Welsh Highland Railway

Welsh Highland Railway (Rheilffordd Eryri / Rheilffordd Ucheldir Cymru)
Locomotive No. 138 Millennium/Mileniwm and train, leaving Caernarfon station
Locale	Wales
Terminus	Caernarfon and Porthmadog
Commercial operations
Name	Welsh Highland Railway Company
Built by	North Wales Narrow Gauge Railways (NWNGR) , Welsh Highland Railway
Original gauge	1 ft 11+1⁄2 in (597 mm)
Preserved operations
Operated by	Festiniog Railway Company and Welsh Highland Railway Limited
Stations	7 (northern end), and 3 (southern end)
Length	13 miles and 1 mile
Preserved gauge	1 ft 11+1⁄2 in (597 mm) WHR(C) 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) WHR(P)
Commercial history
Opened	1922
Closed	1937
Preservation history
1961	Welsh Highland Railway Society formed
1964	WHR Society reformed as Welsh Highland Light Railway (1964) Limited
1980	WHR (Porthmadog) opened for passenger service
1987	Original locomotive Russell restored
1990	Ffestiniog railway became involved
1997	WHR (Caernarfon) opened from Caernarfon to Dinas
1998	Transport and Works order obtained for full restoration from Dinas to Porthmadog
2000	Reopened - Dinas to Waunfawr
2003	Reopened - Waunfawr to Rhyd Ddu
2005	WHR (Porthmadog) celebrates 25 years of passenger train service
2007	WHR (Porthmadog) extended to Traeth Mawr

The Welsh Highland Railway (WHR) is a narrow gauge railway in Wales, which originally ran from Dinas near Caernarfon to Porthmadog, with a branch line to Bryngwyn and the slate quarries at Moel Tryfan. The main line is in the process of restoration as a heritage railway. As of 2008 two sections of the line are open, a 13 mile section Caernarfon to Rhyd Ddu which is operated by the Festiniog Railway CompanyTemplate:Scref and a 1 mile section at Porthmadog which is operated by Welsh Highland Railway Limited. The full line from Caernarfon to Porthmadog is due to open at Easter 2009 when the final stage from Rhyd Ddu to Porthmadog is complete.

The line opened to passengers in 1923 but was never a commercial success and went into receivership in 1927. The service however continued, operated by the Festiniog Railway Company under a newly-signed 42-year lease, but only survived until 1937. Thus the WHR managed only fourteen years of operation, and the longest narrow gauge railway in Wales closed. The track was lifted during scrap collections in World War II.

The restored line is known as both Rheilffordd Ucheldir Cymru and Rheilffordd Eryri in Welsh. Rheilffordd Ucheldir Cymru - Welsh Highland Railway - has been used since 1980 by the Company operating the Porthmadog end of the line. Rheilffordd Eryri - literally Snowdonia Railway - is a brand name used by the Caernarfon end. The original Welsh Highland never had an official Welsh translation of its name, despite running through the heartland of the Welsh language. Locals tended to refer to it by informal names such as Y Lein Bach or Lein Bach Beddgelert (the little Beddgelert railway).

History

The Welsh Highland Railway was formed in 1922 from the merger of two companies - the North Wales Narrow Gauge Railways (NWNGR) and the Portmadoc, Beddgelert and South Snowdon Railway (PBSSR) (successor to the Portmadoc, Croesor and Beddgelert Tram Railway).

Forerunners: 1863 - 1922

The Croesor tramway had run from Portmadoc since 1863 up into the Croesor Valley and the slate quarries in this area. This was a horse worked line laid to a nominal 2 foot gauge.

The NWNGR had originally built a 1 ft 11+1⁄2 in (597 mm) gauge line from a junction with the standard gauge London and North Western Railway line at Dinas to Bryngwyn with a branch from Tryfan Junction via Waunfawr to Llyn Cwellyn (Snowdon Ranger). The line was opened in 1877 and was extended to South Snowdon (Rhyd Ddu) in 1881, a total of 9 miles. This closed to passengers in 1916, but goods traffic continued up to its absorption by the WHR in 1922.

In 1902, the newly-formed PBSSR took over the failed Portmadoc, Croesor and Beddgelert Tram Railway with the aim of extending it to South Snowdon slate quarry in the Nant Gwynant Pass. Work was abandoned by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, although the tunnels through the Aberglaslyn Pass were mostly complete. By 1921, the NWNGR, the PBSSR, the Snowdon Mountain Railway and the Ffestiniog Railway were in common ownership and controlled by the owners of the Aluminium Corporation and the North Wales Power and Traction Company with headquarters at Dolgarrog.

Formation and Construction: 1922 - 1923

In 1922 the order was made to create the Welsh Highland Railway (WHR), mainly funded by loans from the Ministry of Transport and Carnarvonshire County Council in the hope that it would help regenerate the area's economy and keep struggling quarries open. McAlpine & Sons were contracted to refurbish the existing lines and complete the link between Rhyd Ddu and Croesor Junction, thus creating a railway that ran from Dinas to join the Ffestiniog Railway at Porthmadog and which was opened in 1923.

Decline: 1923 - 1937

The WHR venture was not a success and the hoped-for revenue from quarry traffic never materialised. When these hopes were dashed, the railway turned to another market; tourism. The owners tried to attract visitors by opening the first narrow gauge buffet car and by painting their carriages bright colours, including yellow and blue. However, these ideas did not work because the early tourist industry did not provide sufficient visitors to make the railway pay, especially during the Depression. Competition from buses which ran a faster and more regular service from Caernarfon and Beddgelert also played a part. The last passenger train ran on 5 September 1936 and the Welsh Highland Railway was formally closed on 1 June 1937. The majority of the track was removed for scrap during the Second World War.

Various legal manoeuvres followed this, including a serious application to turn the route into a long-distance footpath. Although these plans were ultimately unfruitful, they ensured that the trackbed was kept mainly intact, rather than sold off bit by bit, which would have made restoration much more difficult and potentially expensive. However, some parts such as the sites of Rhyd Ddu and Dinas stations were sold off.

Restoration

Main article: Welsh Highland Railway restoration

In 1961 a small group of railway enthusiasts, who had been inspired by the successful preservation of the Talyllyn Railway, formed the Welsh Highland Railway Society to preserve and restore the line. Construction of the line started in the 1970s following the acquisition of the old slate exchange sidings from British Railways. Tourist passenger services started in 1980 and the restoration of Russell was complete in 1987.

Rolling Stock

Original locomotives

Two locomotives were inherited from the predecessor companies: Moel Tryfan and Russell. When these proved insufficient, Baldwin 590 was acquired by H.F. Stephens and several Ffestiniog Railway locomotives saw regular use on the Welsh Highland Railway throughout its entire pre-closure existence from 1923 to 1937. 590 was planned to be part of a larger fleet to replace Moel Tryfan and Russell but it gained so little popularity that Stephens never bought another. By 1936 Moel Tryfan was out of use at Boston Lodge. When Russell and 590 were withdrawn the following year, they were placed in Dinas shed, but when the Second World War broke out, the Ministry of War came to see about appropriating them for the war effort. After some examination of the engines and questionning of those who had worked them, Russell (regarded as a good engine) was removed for further use, and 590 (seen as an unreliable, rough rider with difficult controls and inadequate adhesion) was broken up at Dinas. Despite the unpopularity of 590, the WHR (Porthmadoc) is currently refurbishing a similar Baldwin to act as a replica.

During the ownership of the WHR by the FR, Moel Tryfan and Russell were cut down to allow them to traverse the FR to Blaenau Ffestiniog. Moel Tryfan proved suitable, but Russell, even in cut down form, was not low or narrow enough to fit the Ffestiniog's the loading gauge. It has now been restored to its original form. Notably, 590 retained its original form until its demise.

Name or Number	Wheel arrangement	Builder	Date built	Notes
Moel Tryfan	0-6-4T	Vulcan Foundry	1875	ex-North Wales Narrow Gauge Railways
Russell	2-6-2T	Hunslet Engine Company	1906	ex-Portmadoc, Beddgelert & South Snowdon Railway
590	4-6-0T	Baldwin Locomotive Works U.S.A.	1917	ex-War Department Light Railways

Current rolling stock - WHR (Porthmadog)

Main article: List of Welsh Highland Railway Ltd rolling stock

Current rolling stock - WHR (Caernarfon)

Main article: List of Welsh Highland Railway (Caernarfon) rolling stock

Operation

The railway is single track with passing loops, so special measures have to be taken to prevent collisions. There are passing loops at Waunfawr, Dinas and Beddgelert which allow up to four trains to operate on the railway at once. The completed line will operate by tokens and be controlled from Porthmadog Harbour station.

Control and signalling

The railway is split into a series of sections, entry to which is controlled by electric tokens, which authorise the driver to enter a single line section. Having obtained sufficient equipment to operate phases I thru III of the rebuild, the Irish railway company Iarnród Éireann donated excess equipment of the same type to fulfil requirements of phase IV. There is no in-cab radio system, so all trains carry two mobile telephones for use in an emergency - one in the locomotive, and one with the guard.

There are two exceptions to this token mode of operation, at the southern Porthmadog end of the line:

Cambrian crossing

The crossing of the Network Rail owned Cambrian Railway is undertaken by a flat crossing. Constructed of a continuous cast lump of manganese metal, the standard gauge section of 113lb rail is continuous with notches cut out for narrow gauge passage. The WHR section is cast in 80lb rail as opposed to the WHR standard 60lb flat rail, which connects the crossing to the WHR narrow gauge lines either side.

The crossing is at the western end of the Network Rail Harlech to Porthmadog signalling section, which is controlled from Machynlleth. The crossing is located between two road level crossings, which have been resignalled to control Cambrian line train access to the crossing. Under agreement with Network Rail, the WHR are required to staff its crossing and all trains must stop. The procedure south of Pen-y-Mount is as follows (the procedure is reversed for north bound trains):

• A token is obtained for southbound trains at Pen-y-Mount station, which controls the line to Cambrian crossing
• All trains must stop at Cambrian crossing, at signals which are then protected by catch points north and south of the Cambrian Railway junction
• The driver hands over the token, and requests the manned crossing controller to contact Network Rail for clearance
• Contact is made by the crossing controller with the signaller at Machynlleth by pressing a plunger
• If the line is clear, the signals at the road crossings are set to danger, and clearance is given to allow the WHR train to proceed
• Once the train is clear, the manned crossing controller contacts Network Rail at Machynlleth to advise the section is clear
• Track circuit sequences on the Cambrian line will give clearance to both road and rail crossings once a WHR train is passed

Porthmadog cross-town link

Template:Future event South of Cambrian crossing, the WHR cross town link operates on a "one engine in steam" policy. Trains will move direct to Porthmadog Harbour, where passengers will alight. Due to the lack of a run round loop at Porthmadog Harbour on the WHR platform, a spare locomotive to pull the stock back north will be held in a spur line at the former Gasworks in central Porthmadog. Once the southbound train is at Porthmadog Harbour, the driver of the spur held locomotive will request clearance into the Porthmadog section. Once clearance is given, the spur locomotive will proceed to Porthmadog Harbour and connect to the train. The locomotive which pulled the train south will now disconnect. Once the now north bound orientated train has transited the Cross town link section north of Cambrian crossing, the driver of the spare locomotive will request entrance to the Cross town link and proceed to the gasworks spur, where it will be held until the next train transits south to Porthmadog Harbour.

Timetable

Template:Future event Historically, the WHR was split into two operational sections:

• Dinas Junction to Beddgelert
• Beddgelert to Portmadog

For 2009 timetable operation, it is proposed to replica this mode of operation, but with an increased frequency. Having over come Railway Inspectorate concerns over the stepness of the gradient at Beddgelert station, two sets of WHR(C) carriages from the three sets based at Dinas Junction will operate from Caernarfon to Beddgelert, while a set of Festiniog carriages will be worked by a pair WHR(C) locomotives from Porthmadog to Bedgellert. The draft timetable (as of August 2008) for the completed railway shows three trains a day between Caernarfon and Porthmadog, with more trains during the high season.

Whole of line operations

Although it would be possible to run trains from Caernarfon through to Blaenau Ffestiniog on the Ffestiniog Railway, there are currently no plans to do so. This possibility is made more difficult for operational reasons as the WHR is built to a larger loading gauge than the Festiniog railway, and so the only train that could operate the complete line length would need to be to Festiniog railway size specifications. This size/scale requirement makes operations on the WHR difficult, as the WHR timetable is built around an average speed of trains of 25mph, while the smaller locomotives of the Festiniog railway operate to a timetable of an average of 18mph. Although early operations of the WHR(C) were made possible by use of Festiniog railway locomotives, these were mostly withdrawn back to the Festiniog once operations were extended to Wanfaur due to the operational need to operate the timetable to average train speeds of 25mph.

Stations

See also: List of stations and halts on the Welsh Highland Railway

Original

• Dinas
• Tryfan Junction
  • Rhostryfan
  • Bryngwyn
• Waunfawr
• Bettws Garmon
• Salem Halt
• Plas-y-Nant
• Quellyn Lake
• South Snowdon
• Hafod Ruffydd Halt
• Beddgelert
• Nantmor
• Hafod-y-Llyn Halt
• Hafod Garregog Halt
• Croesor Junction
• Ynysfor Halt
• Pont Croesor Halt
• Portmadoc New (1933) station
• Portmadoc New (1923) station
• Porthmadog Harbour

WHR (Porthmadog)

• Traeth Mawr Loop
• Pen-y-Mount
• Gelert's Farm halt
• Porthmadog

WHR (Caernarfon)

• Caernarfon
• Bontnewydd
• Dinas
• Waunfawr
• Plas-y-Nant
• Snowdon Ranger
• Rhyd Ddu
• Meillionen (under construction)
• Beddgelert (under construction)
• Nantmor (possible station. Originally the local residents rejected a station, however a recent local ballot has supported the provision of a halt.)
• Pont Croesor (under construction)
• Pen-y-Mount
• Porthmadog Harbour

Notes

^ a: Spelling of many Welsh placenames have changed over the past 50 years, as use of the proper Welsh language and spelling has gained ground. For example, the name "Ffestiniog" is the correct Welsh spelling, where as the widely, and previously accepted "Festiniog", is actually an English spelling, originating, possibly, in the 18th century when English gentry moved into Wales. The company is legally known as the Festiniog Railway Company, and as such conducts its official business. It has, since the mid 1980's, promoted itself as the Ffestiniog Railway, in keeping with other local trades. This convention (Ff for the railway, F for the company), is used throughout the article.

Bibliography

• Boyd, James I.C. (1988) [1972]. Narrow Gauge Railways in South Caernarvonshire – Volume 1. Headington: The Oakwood Press. ISBN 978-0-85361-365-7. OCLC 20417464.
• Boyd, James I.C. (1989) [1972]. Narrow Gauge Railways in South Caernarvonshire - Volume 2: The Welsh Highland Railway. Headington: The Oakwood Press. ISBN 978-0-85361-383-1. OCLC 145018679.
• Hopkins, John C. (2003). Rheilffordd Eryri/The Welsh Highland Railway: 1991 to 2003, 4th edition 388pp. The author.
• Johnson, Peter (1999). Portrait of the Welsh Highland Railway. Ian Allan Publishing Lts.
• Johnson, Peter (2003). An Illustrated History of the Welsh Highland Railway. Oxford Publishing Company. ISBN 0-86093-565-5.
• Turner, Alun (2003). The Welsh Righland Railway: a History, 4th edition. Stenlak Publishing. ISBN 1-84033-263-8.

See also

• Welsh Highland Railway (Porthmadog)
• British narrow gauge railways
• Worsley Works produces kits of many WHR coaches and Diesel Locomotive Castell Caernarfon
• SAR NGG 16 Class

External links

• Welsh Highland Railway (Porthmadog) - official site
• Welsh Highland Railway (Caernarfon) - official site
• Welsh Highland Railway (Caernarfon) - official construction site
• Rebuilding the Welsh Highland Railway - unofficial site - updated almost daily!
• The Pont Croesor Extension
• Festiniog Railway's Heritage Group Wiki - contains further WHR information
• Welsh Highland Railway History

Videos

• Train going through Cynfal Crossing
• Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Opening of Traeth Mawr
• Pen-y-Mount