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*After completing graduate school in 1952, Simmons worked for the U.S. government as a bank examiner, then for a Dallas-based bank, Republic National Bank.<ref>Kimble, Young America's Foundation, 2006.</ref>
*After completing graduate school in 1952, Simmons worked for the U.S. government as a bank examiner, then for a Dallas-based bank, Republic National Bank.<ref>Kimble, Young America's Foundation, 2006.</ref>


*'''University Pharmacy and Jack Eckerd Corporation''': In 1960, using $5,000 of his savings, and a $95,000 loan, he bought a small drugstore,University Pharmacy on Hillcrest Avenue, across from the campus of Southern Methodist University.<ref>"Harold Simmons," ''SMU News'', Nov. 9, 2007.</ref> Before Simmons owned it, University Pharmacy was the site of a racially charged sit-in in January, 1961, when its owner C.K. Bright sprayed insecticide over and around 60 students, only 2 of whom were black seminary students.<ref>James Lehrer, "Protesting Students Sit In, Walk Picket Line at Store," ''Dallas Morning News'', January 10, 1961.</ref> After it had acquired its reputation for segregation, Simmons purchased the store and parlayed it into a chain of 100 stores. which in 1973 he sold for more than $50 million, to [[Eckerd Corporation]]. This launched his career as an investor, when he used the proceeds of that sale to begin speculation in the financial services industry. By 1974, he had been indicted for and acquitted of wire and mail fraud, and involved in a pension-related lawsuit brought against him by the [[United Auto Workers]].<ref>"Harold Simmons," International Directory of Company Histories, vol. 19, St. James Press, 1998.</ref> <ref name="ACN">[http://cache.zoominfo.com/cachedpage/?archive_id=0&page_id=959603324&page_url=%2f%2fwww.andrewscountynews.com%2fnews%2fget-news.asp%3fid%3d2752%26catid%3d1%26cpg%3dget-news.asp&page_last_updated=1%2f5%2f2005+10%3a56%3a57+PM&firstName=Harold&lastName=Simmons "Simmons donates $15 million for cancer research"], ''Andrew County News'', January 5, 2005</ref>
*'''University Pharmacy and Jack Eckerd Corporation''': In 1960, using $5,000 of his savings, and a $95,000 loan, he bought a small drugstore,University Pharmacy on Hillcrest Avenue, across from the campus of Southern Methodist University.<ref>"Harold Simmons," ''SMU News'', Nov. 9, 2007.</ref> Before Simmons owned it, University Pharmacy was the site of a racially charged sit-in in January, 1961, when its owner C.K. Bright sprayed insecticide over and around 60 students, only 2 of whom were black seminary students.<ref>James Lehrer, "Protesting Students Sit In, Walk Picket Line at Store," ''Dallas Morning News'', January 10, 1961.</ref> Simmons purchased the store and parlayed it into a chain of 100 stores. which in 1973 he sold for more than $50 million, to [[Eckerd Corporation]]. This launched his career as an investor, when he used the proceeds of that sale to begin speculation in the financial services industry. By 1974, he had been indicted for and acquitted of wire and mail fraud, and involved in a pension-related lawsuit brought against him by the [[United Auto Workers]].<ref>"Harold Simmons," International Directory of Company Histories, vol. 19, St. James Press, 1998.</ref> <ref name="ACN">[http://cache.zoominfo.com/cachedpage/?archive_id=0&page_id=959603324&page_url=%2f%2fwww.andrewscountynews.com%2fnews%2fget-news.asp%3fid%3d2752%26catid%3d1%26cpg%3dget-news.asp&page_last_updated=1%2f5%2f2005+10%3a56%3a57+PM&firstName=Harold&lastName=Simmons "Simmons donates $15 million for cancer research"], ''Andrew County News'', January 5, 2005</ref>


*Simmons developed his "all debt and no equity" philosophy of capital managment from having observed banks as a bank examiner, realizing that "Small banks in Texas were casual about getting the maximum use of their funds. . . banks were the most highly leveraged thing I saw. They borrowed most of their money and really didn't need much equity except for purposes of public confidence." Understanding that banks could be bought entirely with borrowed money, Simmons theorized that he should "buy a bunch, because one bank could be used dto finance another. All debt and no equity."<ref>Bill Bancroft, "Perils of the Simmons Watch," [[New York Times]], December 3, 1989.</ref>
*Simmons developed his "all debt and no equity" philosophy of capital managment from having observed banks as a bank examiner, realizing that "Small banks in Texas were casual about getting the maximum use of their funds. . . banks were the most highly leveraged thing I saw. They borrowed most of their money and really didn't need much equity except for purposes of public confidence." Understanding that banks could be bought entirely with borrowed money, Simmons theorized that he should "buy a bunch, because one bank could be used dto finance another. All debt and no equity."<ref>Bill Bancroft, "Perils of the Simmons Watch," [[New York Times]], December 3, 1989.</ref>

Revision as of 16:03, 7 November 2008

Harold Clark Simmons (born 1931, Golden, Wood County, Texas)[1] is an American businessman whose banking expertise helped him develop the acquisition concept known as the leveraged buyout (LBO) to acquire various corporations. He is the owner of Contran Corporation and of Valhi, Inc., (a NYSE traded company about 90% controlled by Contran).[2] As of 2006 he controlled 5 public companies traded on the New York Stock Exchange: NL Industries; Titanium Metals Corporation, the world's largest producer of titanium; Valhi, Inc., a multinational company with operations in the chemicals, component products, wastemanagement, and titanium metals industries; CompX International, manufacturer of ergonomic products, and Kronos Worldwide, leading producer and marketer of titanium dioxide.[3] As of 2007 he has an estimated net worth of around $7.4 billion dollars.[4]

Education and Early Life

Both of Simmons' parents, Leon and Fairess Simmons, were teachers who stressed the value of a good education. Simmons' father was a school superintendent, and his mother was an English teacher.[5] Simmons has BA (1951) and MA (1952) degrees in agricultural economics from the University of Texas at Austin.[6] Simmons hold a Phi Beta Kappa key.[7][8]

Career

  • After completing graduate school in 1952, Simmons worked for the U.S. government as a bank examiner, then for a Dallas-based bank, Republic National Bank.[9]
  • University Pharmacy and Jack Eckerd Corporation: In 1960, using $5,000 of his savings, and a $95,000 loan, he bought a small drugstore,University Pharmacy on Hillcrest Avenue, across from the campus of Southern Methodist University.[10] Before Simmons owned it, University Pharmacy was the site of a racially charged sit-in in January, 1961, when its owner C.K. Bright sprayed insecticide over and around 60 students, only 2 of whom were black seminary students.[11] Simmons purchased the store and parlayed it into a chain of 100 stores. which in 1973 he sold for more than $50 million, to Eckerd Corporation. This launched his career as an investor, when he used the proceeds of that sale to begin speculation in the financial services industry. By 1974, he had been indicted for and acquitted of wire and mail fraud, and involved in a pension-related lawsuit brought against him by the United Auto Workers.[12] [13]
  • Simmons developed his "all debt and no equity" philosophy of capital managment from having observed banks as a bank examiner, realizing that "Small banks in Texas were casual about getting the maximum use of their funds. . . banks were the most highly leveraged thing I saw. They borrowed most of their money and really didn't need much equity except for purposes of public confidence." Understanding that banks could be bought entirely with borrowed money, Simmons theorized that he should "buy a bunch, because one bank could be used dto finance another. All debt and no equity."[14]
  • Simmons conducted a widely publicized but ultimately unsuccesful takeover attempt on the Lockheed Corporation, after having gradully acquired almost 20 per cent of its stock. Lockheed was attractive to Simmons because one of its primary investors was the California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS), the pension fund of the state of California. At the time, the New York Times said, "Much of Mr. Simmons's interest in Lockheed is believed to stem from its pension plan, which is overfinanced by more than $1.4 billion. Analysts said he might want to liquidate the plan and pay out the excess funds to shareholders, including himself." Citing the "mismanagement" of its chairman, Daniel M. Tellep, Simmons stated a wish to replace its board with a slate of his own choosing, since he was the largest investor. His board nominations included former Texas Senator John Tower, the onetime chairman of the Armed Services Committee, and Adm. Elmo Zumwalt Jr., a former chief of Naval Operations.[17] [18] When Simmons had first begun accumulating Lockheed stock in early 1989 when deep Pentagon cuts to the Defense budget had driven down prices of military contractor stocks, analysts had not believed he would attempt the takeover, since he was also at the time pursuing control of Georgia Gulf.[19]
  • In the 1987 stock market crash, Simmons made a significant portion of his fortune. In an interview ten years after that crash Simmons said," The day they had the big stock market crash, I came away with several hundred million dollars in stock. . . over the years, things have worked out so well that I probably made $5 billion out of the deal."[20] Simmons was referring to NL Industries, formerly known as National Lead Industries, which was a titanium company on the books as a worthless discontinued operation. Simmons didn't know he owned it for 2 or 3 years, but it eventually became worth about $6 billion.[21]
  • In 1997 Simmons made a $5 million investment in T. Boone Pickens, Jr.'s first fund BP Capital Energy Commodity Fund; by 2005 this had grown to $150 million.[22]

Capital Gains Tax Opposition & Activism

In 1964, Simmons set up a trust for his daughters, based on a single drugstore worth $33,000.[23] By the 1990s Simmons had placed the bulk of his fortune, including homes, vehicles, a Falcon jet, and controlling stakes in two companies into two trusts to benefit his daughters and their descendants, to shield his assets from creditors, tax collectors, and their mother, his ex-wife.[24] The trusts later were challenged by two of his daughters who brought suit against him in 1997 who accused him of using the trusts illegally for political purposes.[25]

In August 1997, President Bill Clinton used a line-item veto to draw attention to the type of "special benefits" that investors such as Simmons employ to avoid paying capital gains taxes since the early 1980s. Simmons had formed the "Snake River Sugar Cooperative" of 2,000 beet farmers and classified it as a joint-venture, shared ownership co-op, to purchase his Amalgamated Sugar Company, for $260 million. At the time, Charles Schumer, serving as a House Representative from New York, wrote a letter to Clinton stating that the measure before him for consideration would benefit Simmons with a $104 million tax deferral. Simmons stated at the time that his tax deferral was only $80 million.[26]

Political activism

1980s During the Ronald Reagan presidency, Simmons was a contributor to GOPAC, the political action committee originally founded by Newt Gingrich when he was Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Simmons also contributed to the defense funds of Oliver North and John Poindexter, Reagan aides implicated in the Iran-Contra scandal.

1990s In 1993, Simmons was fined $19,000 by the Federal Election Commission for exceeding the legal limit of campaign contributions in 1989 and 1990 elections.[27]

Between 1993 and 1997, Simmons and family members and Contran gave more than $315,000 to Republican candidates, according to FEC records.[28]

Family Trust battle: When the Internal Revenue Service judged in 1996 that one of Simmons' two family trusts was used as his own property and therefore subject to tax law,[29] two of Simmons' four daughters sued him, alleging that he had mismanaged the two trusts he had created for them, valued at that time at one billion dollars, that he had forced them to sign blank letters for political contribution purposes to use for whatever cause he saw fit, that he had contributed money in their names to causes and campaigns that they themselves opposed, and that he had pressured them into making "illegitimate" and "illegal" campaign contributions from the trusts he had established for them.[30] After a publicly acrimonious Dallas probate court battle that lasted eight weeks, Judge Nikki DeShazo declared a mistrial.[31] The suit was settled when Simmons agreed to give each of the two daughters $50 million, if they would reliquish all claim to his remaining wealth, which at that time was estimated to be at $1.2 billion. Simmons other two daughters remained the beneficiaries of his wealth. The FEC launched an investigation into the contributions to political campaigns that he had made in his daughters' names.[32]

2004 presidential election During the 2004 presidential campaign Simmons made a $4 million donation to the controversial and widely discredited group Swift Vets and POWs for Truth, along with Houston homebuilder Bob Perry and Dallas oilman T. Boone Pickens.[33] He also donated $100,000 to George W. Bush's January 2005 inaugural ball.[34]

2008 presidential election Simmons, a longtime Republican donor, gave the maximum $2,300 contributions to Senator John McCain last year, as well as to former Governor Mitt Romney and to former Mayor Rudy Giuliani. He's listed as a bundler for the McCain campaign on McCain's website, which says he's raised between $50,000 and $100,000 for the Republican candidate. He's also contributed to Rep. Chet Edwards, a Texas Democrat.[35] Simmons has given more than $500,000 to Texas governor Rick Perry, and more than $300,000 to Texas Lt. Governor David Dewhurst and Attorney General Greg Abbott.[36] donor to the American Issues Project, an independent political group with 501(c)4 tax status that created and bought airtime for ads accusing 2008 Democratic presidential candidate Senator Barack Obama of having ties to William Ayers, who had been a member of the Weather Underground.[37] Obama's political platform had proposed reductions in the capital gains tax codes that would affect investors such as Simmons. AIP's advertisements were so widely discredited that two television networks went so far as to refuse to run the ads on the grounds they implied a connection existed between William Ayers and Barack Obama as well as appearing to be in violation of campaign finance laws. This connection has been deemed to be completely false as Obama was 8 years old and living in Hawaii when Ayers was involved in the non-fatal bombings of the U.S. Capital and Pentagon[38]. The ads were aired for a short while in the battleground states of Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia at a cost of $2.8 million.[39] A complaint against the American Issues Project was filed with the Federal Election Commission on October 10, 2008, by a campaign finance watchdog group, Democracy 21, which alleged that AIP conducted its operations illegally, since 501(c)4 groups must declare that their purpose is not to influence the outcome of elections while their ad was clearly intended to smear Presidential candidate Barack Obama.[40]

Environmental Management

  • NL Industries, originally named National Lead Industries, Inc. has been involved in numerous lawsuits brought by the U.S. Department of Justice to force the company to pay funds into the Superfund to clean up contaminated sites at various sites around the country such as Granite City, Illinois,[41] and Depew, New York.[42]
  • Simmons is also the proponent of a controversial plan to store nuclear waste in Andrews County, which is in far West Texas. which his radioactive waste management company, Waste Control Specialists, would administer.[43] Waste Control Management holds a license for permanenet disposal of uranium mining waste and for storage of low-level waste from medical radiology labs, nuclear power plants and other operations. In May 2008 The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality voted to grant the company a related license for permanenet disposal of radioactive byproduct material, much of it from uranium industry by-products, including a former federal nuclear weapons plant in Ohio. The Texas Sierra Club opposed the site and asked a state district judge to overturn the commission's position, citing the commission's own language in respect to groundwater contamination possible from the proposal. A 30-day period for public comment was then opened.[44]

Philanthropy

  • In 1973, amid numerous legal entanglements involving his businesses, Simmons was a significant contributor to the Dallas Civic Opera.[45]
  • The Harold Simmons Foundation is the philanthropic arm of the Simmons financial empire. Two of Simmons' daughters, Serena Simmons Connolly and Lisa Simmons Epstein, are its administrators. The foundation supports the causes of immigration rights, campaign reform, prison reform, handgun control, and reproductive rights.[47] The contributions to the presidential bids of Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama made by Serena Connolly were privately made, not funded by the foundation.[48]
  • Simmons donated money to help fund the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment at the University of Texas. He has previously given to UT athletic programs and the McCombs School of Business. By 2005, total donations from his family and foundation to the UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas exceeded $70 million.[13]
  • In 2006, Harold Simmons made a grant to the Young America's Foundation to establish the Harold Simmons Lecture Series, which enabled former U.S. Senator Zell Miller to tour college campuses during the 2006-2007 school year to promote "his message in defense of America from foreign and domestic threats to our freedom."[50]
  • In 2007, Harold and Annette Simmons announced a landmark $20 million gift to Southern Methodist University to provide an endowment for the university's School of Education and Human Development. The gift allocated $10 million for construction of a new facility, to be named the Annette Caldwell Simmons Building; $5 million for graduate student fellowships; and $5 million for faculty support and an endowed deanship.[52]
  • In 2008 the Harold Simmons Foundation made a donation of $5 million to the Dallas Zoo, the largest single private contribution in the zoo's 120 year history.[53]
  • Annette and Harold Simmons have been underwriters for 28 consecutive years to the Dallas Crystal Charity Ball Fashion Show and Luncheon.[54] [55] The Crystal Charity Ball has distributed more than $82 million to children's charities since 1953.
  • The Harold Simmons Foundation is a major donor of over $500,000. to the Dallas Women's Fundation which commissioned a study of women's economic security in the 12-county Dallas-Arlington-Fort Worth metropolitan area.[56]
  • The Harold Simmons Foundation issued a $50 million challenge grant to the Parkland Foundation, to aid in fundraising to build a new public hospital, one of the largest private gifts for a public hospital campaign in the nation.[57]

Awards

  • Charles Cameron Sprague Comunity Service Award
  • Annette G. Strauss Humanitarian Award
  • 2002 Angel of Freedom Award,(Harold Simmons Foundation) Human Rights Initiative

Litigation Involving Simmons

  • Drugstore Liquor Sales Class Action Suit: In 1971, a class action suit against Simmons' Ward Cut-Rate Drug Company was filed in Fort Worth, Texas federal district court by a group of liquor store owners. The suit alleged that Simmons was selling liquor in his drugstores with illegally obtained permits and was in violation of Texas statutes for the sale of liquor, including the sale of alcohol to minors.[58] At the time, the sale of alcohol in Simmons' drugstore, under the auspices of Wards Liquors, Inc. accounted for 25% of the drug company's gross profits.[59] Earlier in the year, Simmons made a speech before the Dallas Pess Club, declaring that the organized efforts of the package store "lobby" might result in a legislative effort to block alcohol sales in drugstores. Simmons also said that the legislators themselves were unaware that in 1969 they had changed the law to require that liquor be sold in separate buildings from drugstores. Simmons' newspaper ads of that time read, "Don't let the 'Dallas liquor lobby' legislate an end to low prices!" Simmons led a petition drive supporting a change in the law, H.B. 1720.[60] An Executive for the Texas Council for Liquor Control, Vernon Gatlin, remarked to a Dallas reporter that Simmons, to influence the outcome of legislation, "he has engaged in a campaign of deceptive propaganda."[61]
  • Federal Fraud Indictment: In 1974, a federal grand jury in Chicago returned a 15-count indictment accusing Simmons and his legal advisor at Contran Corp.John Brunson of siphoing away funds of National Bankers Life Insurance Company of Dallas, of borrowing money in Houston to gain control of the Fidelity General Insurance Company of Chicago, selling off its securities to pay of debts, of essentially gaining control of the insurance company by paying for it with its own assets. Other defendants in the case were Simmons' brother Glenn Simmons, Harry Stuth, Robert Wall, and Wallace Jay.[62]
  • SEC investigation of collateralization of Dallas City pensions: As a result of the investigation associated with this case, the Securities and Exchange Commission filed a complaint against the investment adviser for the Dallas Employee Retirement Fund, for refusing to produce his records of a $6.3 million loan from pension funds he made to Harold Simmons, in exchange for warrant to purchase 20,000 shares of stock in Contran. At that time, the Dallas pension fund was valued at $14 million dollars.(See also, Investment Advisers Act of 1940.) In an affidavit signed by the SEC examiner, the SEC maintained that on five occasions the examination of the investment adviser's records for the Dallas Employee Retirement Fund was thwarted.[63][64] [65] An earlier inquiry had revealed that the Dallas city auditor Lynn Crossley and the Dallas City Manager, George Schrader, both owned stock in Simmons' Contran. Crossley maintained that the pension-fund loan to Contran had nothing to do with his stock ownership, since he had purchased it after the loan, that he had "waited purposefully" to buy it. Also under scrutiny was Simmons' act of using restricted stock as collateral in seeking financial backing.[66]
  • Contran Corporation Shareholder Class Action Suit: In the spring of 1974, shareholders of Simmons' Contran Corporation filed suit against Simmons and his brother Glenn, alleging that they decreased Contran's book value by excesses in "borrowing, mismanagement, and diversions." A federal judge, Robert M. Hill, enjoined the Simmons brothers and Simmons' wife from using a plane owned by Simmons and leased to Contran at an exorbitant rate, and from otherwise "wasting" Contran's assets, such as paying himself unreported #$500,000 bonus in fiscal year 1973.[67]
  • Dolph Brisco investigations: In March 1974, Simmons was subpoenaed along with many other Dallas wealthy citizens, to give a deposition in a suit brought by Frances Farenthold pertaining to the solicitation and expenditure of campaign funds by Texas Governor Dolph Briscoe.[68]
  • National Lock/United Auto Workers lawsuit: In April 1985 Simmons was found guilty by a district court in Peoria, Illinois, of using $15 million in pension funds of union workers in one company to help him purchase a separate company. Six retirees of National Lock Corporation all members of United Auto Workers Local 449, sued Simmons, alleging that he used pension money to purchase shares of stock in Amalgamated Sugar Company, an Ogden, Utah, firm he took over in 1982. The U.S. Department of Labor had sued Simmons in 1983 charging that he and colleagues "aggressively and with blitzkreig haste hurred themselves into a morass of conflict-laden situations." A settlement had been reached, but the workers decided to sue for damages. The UAW had a prior conflict with Simmons, accusing him of manipulating pension money from a trucking firm he owned for the purposes of busting their union. The workers demanded Simmons' removal as a trustee of their retirement funds because of his violation of the federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.[69] The final ruling in the case came in August, when a judge termed Simmons a "brilliant self made man" and a man "of which legends are made," but who "believes that what is good for him is good for everyone else" and had behaved as "a benevolent dictator" and outside the statutes for management of pension funds.[70]
  • In April 1990, Simmons filed a lawsuit on behalf of NL Industries that challenged the legality of the proxy contest he lost in his bid to acquire control of Lockheed Corporation, maintaining that the incumbent directors of Lockheed illegally engineered the proxy vote.[71]

Personal life

  • On February 25, 1961, Harold Simmons married Sandra Katherleen Saliba in Fort Smith, Arkansas.[72] The marriage ended in divorce after he lost his first bank job, when "she was so distressed that he had thrown away a stable and lucrative future that she moved out of their home and left him with their two young daughters."[73]
  • A second wife also left Harold Simmons in the aftermath of 1970s indictment for mail and securities fraud, though he was acquitted.[74] Simmons had two additional daughters from this marriage.
  • Simmons married his third wife, Annette Caldwell, in 1980.[75] She and Simmons became friends of television host and entertainment mogul Oprah Winfrey when they purchased neighboring property in Montecito, California. In October 2004, Mrs. Simmons was featured on the Oprah! television show, giving a tour of Simmons' boyhood town, Golden, Texas, during its sweet potato festival.[76] In another episode, "Annette's Tea Party," Mrs. Simmons entertainment style was a feature.

References

  1. ^ Richard Kimble, "Philantropist Harold Simmons Establishes Lectyre Series Featuring Senator Zell Miller"
  2. ^ "Conflicts of Interest and Special Committees Revisited: Has Kahn V. Tremont Corp. Permanently Changed the Landscape, or Merely Slyghtly Altered It?", FindLaw.com
  3. ^ Richard Kimble, "Philanthropist Harold Simmons..." Libertas, Young America's Foundation, 2006.
  4. ^ "The 400 Richest Americans (2007)", Forbes.com
  5. ^ Richard Kimble, "Philanthropist Harold Simmons Establishes Lecture Series Featuring Senator Zell Miller," Libertas, Young America's Foundation, 2006.
  6. ^ Bill Bancroft, "Perils of the Simmons Watch," New York Times, December 3, 1989.
  7. ^ Ledgerwood Sloan, "Harold Simmons Builds $80 Million Empire, Dallas Morning News, Dec. 12, 1922.
  8. ^ "Harold Simmons," SMU News, Nov. 9, 2007.
  9. ^ Kimble, Young America's Foundation, 2006.
  10. ^ "Harold Simmons," SMU News, Nov. 9, 2007.
  11. ^ James Lehrer, "Protesting Students Sit In, Walk Picket Line at Store," Dallas Morning News, January 10, 1961.
  12. ^ "Harold Simmons," International Directory of Company Histories, vol. 19, St. James Press, 1998.
  13. ^ a b "Simmons donates $15 million for cancer research", Andrew County News, January 5, 2005
  14. ^ Bill Bancroft, "Perils of the Simmons Watch," New York Times, December 3, 1989.
  15. ^ Dan Morain, "Billionaire Harold Simmons Funded Ad Linking Obama, Ex-Weatherman Ayers," Los Angeles Times, August 23, 2008.
  16. ^ Kimble, Young America's Foundation, 2006.
  17. ^ Thomas Hayes, "Lockheed Fends Off Simmons," The New York Times, March 19, 1991.
  18. ^ Richard W. Stevenson, "Simmons Is Considering Possible Lockheed Bid," New York Times, Februrary 1990.
  19. ^ "Simmons to Lift Lockheed Stake," New York Times, November 22, 1989.
  20. ^ Dallas Business Leaders Relive Crash of 1987," Dallas Morning News, October 19, 2007.
  21. ^ Ibid.
  22. ^ "Raider to trader - Rising oil prices bring gushing profits to T. Boone Pickens", www.projo.com
  23. ^ Allen R. Myerson, "Wealthy Texan Has Tough Talk for 2 Daughters," New York Times, April 12, 1997.
  24. ^ Allen R. Myerson, "A Family Feuds Over 2 Trust Funds," New York Times, April 8, 1997.
  25. ^ Ibid.
  26. ^ Allen R. Myerson, "Billionaire Feels Sting of Line Item Veto," New York Times, August 12, 1997.
  27. ^ Allen R. Myerson, "A Family Feuds In Texas Over 2 Trust Funds," New York Times, April 8, 1997.
  28. ^ Allen R. Myerson, "A Family Feuds in Texas Over 2 Trust Funds," New York Times, April 8, 1997.
  29. ^ Barnaby J. Feder, "Mistrial Declared in Dispute Over Billionaire's Empire," New York Times, December 18, 1997.
  30. ^ Allen R. Myerson, "A Family Feuds In Texas Over 2 Trust Funds," New York Times, April 8, 1997; Allen R. Myerson, "Wealthy Texan Has Tough Talk for 2 Daughters," New York Times, April 12, 1997.
  31. ^ Barnaby J. Feder, "Mistrial Declared in Dispute Over Billionaire's Empire," New York Times, December 18, 1997.
  32. ^ Allen R. Myerson, "Agreement Ends Simmons Family's Feud," New York Times, February, 11, 1998.
  33. ^ Wayne Slater, Gomer Jeffers, "Dallas Billionaire Harold Simmons Finances Anti-Obama Ad," Dallas Morning News, August 23, 2008.
  34. ^ "Bush inaugural ball in big donors' court - Top-tier contributions to revelry viewed by some as an investment", krem.com
  35. ^ Mark Murray, “Obama, Meet Harold Simmons,” First Read, MSNBC, August 23 , 2008
  36. ^ Wayne Slater, "Dallas Billionaire Harold Simmons Finances Anti-Obama Ad," Dallas Morning News, August 23, 2008.
  37. ^ "Anti-Obama Ayers Ad Funded By One Billionaire McCain Supporter", Huffington Post, August 22, 2008
  38. ^ "Obama and ’60s Bomber: A Look Into Crossed Paths", The New York Times, October 4, 2008
  39. ^ "Obama mobilizes rapid response on Web - Campaign targets unsympathetic media"
  40. ^ Associated Press, "Watchdog Seeks Probe of a Political Group's TV Ads," October 10, 2008.
  41. ^ Environmental Protection Agency, "NL INDUSTRIES/TARACORP LEAD SMELTER," EPA ID# ILD096731468, September, 2006.
  42. ^ Environmental Protection Agency, "EPA Announces Commitment to Clean Up Contaminated Properties in Depew, New York," Sep 15, 2008 Environmental Protection Agency Documents and Publications/ContentWorks via COMTEX.
  43. ^ Mark Murray, “Obama, Meet Harold Simmons,” First Read, MSNBC, August 23 , 2008.
  44. ^ Randy Lee Loftis, "Radioactive Waste Site Nearing OK," Dallas Morning News, August 13, 2008.
  45. ^ "Civic Opera Tunes Up in Russian for Season Preview," Dallas Morning News, October 10, 1973.
  46. ^ "Harold Simmons," SMU News, Nov. 9, 2007.
  47. ^ Tom Matzzie, "Harold Simmons' Obama-Supporting Philanthropist Daughter," Accountable America, August 26, 2008.
  48. ^ ibid.
  49. ^ "SMU On Property-Shopping Spree," Dallas Business Journal, February 24, 2006.
  50. ^ Richard Kimble, "Philanthropist Harold Simmons Establishes Lecture Series Featuring Senator Zell Miller," Libertas, Young America's Foundation, 2006.
  51. ^ "Oprah Winfrey Has Powerful (Giving) Friends," www.oprahsschoool.com, 2007.
  52. ^ "News," ,Second Century, Southern Methodist University, November 9, 2007.
  53. ^ "Dallas Zoo receives largest private gift in its 120-year history", Pegasus News, September 3, 2008
  54. ^ "Snapped," Dallas Morning News, September 19, 2008.
  55. ^ Robert Miller, "Couple Donates $1 Million," Dallas Morning News, Sept. 15, 2008.
  56. ^ Robert Miller, "Campaign Opens With 2/3 Raised," Dallas Morning News, October 1, 2008.
  57. ^ Sherry Jacobson, "Project Enjoys Big Donations," Dallas Morning News, September 10, 2008.
  58. ^ Liquor Head Raps Charges by Drug Firm," Dallas Morning News, May 5, 1971.
  59. ^ "Ward Drug Co. Sued by Liquor Store Operators," Dallas Morning News, August 23, 1971.
  60. ^ "Drug Store Liquor Said Threatened," Dallas Morning News, May 2, 1974.
  61. ^ "Liquor Head Raps Charges By Drug Firm," Dallas Morning News, May 5, 1971.
  62. ^ Carl Freud, "Brunson Denies Fraud Charges," Dallas Morning News, March, 1, 1974.
  63. ^ Earl Golz, "SEC Complains About Witheld Fund Records," Dallas Morning News, June 13, 2004.
  64. ^ Earl Golz, "SEC Orders Hearing in Contran Controversy," Dallas Morning News, November 19, 1974.
  65. ^ Henry Tatum, "Employee Fund Loans Reported," Dallas Morning News, March 27, 1974.
  66. ^ Earl Golz, "Two Admit Owning Stock," Dallas Morning News, April 27, 1974.
  67. ^ Earl Gole, "Airplane Use Forbidden," Dallas Morning News, March 27, 1974.
  68. ^ Carolyn Barta, "Donors Off Hook, Temporarily," Dallas Morning News, March 13, 1974.
  69. ^ James Warren, "Takeover Artist Found Guilty of Misusing Funds," Chicago Tribune, April 4, 1985.
  70. ^ James Warren, "Simmons Guilty in Pension Fund Deal," Chicago Tribune, August 6, 1985.
  71. ^ "Simmons Files Suit on Lockheed Proxy," Associated Press/New York Times,April 19, 1990.
  72. ^ "Sandra Saliba Is Engaged to Harold Clark Simmons," Dallas Morning News, Feb. 15, 1961.
  73. ^ "Harold Simmons," International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 19., St. James Press, 1998.
  74. ^ "Harold Simmons," INternational Directory of Company Histories," Vol. 19, St. James Press, 1998.
  75. ^ "Harold Simmons," SMU News, Nov. 9, 2007.
  76. ^ "Golden Sweet Potatoes," Oprah!, October 28, 2004.

Further reading

  • John J. Nance – Golden Boy: The Harold Simmons Story, ISBN 1571687475

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