奴,惱  || ili  ||  ulus(<*hulu-s<* bulu-s) || nu/na("land, nation")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>na<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || na || *** || *** ||narah|| nara   || guru-n(< * buru-n) || guru-n(< * buru-n) || gurun || ***
 |-
-|walled city, fort, castle || kol / hol <br> (忽)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br> kuru / kolo <br>(溝婁,屈, 骨) || qol-γan || küri-yen 'fence, hedge, device',/qol-γan || ko{{IPA|ɸ}}ori("brough, country")<br> ki<sub>2</sub>("city")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || kōri<br>-ki || *** || ***|| kolh || ko{{IPA|ɯ}}l <br> gol || kur ~kur ~kuran || *** || kuran~ kuren (城, 柵:"castle, citadl") <br>golo（省:province) || ***
+|walled city, fort, castle || kol<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> / hol <br> (忽)<br> kuru / kolo <br>(溝婁,屈, 骨) || qol-γan || küri-yen 'fence, hedge, device',/qol-γan || ko{{IPA|ɸ}}ori("brough, country")<br> ki<sub>2</sub>("city")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || kōri<br>-ki || *** || ***|| kolh || ko{{IPA|ɯ}}l <br> gol || kur ~kur ~kuran || *** || kuran~ kuren (城, 柵:"castle, citadl") <br>golo（省:province) || ***
 |-
 |capital's names || cholbon(卒本)<br> solbon(率本)<br>puru-na(不耐,平壤)|| cholpon("Venus") || čolbaŋ("Venus")|| *** || *** || soburi || sərabəl <br> səbəl ||shəbɯl|| seoul <br> saet-piəl("Venus") || *** || ***|| *** || ***
 |-
-|middle (中) || na,nai(内,耐)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>kab{{IPA|ə}}l <br>加火 || *** || *** || na<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  /naka("middle, inside")<br>kapi>kaɸi(卵"content,egg,result,worth")<br>kapa>kaɸa("outside") || naka<br>kai<br>kawa("side")|| *** ||*** || ka[[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]]{{IPA|ɔ}}n<br>가ㅸㄴ || kaun(-de)<br /> -gaus/-aus("half") || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|middle (中) || nai(耐)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>kab{{IPA|ə}}l <br>加火 || *** || *** || na<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  /naka("middle, inside")<br>kapi>kaɸi(卵"content,egg,result,worth")<br>kapa>kaɸa("outside") || naka<br>kai<br>kawa("side")|| *** ||*** || ka[[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]]{{IPA|ɔ}}n<br>가ㅸㄴ || kaun(-de)<br /> -gaus/-aus("half") || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
 |so big, best|| māk/mo <br>(莫)<br> ma<br>(馬)<br>makhara<br>(莫何邏)|| *** || *** || ma-(prefix to mean "real/great/true/perfect") || ma- || *** ||*** ||*** || mal-말 <br> mat 맏("first;eldest;oldest")   || maŋga ("strong") || *** || maŋga ("difficult; tough, strong; somewhat more, somewhat better") || maŋa ("strong")
@@ Line 79: / Line 79: @@
 |summit(峰) || süni <br>(首泥) || *** || *** || sone<sub>1</sub>("low and long peaks")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref>|| *** || *** ||*** || sunɯrk || {{IPA|tɕəŋ}}suri ("top of the head") || *** || *** || šun("sun")<br>sukdun("air") || ***
 |-
-|mountain (山) || γap-ma<br>(盒馬:big mountain)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>tat / tar <br> (達)<br> ma<br>(馬) || taγ（"mountain"） || a{{IPA|ɣ}}ula(n) (Classical Mongolian)<br /> ūl ([[Khalkh]])<br /> ūla ([[Buryat language|Buryat]])<br /> aul{{IPA|ə}} ([[Daur language|Daur]]) || take<sub>2</sub>("peaks")<br>yama("mountain")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>mure("mountain")<br>tara|| take<br>yama || *** || 督 t{{IPA|ɔ}}r{{IPA|ɔ}}(山),<br>tara(多禮,多羅)<br>("land") || moyh(山)|| me <br> tang,tal("land")<br> tuk("hill")<br>orɯm (Jeju dialect)|| *** || *** || alin<br>tala("field")<br>mulu("ridge of mountain") || ***
+|mountain (山) || γap-ma<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(盒馬)<br>tat / tar <br> (達)<br> ma<br>(馬) || taγ（"mountain"） || a{{IPA|ɣ}}ula(n) (Classical Mongolian)<br /> ūl ([[Khalkh]])<br /> ūla ([[Buryat language|Buryat]])<br /> aul{{IPA|ə}} ([[Daur language|Daur]]) || take<sub>2</sub>("peaks")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>yama("mountain")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>mure("mountain")<br>tara|| take<br>yama || *** || 督 t{{IPA|ɔ}}r{{IPA|ɔ}}(山),<br>tara(多禮,多羅)<br>("land") || moyh(山)|| me <br> tang,tal("land")<br> tuk("hill")<br>orɯm (Jeju dialect)|| *** || *** || alin<br>tala("field")<br>mulu("ridge of mountain") || ***
 |-
-|tree, wood || kil(斤乙)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> ,k{{IPA|ιə}}nul, naro? <br>(斤乙) || i¨("forest")/i¨γac("tree") || *** || ki<sub>2</sub>/ ke<sub>2</sub> ~ ko<sub>2</sub>("tree")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>ko<sub>2</sub>nara(a kind of beech)　|| ki<br>konara || *** ||*** || 斤:nal(訓)/kɯn || kɯru ("stump; unit for counting trees")<br>namu 나무 ("tree; wood") || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|tree, wood || kil<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>k{{IPA|ιə}}nul, naro? <br>(斤乙) || i¨("forest")/i¨γac("tree") || *** || ki<sub>2</sub>/ ke<sub>2</sub> ~ ko<sub>2</sub>("tree")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>ko<sub>2</sub>nara(a kind of beech)　|| ki<br>konara || *** ||*** || 斤:nal(訓)/kɯn || kɯru ("stump; unit for counting trees")<br>namu 나무 ("tree; wood") || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|willow tree|| yoɯɪn <br>(要隠)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| *** || *** || yana-ki<sub>2</sub>("willow tree")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || yana-gi ||***||*** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|willow tree|| yoɯɪn<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(要隠)|| *** || *** || yana-ki<sub>2</sub>("willow tree")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || yana-gi ||***||*** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|bamboo|| na <br> nai <br>(奈)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| *** || *** || no<sub>2</sub>(bamboo arrow)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>si-no("running bamboo,bamboo grass") || no<br>ʃino ||***||*** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|bamboo|| na<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(奈)|| *** || *** || no<sub>2</sub>(bamboo arrow)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>si-no("running bamboo,bamboo grass") || no<br>ʃino ||***||*** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|pine tree(松)|| pιu-sie<br>(夫斯)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>pιu-so <br> (扶蘇) || *** || *** || matu("pine tree")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>pusi("fire wood")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || maʦu<br>ɸuʃi ||bu(扶,負)<br>so(蘇)||*** || sol（松）/pos（樺） || sol,sonamu  || *** || *** || bahiya("pine cone") || ***
+|pine tree(松)|| busi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/pιu-sie<br>(夫斯)<br>pιu-so <br> (扶蘇) || *** || *** || matu("pine tree")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>pusi("fire wood")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || maʦu<br>ɸuʃi ||bu(扶,負)<br>so(蘇)||*** || sol（松）/pos（樺） || sol,sonamu  || *** || *** || bahiya("pine cone") || ***
 |-
 |peach || pasi<br>(波尸) || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || poksi{{IPA|ə}}ŋ<br>(桃) || poksuŋ-a, poksa (桃) || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|garlic || mier <br>(買尸)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || maŋgirsun(野蒜) || mi<sub>1</sub>ra("garlic")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || nira ("[[garlic chives]]") || *** || *** || manʌl<br>(蒜) || manɯl || *** || *** || maca ("garlic chives") || ***
+|garlic || mier<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>(買尸) || *** || maŋgirsun(野蒜) || mi<sub>1</sub>ra("garlic")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || nira ("[[garlic chives]]") || *** || *** || manʌl<br>(蒜) || manɯl || *** || *** || maca ("garlic chives") || ***
 |-
-|grain || niəŋ-biuʌt <br> 仍伐<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** || nape<sub>2</sub>>naɸe<sub>2</sub>("seedling")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref><br>ina-ɸo（"ear of rice"）<br />mi<sub>2</sub>（"fruit, seed, grain"）<br>mame("grain") || nae<br>inaho<br>mame("bean") || *** ||*** || *** || nuy（"grains of unhulled rice amongst hulled rice"）<br> narak（"rice plant; unhulled rice; grain of rice") || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|grain || nabar<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> /niəŋ-biuʌt <br> 仍伐|| *** || *** || nape<sub>2</sub>>naɸe<sub>2</sub>("seedling")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref><br>ina-ɸo（"ear of rice"）<br />mi<sub>2</sub>（"fruit, seed, grain"）<br>mame("grain") || nae<br>inaho<br>mame("bean") || *** ||*** || *** || nuy（"grains of unhulled rice amongst hulled rice"）<br> narak（"rice plant; unhulled rice; grain of rice") || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|root || tsʌm <br>(斬)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** || tukene("root,knot,joint") || ʦukene || *** || pul?(根) || pulhuy(根) || ppuri || tʃamγ（根株）<br> ([[Nivkh language|Nivkh]]) || *** || da || ***
+|root || tsʌm<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> (斬)|| *** || *** || tukene("root,knot,joint") || ʦukene || *** || pul?(根) || pulhuy(根) || ppuri || tʃamγ（根株）<br> ([[Nivkh language|Nivkh]]) || *** || da || ***
 |-
-|plow (犁) || ka-ʃιi <br> (加尸)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>   || kerci-（"to cut, to dig trenches"） || *** || kari("plow")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>kuɸa("hoe") || kari<br>kuwa || *** ||*** || karai（木[杴]・鍬, kal-（plow)<br>kal（刀） || *** || gerbe-("break, snap")<br> (Nanai) || *** || halhan（"hoe"）/halhan～halgan(犂[鏵]:"plow") || gerbe-("break, snap")
+|plow (犁) || ka-ʃιi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  <br> (加尸)  || kerci-（"to cut, to dig trenches"） || *** || kari("plow")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>kuɸa("hoe") || kari<br>kuwa || *** ||*** || karai（木[杴]・鍬, kal-（plow)<br>kal（刀） || *** || gerbe-("break, snap")<br> (Nanai) || *** || halhan（"hoe"）/halhan～halgan(犂[鏵]:"plow") || gerbe-("break, snap")
 |-
 |ax || ・ιo-sie, nərə-si<br>(於斯) || *** || *** || wono<sub>2</sub>("ax") || ono || *** ||*** || *odzg{{IPA|ɔ}}y<br />(烏子蓋) ("ax")<br> n{{IPA|ɔ}}lh ("blade") || nal ("blade")<br />nas ("sickle; scythe")<br />tōkki ("ax")|| *** || *** || anjikū ("hatchet") || ***
 |-
-|water (水) || mi<br>(米)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> mie<br>(買)<br>moro<br>(模盧) || *** || mören(江, 海) <br> müren (沐漣) /moron (木連) (Khitanese) || mi<sub>1</sub>/mi<sub>1</sub>du/mi<sub>1</sub>n-("water")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || miʣu || mi(彌) ||*** || m{{IPA|ɨ}}l || mul || mu || mu 沒 || muke || mū("water")
+|water (水) || mi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>(米)<br> mie<br>(買)<br>moro<br>(模盧) || *** || mören(江, 海) <br> müren (沐漣) /moron (木連) (Khitanese) || mi<sub>1</sub>/mi<sub>1</sub>du/mi<sub>1</sub>n-("water")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || miʣu || mi(彌) ||*** || m{{IPA|ɨ}}l || mul || mu || mu 沒 || muke || mū("water")
 |-
-|spring water (泉(井)) || ə{{IPA|ɯ}}l<br>(於乙):井<br> iri<br>(伊梨):泉<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || bul-a-q/bul-a-γ("fountain, spring") || {{IPA|ɯ}}s (水"water") || wi ("well; reservoir, irrigation pond") || i || *** || {{IPA|ɯ}}l(乙) || umɯl ("well") || umul ("well") || eri～erri（"small river" 川）<br> (Nivkh) || *** || üla ("large river" 江) || ***
+|spring water (泉(井)) || ə{{IPA|ɯ}}l<br>(於乙):井<br> iri<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(伊梨):泉|| bul-a-q/bul-a-γ("fountain, spring") || {{IPA|ɯ}}s (水"water") || wi ("well; reservoir, irrigation pond") || i || *** || {{IPA|ɯ}}l(乙) || umɯl ("well") || umul ("well") || eri～erri（"small river" 川）<br> (Nivkh) || *** || üla ("large river" 江) || ***
 |-
-| dike (堤) || tu <br>(吐)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| töpü || *** || take<sub>2</sub>("higher hill")<br>tutu-mi("dike")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>tu-(to stack,to pile,to gather)|| take<br>ʦuʦumi<br>ʦu- || *** || *** || *** || əntək<br>tuk(堤) || *** || *** || do-("to stop") || ***
+| dike (堤) || tu<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>(吐)|| töpü || *** || take<sub>2</sub>("higher hill")<br>tutu-mi("dike")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>tu-(to stack,to pile,to gather)|| take<br>ʦuʦumi<br>ʦu- || *** || *** || *** || əntək<br>tuk(堤) || *** || *** || do-("to stop") || ***
 |-
-|pond || nemi / naymi<br>(内米)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| *** || namug ("marsh, swamp")  || nami<sub>1</sub> ("wave")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || nami || mi(r)ji<br>(蜜地,彌知) ||*** || ***|| ? n{{IPA|ɛ}}nmul ("stream") <br> mos ("pond")<br> nɯp{{IPA|ʰ}} 늪 ("swamp") || namu, lamu ("sea, ocean; lake" 海) || *** || mūsa ("swamp") || ***
+|pond || nemi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> / naymi<br>(内米)|| *** || namug ("marsh, swamp")  || nami<sub>1</sub> ("wave")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || nami || mi(r)ji<br>(蜜地,彌知) ||*** || ***|| ? n{{IPA|ɛ}}nmul ("stream") <br> mos ("pond")<br> nɯp{{IPA|ʰ}} 늪 ("swamp") || namu, lamu ("sea, ocean; lake" 海) || *** || mūsa ("swamp") || ***
 |-
 |river || kur<br>(屈)<br> na<br>(那)|| köl("lake") || *** || kaɸa("river") || kawa || nari(那利)<br> 久麻那利 ||*** || k{{IPA|ɔ}}r{{IPA|ɔ}}m  <br /> nāyh || karam <br>n{{IPA|ɛː}}  || *** || *** || ula || ***
 |-
-|sea || padal/padan <br>(波旦)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>pa-sia<br>(波且) || *** || *** || wata("sea")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || wada-ʦu-mi("gods of Sea") || *** ||波珍 pad{{IPA|ɔ}}l || padah～parʌl || pada  || *** || namu || namu || ***
+|sea || patan<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/padal/padan <br>(波旦)<br>pa-sia<br>(波且) || *** || *** || wata("sea")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || wada-ʦu-mi("gods of Sea") || *** ||波珍 pad{{IPA|ɔ}}l || padah～parʌl || pada  || *** || namu || namu || ***
 |-
 |cow || {{IPA|ʃ}}ιəu/*sü  <br> (首)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** || usi("cow")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || uʃi || *** ||*** || ʃyo/쇼 || so || *** || *** || eje("castrated cow") || ***
 |-
-|pig (猪)||(u)烏<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>o-sie<br>(烏斯)<br>o-s^i¨{{IPA|ʌ}}ŋ <br>(烏生)  || *doŋuz > domuz || *** || usi ("ox; cattle")<br>wi ("pig,boar")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || i("boar") || *{{IPA|tɕ}}o-n{{IPA|ʲ}}i <br>(猪耳) || *** || tot{{IPA|ʰ}} 돝 || tw{{IPA|ɛː}}ji, toyaji(dialect), tochi(dialect) || *** || *** || ulgiyan("pig")<br>ulha("domestic animal") || ***
+|pig (猪)||u<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>烏<br>o-sie<br>(烏斯)<br>o-s^i¨{{IPA|ʌ}}ŋ <br>(烏生)  || *doŋuz > domuz || *** || usi ("ox; cattle")<br>wi ("pig,boar")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || i("boar") || *{{IPA|tɕ}}o-n{{IPA|ʲ}}i <br>(猪耳) || *** || tot{{IPA|ʰ}} 돝 || tw{{IPA|ɛː}}ji, toyaji(dialect), tochi(dialect) || *** || *** || ulgiyan("pig")<br>ulha("domestic animal") || ***
 |-
-|water deer || kosya <br> ([[wiktionary:古斯也#Noun|古斯也]])<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** || kuzika("deer") || kuzika || *** ||*** || ***|| korani("Manchurian elk")<br />kōr{{IPA|ɛŋ}}i, kor{{IPA|ɛ}}i ([[Gyeongsang dialect]]) || *** || *** || kandahan ("a kind of deer") || ***
+|water deer || kosya<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> ([[wiktionary:古斯也#Noun|古斯也]]) || *** || *** || kuzika("deer") || kuzika || *** ||*** || ***|| korani("Manchurian elk")<br />kōr{{IPA|ɛŋ}}i, kor{{IPA|ɛ}}i ([[Gyeongsang dialect]]) || *** || *** || kandahan ("a kind of deer") || ***
 |-
-|horse || miel<br>(滅)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || mori～muri || uma～muma("horse")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || uma || *** ||*** || ｍʌl/(馬) || mal || mori <br> (Nanai) || *** || morin || ***
+|horse || miel<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(滅) || *** || mori～muri || uma～muma("horse")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || uma || *** ||*** || ｍʌl/(馬) || mal || mori <br> (Nanai) || *** || morin || ***
 |-
-|swan (鵠) || ko-・ιəi <br> (古衣)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || qoγu || *** || kubi<sub>1</sub>>kukuɸi<sub>1</sub>("swan")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || kukui/kugui("swan") || *** ||*** || kohay<br />kon || koni || *** || *** || gaha("bird, raven")<br>gasha("big bird") || ***
+|swan (鵠) || ko-ʏιəi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> (古衣) || qoγu || *** || kubi<sub>1</sub>>kukuɸi<sub>1</sub>("swan")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || kukui/kugui("swan") || *** ||*** || kohay<br />kon || koni || *** || *** || gaha("bird, raven")<br>gasha("big bird") || ***
 |-
-|bear || komok <br>(功木)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** || kuma("bear")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || kuma || koma || *** || kom || kōm || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|bear || komok<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  <br>(功木)|| *** || *** || kuma("bear")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || kuma || koma || *** || kom || kōm || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-| owl (鵂鶹)|| ʦu(租)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** || tuku("owl")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref><br>ʦu("nest")|| ʦuku<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref>/mimi-dzuku<br>su || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
+| owl (鵂鶹)|| ʦu<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(租) || *** || *** || tuku("owl")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref><br>ʦu("nest")|| ʦuku<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref>/mimi-dzuku<br>su || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|rabbit || o-syie-ɣəm/o-sie-həm<br>(烏斯含)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| tawïsγan || *** || wosagi<sub>1</sub>/usagi<sub>1</sub>("rabbit")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || usagi<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref> || *** || *** || thos-gi  || tho-ggi  || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|rabbit || u-si-ɣam<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/o-sie-həm<br>(烏斯含)|| tawïsγan || *** || wosagi<sub>1</sub>/usagi<sub>1</sub>("rabbit")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || usagi<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref> || *** || *** || thos-gi  || tho-ggi  || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|weasel (狌) || yia-ʃιi <br> (也尸)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** || itatʃi(weasel)<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref> || itaʨi(weasel) || *** || *** || yezï ~ yez{{IPA|ɣ}}-<br />("fox") || yəu ("fox")<br> yəsi(dialect) || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|weasel (狌) || yia-ʃιi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> (也尸) || *** || *** || itatʃi(weasel)<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref> || itaʨi(weasel) || *** || *** || yezï ~ yez{{IPA|ɣ}}-<br />("fox") || yəu ("fox")<br> yəsi(dialect) || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|horn || tsιi-nyiak<br>(次若)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** || tuno("horn")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || ʦuno || *** ||*** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|horn || tsιi-nyiak<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(次若)|| *** || *** || tuno("horn")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || ʦuno || *** ||*** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
 |wing || əji, nərəgi<br>(於支)  || *älig > el ("hand") || *** || tadamgi(arm)<br>atʃi(foot,walk,rain,money) || aʃi || *** ||*** || *** || nar{{IPA|ɛ}}, nalg{{IPA|ɛ}}  || *** || *** || asχa || ***
 |-
-|foot (足) || γuəi<br>tor<br>(廻)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| *** || *** || kuw-("to kick")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref><br>ko-yu("to get over")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref> || ker-<br>koe-|| *** ||*** ||*** || tari  || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|foot (足) || γuəi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>tor<br>(廻)|| *** || *** || kuw-("to kick")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref><br>ko-yu("to get over")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref> || ker-<br>koe-|| *** ||*** ||*** || tari  || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|mouth || huət-ts‘ii/kuërtsi<br>kútsi/kutui<br>kolci<br>(忽次)<br>ko-ts‘ii<br>(古次)<br>kuan/kuen<br>(串) || *** || 훌츠qurc(Khalka)("skewer, spit" 串) || kutu～kuti/kuti < *kutui("mouth")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || kuʨi || *** ||*** || koc  ("skewer, spit; promontory" 串) || kulrε ([[Jeju dialect]]) <br> kul (South Jeolla dialect) || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|mouth || huət-ts‘ii/kuërtsi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>kútsi/kutui<br>kolci<br>(忽次)<br>ko-ts‘ii<br>(古次)<br>kuan/kuen<br>(串) || *** || 훌츠qurc(Khalka)("skewer, spit" 串) || kutu～kuti/kuti < *kutui("mouth")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || kuʨi || *** ||*** || koc  ("skewer, spit; promontory" 串) || kulrε ([[Jeju dialect]]) <br> kul (South Jeolla dialect) || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
 |hair || təl(毛乙)>tiəl(鐵)<br> || *** || *** || tar-u("trail, hang out") || tare-ru || *** ||***|| *** || 毛:təl || *** || *** || tulə(ad:"to outside") || ***
 |-
-|tooth || kʌi-ʃιi <br> (皆尸)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** || ki<sub>1</sub> ("fang; tusk")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** ||*** || ***|| *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|tooth || kʌi-ʃιi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> (皆尸) || *** || *** || ki<sub>1</sub> ("fang; tusk")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** ||*** || ***|| *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|heart<br>chest || kιo-sιi <br>(居尸)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || göğüs || kökün || ko<sub>2</sub>ko<sub>2</sub>ro<sub>2</sub>("heart")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>koro("oneself") || kokoro || *** || *** || *** || kogäŋi ("core") / kas{{IPA|ʰ}}{{IPA|ɯ}}m ("chest, heart") || *** || *** || huhun (乳,乳房:"breast, bosom") || ***
+|heart<br>chest || kor<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/kιo-sιi<br>(居尸) || göğüs || kökün || ko<sub>2</sub>ko<sub>2</sub>ro<sub>2</sub>("heart")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>koro("oneself") || kokoro || *** || *** || *** || kogäŋi ("core") / kas{{IPA|ʰ}}{{IPA|ɯ}}m ("chest, heart") || *** || *** || huhun (乳,乳房:"breast, bosom") || ***
 |-
 |transverse (横) || ・ιo-sie/*es <br> (於斯) || *** || *** || yo<sub>2</sub>ko<sub>2</sub>("transverse")<br>yo<sub>2</sub>k-("to traverse") || yoko<br>yoker- || *** ||*** || əs/엇 || *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|valley || tan/tuən/t‘ən <br> (旦,頓,呑)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** || tani("valley")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || tani || *** ||*** || tʌn～tuʌn（"valley")<br>təŋg{{IPA|ɛ}}（"valley")|| *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|valley || tan<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/tuən/t‘ən <br> (旦,頓,呑) || *** || *** || tani("valley")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || tani || *** ||*** || tʌn～tuʌn（"valley")<br>təŋg{{IPA|ɛ}}（"valley")|| *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
 |side edge || ka-(・a) <br> (加阿) || kera || *** || kado<sub>1</sub>("side edge,jag")<br>kari("edge") || kado<br>kari || *** ||*** || kʌs || kā || *** || *** || kaja-("to cut")<br>huwesi-("cutter, small blade") || ***
@@ Line 154: / Line 154: @@
 || an{{IPA|ʃ}}i<br>(安市)<br>an{{IPA|ʒ}}ip<br>(安十)|| *** || {{IPA|ə}}nduh{{IPA|ə}} ([[Daur language|Daur]]) || *** || *** || *** ||*** || *** || al  || (x)elū- || *** || umhan<br>muheren || elū
 |-
-|layer (重) || biar/bιεt <br> (別)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** || pe<sub>1</sub>>ɸe<sub>1</sub>("layer")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || he("layer") || *** ||*** || pʌl || *** || *** || *** || fe("ex-, past, former") || ***
+|layer (重) || biar/bιεt<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> (別) || *** || *** || pe<sub>1</sub>>ɸe<sub>1</sub>("layer")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || he("layer") || *** ||*** || pʌl || *** || *** || *** || fe("ex-, past, former") || ***
 |-
-|neighbor (隣) || ιi-bιuʌt <br> (伊伐)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| *** || *** || ipa>ipe<sub>1</sub>>iɸe<sub>1</sub>("residences")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref>|| ie || *** ||*** || ib{{IPA|ɯ}}t (隣)|| iut (隣)|| *** || *** || imiya-("to gather togather") || ***
+|neighbor (隣) || ιi-bιuʌt<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> (伊伐)|| *** || *** || ipa>ipe<sub>1</sub>>iɸe<sub>1</sub>("residences")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref>|| ie || *** ||*** || ib{{IPA|ɯ}}t (隣)|| iut (隣)|| *** || *** || imiya-("to gather togather") || ***
 |-
 |frost || sat <br> (薩)<br> sat-ɣan/sal-han<br>(薩寒)|| *** || *** || simo("frost")<br>sayi/seye<br>zayi/zaye<br>("icicle, ice") || simo<br>sae || *** ||*** || səri || *** || *** || *** || juhe || ***
@@ Line 170: / Line 170: @@
 |writing <br> literature <br>(文)|| kιən-ʃιi/kɯl<br>(斤尸) || *** || *** || kak-("to write")<br>kuk-/*kuru-("to form,to bind")<br>ko<sub>2</sub>to<sub>2</sub>（"word, speech, language"） || kak-<br>kukur-/kurum-<br>koto || *** || *** || kɯl || kɯl || *** || herse || hergen || ***
 |-
-|jade || ko-{{IPA|ʃ}}ie <br>(古斯)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || gas || kusiro<sub>2</sub>（"bracelet")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || kuʃiro || *** || *** || kusɯl ("jewel") || *** || *** || γun || gu || ***
+|jade || kusi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>ko-{{IPA|ʃ}}ie<br>(古斯)|| *** || gas || kusiro<sub>2</sub>（"bracelet")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || kuʃiro || *** || *** || kusɯl ("jewel") || *** || *** || γun || gu || ***
 |-
-|cool wind, clear wind || ʃa-nιet-ιi<br>(沙熱伊) <ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| *** || *** || same-("to cool")<br>-ti("wind") || same-<br>-ʨi || *** || *** ||san{{IPA|ʌ}}l("cool")<br>-i("-wind")|| s{{IPA|ə}}n{{IPA|ɯ}}l("cool") || *** || *** ||*** || ***
+|cool wind, clear wind || ʃa-nιet-ιi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(沙熱伊) || *** || *** || same-("to cool")<br>-ti("wind") || same-<br>-ʨi || *** || *** ||san{{IPA|ʌ}}l("cool")<br>-i("-wind")|| s{{IPA|ə}}n{{IPA|ɯ}}l("cool") || *** || *** ||*** || ***
 |-
-|hole (孔) || dzei-ts‘ii/tsei-ts‘ii <br> (斉次/濟次) || *** || *** || tʃuk-("be off one's guard, to show through")<br> tʃuki("chink, gap, vulnerable point") || suki  || *** ||*** || ***|| t’ul-(透), t{{IPA|ɯ}}m（隙) || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|hole (孔) || dzei-ts‘ii/tsei-ts‘ii<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> (斉次/濟次) || *** || *** || tʃuk-("be off one's guard, to show through")<br> tʃuki("chink, gap, vulnerable point") || suki  || *** ||*** || ***|| t’ul-(透), t{{IPA|ɯ}}m（隙) || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|hole (穴) || kap<br>(甲)<br>kap-pii<br>甲比 <ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| qapca（"gorge, ravine"）, qapi¨γ（"Gate"） || *** || kapi<sub>1</sub>>kaɸi<sub>1</sub>（"hole, gorge, narrow valley")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || kubomi ("hole")|| *** ||*** || ***|| kul (穴) || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|hole (穴) || kap<br>(甲)<br>kap-pii<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(甲比) || qapca（"gorge, ravine"）, qapi¨γ（"Gate"） || *** || kapi<sub>1</sub>>kaɸi<sub>1</sub>（"hole, gorge, narrow valley")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || kubomi ("hole")|| *** ||*** || ***|| kul (穴) || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|three || mir/mil<br>(密)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> siet<br>(悉)<br>s^ïei<br>(史) || bis(5) || gurav || mi<sub>1</sub>("3")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || mi || *** || mil || sei/səih || 셋 sʰet̚ || *** || ilan || ilan || ***
+|three || mir/mil<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(密) <br> siet<br>(悉)<br>s^ïei<br>(史) || bis(5) || gurav || mi<sub>1</sub>("3")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || mi || *** || mil || sei/səih || 셋 sʰet̚ || *** || ilan || ilan || ***
 |-
-|five || ütsi/uci/üc/uca/uchha <br>(于次,弓次)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || üç(3) || tabun || itu("5")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || iʦu || *** || *** || tasul (打戌)  || tasət <br> 닷 tah || dügün || sunja || sunja || ***
+|five || uc<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/ütsi/uci/üc/uca/uchha <br>(于次,弓次) || üç(3) || tabun || itu("5")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || iʦu || *** || *** || tasul (打戌)  || tasət <br> 닷 tah || dügün || sunja || sunja || ***
 |-
-|seven || nan-・ιən<br>nanin<br>(難隠)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br> nanən/nanun <br> ||Yeti || *** || nana("7")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || nana || *** || *** ||(n)ìlgɯp(一急) || (n)ìlgúp || nadan || nadan || nadan || ***
+|seven || nan-・ιən<br>nanin<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(難隠)<br> nanən/nanun <br> ||Yeti || *** || nana("7")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || nana || *** || *** ||(n)ìlgɯp(一急) || (n)ìlgúp || nadan || nadan || nadan || ***
 |-
-|ten || tək/duk <br>(德)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || on <br> toquz(9) || arav || to<sub>2</sub>/to<sub>2</sub>wo("10")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || tō || *** || *** || *** ||  yəl(10)<br> on(100)<br> chɯmun(1000) || juwa || juwan || juwan || {{IPA|ʒ}}uwan
+|ten || tək/duk<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(德) || on <br> toquz(9) || arav || to<sub>2</sub>/to<sub>2</sub>wo("10")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || tō || *** || *** || *** ||  yəl(10)<br> on(100)<br> chɯmun(1000) || juwa || juwan || juwan || {{IPA|ʒ}}uwan
 |-
 |hard || ma <br>(馬) || *** || *** || ma- ("truly, really") || ma- || *** || *** || modir- || mōjir- ("harsh; severe; cruel") || *** || manga("hard") || maŋga("hard") || maŋa
 |-
-|high || dat/§ap/tar <br> (達)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** || taka-/daka-（"high"）<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || taka-/daka || *** ||*** || ***|| tarak- ("high")<br>tarak ("loft") || *** || *** || den ("high")<br />dekde- ("to rise") || ***
+|high || dat/§ap/tar<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(達) || *** || *** || taka-/daka-（"high"）<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || taka-/daka || *** ||*** || ***|| tarak- ("high")<br>tarak ("loft") || *** || *** || den ("high")<br />dekde- ("to rise") || ***
 |-
-|rough || kuət-・ιəi <br> (骨衣)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** || kata-("tough,firm")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || katai("tough,stiff") || *** || ka¨c{{IPA|ʰɔ}}¨l || kəc{{IPA|ʰ}}ɯl- (荒) || *** || *** || *** || kata-("to become hard, to become rough") || ***
+|rough || kuət-・ιəi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>(骨衣) || *** || *** || kata-("tough,firm")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || katai("tough,stiff") || *** || ka¨c{{IPA|ʰɔ}}¨l || kəc{{IPA|ʰ}}ɯl- (荒) || *** || *** || *** || kata-("to become hard, to become rough") || ***
 |-
 |round (圓)
-|| toŋ-pιuəi <br> (冬非)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| *** || *** || tubura("round")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || tsubura || *** ||*** || tuŋgɯl-（圓）|| tuŋgɯl-（圓} || *** || *** || torho-("to roll,to circle") || ***
+|| toŋ-pιuəi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(冬非)|| *** || *** || tubura("round")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || tsubura || *** ||*** || tuŋgɯl-（圓）|| tuŋgɯl-（圓} || *** || *** || torho-("to roll,to circle") || ***
 |-
-|new || {{IPA|ʃ}}ιəu/*sü  <br> (首)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** || zu("new, present, developing,a gleam")<br>su-("fresh")<br>sa-("young")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || su- || *** || say || say (새) || s{{IPA|ɛ}} || *** || iche || ice || ***
+|new || {{IPA|ʃ}}ιəu/*su<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>(首) || *** || *** || zu("new, present, developing,a gleam")<br>su-("fresh")<br>sa-("young")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || su- || *** || say || say (새) || s{{IPA|ɛ}} || *** || iche || ice || ***
 |-
-|deep || bιuk-sie<br>(伏斯)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>puk<br>(伏)|| *** || *** || puka-si>ɸuka-si("deep")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| ɸuka-i || *** ||*** || kiph u˙n || kiph- <br> puk ("deep, deeply, completely, fully")  || *** || *** || *** || ***
+|deep || bιuk-sie<br>(伏斯)<br>puk<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(伏)|| *** || *** || puka-si>ɸuka-si("deep")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| ɸuka-i || *** ||*** || kiph u˙n || kiph- <br> puk ("deeply, completely, fully")  || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|flat, level,shallow<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || pii-lιεt <br> (比烈)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| biri || *** || pi<sub>1</sub>ra->ɸi<sub>1</sub>ra-("flat,level") || hirata-<br> || *** ||*** || *** || pʌl  || *** || *** || ba("field, district")<br>pile-("to confirm, to criticize")<br>tehere-("to flat, to be equal") || ***
+|flat, level,shallow<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || biri<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(比里)<br>pii-lιεt <br> (比烈)|| biri || *** || pi<sub>1</sub>ra->ɸi<sub>1</sub>ra-("flat,level")<br>pisi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || hirata-<br>hiʃi || *** ||*** || *** || pʌl  || *** || *** || ba("field, district")<br>pile-("to confirm, to criticize")<br>tehere-("to flat, to be equal") || ***
 |-
 |wide (廣) || nərə-si, ə-si<br>(於斯) || *** || osy/esy 阿斯(寬大:gererous, tolerant)<br> nalai || naras-u("roll,to level off")<br>os-u("transcend, surpass")<br>e-si("right,wide,noble,enough") || naras-u("to level off")<br>os-u("to transcend, to press, to push") || *** ||*** || 어위 (< *어쉬) || nəlb 넓- (廣)<br>n{{IPA|ə}}g{{IPA|ɯ}}r{{IPA|ə}} (寬)<br>{{IPA|ə}}dzi (仁, 寬)  || *** || očo 我撮(寬) || ončo(廣:wast) || ***
@@ Line 205: / Line 205: @@
 |bent (曲)|| kub{{IPA|ə}}l (屈火)|| *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || kub- (曲-), kub{{IPA|ɯ}}l (曲)|| *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|black || kəmər/kəmhək <br> (今勿) || Qara || *** || kuro<sub>1</sub>("black")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || kuro || *** || *** || kəm-/검- || 검 kʌm || *** || *** || kara || ***
+|black || kəmər/kəmhək<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>(今勿) || Qara || *** || kuro<sub>1</sub>("black")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || kuro || *** || *** || kəm-/검- || 검 kʌm || *** || *** || kara || ***
 |-
-|white || ʃιi-lap <br>(尸臘)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>nə γei<br>(奈兮)|| Aq || *** || sira("white")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>siram- ("to become white")|| ʃiro<br>ʃiram- || *** || *** || {{IPA|ʃ}}je-("to become white")<br>hʌy-(白) ||hʌy- <br> hin <br> hayan || *** || *** || šara-("to become white")<br>šeyen("white")<br>šanggiyan("white") || ***
+|white || ʃιi-lap<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(尸臘)<br>nə γei<br>(奈兮)|| Aq || *** || sira("white")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>siram- ("to become white")|| ʃiro<br>ʃiram- || *** || *** || {{IPA|ʃ}}je-("to become white")<br>hʌy-(白) ||hʌy- <br> hin <br> hayan || *** || *** || šara-("to become white")<br>šeyen("white")<br>šanggiyan("white") || ***
 |-
-|red || s^a-bιuk/sa(i)puk<br>(沙伏)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br> s^a-pιuəi-kιən/sa(i)pikon<br>沙非斤<br>sapi || Qyzyl || *hula{{IPA|ɣ}}an > ulaan || so<sub>2</sub>po>so<sub>2</sub>ɸo("red")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| soho || supi(赤鳥) || sapi(泗沘) || sitpɯk(赤) || 붉은pulgɯn<br>시뻘건sippəlgən("deep red") || *** || *** || fulgiyan || ***
+|red || s^a-bιuk/sa(i)puk<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(沙伏)<br> s^a-pιuəi-kιən/sa(i)pikon<br>沙非斤<br>sapi || Qyzyl || *hula{{IPA|ɣ}}an > ulaan || so<sub>2</sub>po>so<sub>2</sub>ɸo("red")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| soho || supi(赤鳥) || sapi(泗沘) || sitpɯk(赤) || 붉은pulgɯn<br>시뻘건sippəlgən("deep red") || *** || *** || fulgiyan || ***
 |-
-|yellow || kuət<br>(骨)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>kweyru<br>|| *** || *** || ki<sub>2</sub>-~ kú-("yellow")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| ki(iro) || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || suwayan || ***
+|yellow || kuət<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(骨)<br>kweyru<br>|| *** || *** || ki<sub>2</sub>-~ kú-("yellow")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| ki(iro) || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || suwayan || ***
 |-
 |blue (靑) || sal<br>sat<br> (薩) || *** || *** || so<sub>1</sub>ra("sky")<br>sumi<sub>1</sub>re("violet")||sora-iro<br>sumire-iro<br>  || *** || siauli{{IPA|ə}}g (昔里) || *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
@@ Line 221: / Line 221: @@
 |to swing || pu<br>(釜)|| *** || *** || pur->ɸur-("to swing,to shake")  || ɸu- || *** || *** || *** || pud{{IPA|ɯ}}l-("tremble, shake")   || *** || *** || *** || ***
 |-
-|to enter || ・ιi/*i <br> (伊)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || ire- <br> (to come) || ir-（"to enter"）<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || ir- || *** ||*** || ip（口）/ip（門戸） || ir-(to arrive; to come)<br />ip || i-（入） || *** || ibe-("to get foward") || ***
+|to enter || ・ιi/*i <ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>(伊) || *** || ire- <br> (to come) || ir-（"to enter"）<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>  || ir- || *** ||*** || ip（口）/ip（門戸） || ir-(to arrive; to come)<br />ip || i-（入） || *** || ibe-("to get foward") || ***
 |-
 |to get (取) || toŋ<br>(冬)|| *** || *** || tor-("to take, to get") || to- || *** || *** || *** || t{{IPA|ɯ}}l-("to take, to hold") || *** || *** || *** || ***

v t e Altaic hypothesis
Families	Turkic Mongolic Tungusic Koreanic Japonic
Early languages	Old Turkic Old Korean Old Japanese
Proto-languages	Proto-Altaic Proto-Turkic Proto-Mongolic Proto-Japonic