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{{Infobox Software
| name = Microsoft Excel (Windows)
| logo = [[Image:Excel2007.PNG|64px|Microsoft Office Excel Icon]]
| screenshot = [[Image:Microsoft Office Excel 2007.png|250px]]
| caption = A typical blank Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheet running on [[Windows Vista]].
| developer = [[Microsoft]]
| latest_release_version = 12.0.6214.1000 (2007 SP1) <!-- Note: This is the final Excel 2007 version until SP2; Not recommended to synchronize with monthly Excel updates/patches -->
| latest_release_date = December 11, 2007
| operating_system = [[Microsoft Windows]]
| genre = [[Spreadsheet]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| website = [http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/FX100487621033.aspx Microsoft Office Excel Homepage]
}}
{{Infobox Software
| name = Microsoft Excel (Mac OS X)
| logo = [[Image:Excel mac 2008 icon.png|64px]]
| screenshot = [[Image:Excel 2008 mac os x leopard.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Microsoft Excel:Mac 2008 spreadsheet running on [[Mac OS X 10.5]].
| developer = [[Microsoft]]
| latest_release_version = 12.1.1 Buid 080522 (2008)
| latest_release_date = {{release date and age|2008|4|14}}
| latest_preview_version =
| latest_preview_date =
| operating_system = [[Mac OS X]]
| File format = xls
| genre = [[Spreadsheet]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| website = [http://www.microsoft.com/mac/products/excel2008/default.mspx Microsoft Excel: Mac 2008]
}}
In [[computing]], '''Microsoft Excel''' (full name '''Microsoft Office Excel''') consists of a [[proprietary software|proprietary]] [[spreadsheet]]-application written and distributed by [[Microsoft]] for [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[Mac OS X]]. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables and, except for Excel 2008 for Mac OS X, a macro programming language called VBA ([[Visual Basic for Applications]]). It is overwhelmingly the dominant spreadsheet application available for these platforms and has been so since version 5 in 1993{{Fact|date=April 2008}}, and is bundled as part of [[Microsoft Office]].

== History ==

Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called [[Multiplan]] in 1982, which became very popular on [[CP/M]] systems, but on [[MS-DOS]] systems it lost popularity to [[Lotus 1-2-3]]. Redmond released the first version of Excel for the Mac in 1985, and the first Windows version (numbered 2.05 to line up with the Mac and bundled with a run-time Windows environment) in November 1987. Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by 1988 Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft achieve the position of leading PC software developer. This accomplishment, dethroning the king of the software world, solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing [[Graphical user interface|GUI]] software. Microsoft pushed its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so. The current version for the Windows platform is Excel 12, also called Microsoft Office Excel 2007. The current version for the Mac OS X platform is Microsoft Excel 2008.

[[Image:Excel2.png|thumb|left|[[Microsoft Excel]] 2.1 included a [[runtime]] version of [[Windows 2.1]]]]

Early in 1993, Excel became the target of a trademark lawsuit by another company already selling a software package named "Excel" in the finance industry. As the result of the dispute Microsoft was required to refer to the program as "Microsoft Excel" in all of its formal press releases and legal documents. However, over time this practice has been ignored, and Microsoft cleared up the issue permanently when they purchased the trademark of the other program.{{fact|date=October 2008}} Microsoft also encouraged the use of the letters '''XL''' as shorthand for the program; while this is no longer common, the program's [[Icon (computing)|icon]] on Windows still consists of a stylized combination of the two letters, and the [[file extension]] of the default Excel format is ''.xls''.

Excel offers many [[user interface]] tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet, [[VisiCalc]]: the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell contains data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other cells.

Excel was the first spreadsheet that allowed the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell recomputation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command). Excel has extensive graphing capabilities, and enables users to perform [[mail merge]].

When Microsoft first bundled [[Microsoft Office Word|Microsoft Word]] and [[Microsoft PowerPoint]] into [[Microsoft Office]] in 1993, those applications had their [[GUI]]s redesigned for consistency with Excel,{{Fact|date=September 2007}} the [[killer app]] on the [[IBM PC compatible|PC]] at the time.

Since 1993, Excel has included [[Visual Basic for Applications]] (VBA), a programming language based on [[Visual Basic]] which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user defined functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA is a powerful addition to the application which, in later versions, includes a fully featured [[integrated development environment]] (IDE). Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and in-worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not creation) of [[Component object model|ActiveX]] ([[Component object model|COM]]) [[Dynamic-Link Library|DLL]]'s; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic [[object-oriented programming]] techniques.

The automation functionality provided by VBA has caused Excel to become a target for [[Macro (computer science)|macro]] [[computer virus|viruses]]. This was a serious problem in the corporate world until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. [[Microsoft]] belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate.

Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various [[Easter egg (virtual)|Easter eggs]], although since version 10 [[Microsoft]] has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/larryosterman/archive/2005/10/21/483608.aspx
|title=Why no Easter Eggs?
|author=Larry Osterman
|date=October 21, 2005
|accessdate=2006-07-29
|work=Larry Osterman's WebLog
|publisher=MSDN Blogs
}}</ref>

==Versions ==

[[Image:MS excel 97 on windows xp screenshot.png|200px|thumb|'Excel 97' (8.0) being run on Windows XP]]
[[Image:Office Excel 2003.png|200px|thumb|Office Excel 2003]]
[[Image:Excel 2003.png|thumb|Excel 2003 icon]]

Versions for [[Microsoft Windows]] include:
* 1987 Excel 2.0 for Windows
* 1990 Excel 3.0
* 1992 Excel 4.0
* 1993 Excel 5.0 (Office 4.2 & 4.3, also a 32-bit version for [[Windows NT]] only on the [[PowerPC]], [[DEC Alpha]], and [[MIPS Technologies|MIPS]])
* 1995 Excel for Windows 95 (version 7.0) - included in [[Office 95]]
* 1997 Excel 97 - included in Office 97 (x86 and also a DEC Alpha version)
* 1999 Excel 2000 (version 9.0) included in Office 2000
* 2001 Excel 2002 (version 10) included in [[Office XP]]
* 2003 Excel 2003 (version 11) included in [[Office 2003]]
* 2007 Excel 2007 (version 12) included in [[Office 2007]]
*''Notice: There is no Excel 1.0 for Windows, because the Windows version was introduced at the time the Mac version was up to 2.0.''
*''Notice: There is no Excel 6.0, because the [[Windows 95]] version was launched with Word 7. All the Office 95 & Office 4.X products have [[Object Linking and Embedding|OLE]] 2 capacity - moving data automatically from various programs - and Excel '''7''' should show that it was contemporary with Word '''7'''.''

Versions for the [[Apple Macintosh]] include:

* 1985 Excel 1.0
* 1988 Excel 1.5
* 1989 Excel 2.2
* 1990 Excel 3.0
* 1992 Excel 4.0
* 1993 Excel 5.0 (Office 4.X -- Motorola 68000 version and first PowerPC version)
* 1998 Excel 8.0 (Office '98)
* 2000 Excel 9.0 (Office 2001)
* 2001 Excel 10.0 (Office v. X)
* 2004 Excel 11.0 (part of [[Office 2004 for Mac]])
* 2008 Excel 12.0 (part of [[Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac|Office 2008 for Mac]])

Versions for [[OS/2]] include:

* 1989 Excel 2.2
* 1990 Excel 2.3
* 1991 Excel 3.0

Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (2^14) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (2^16) rows and 256 columns (2^8 as label 'IV'). Version 12.0 can handle 1M (2^20=1048576) rows, and 16384 (2^14 as label 'XFD') columns.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa730921.aspx
|title= The "Big Grid" and Increased Limits in Excel 2007
|accessdate= 2008-04-10
|author=
|last=
|first=
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|date=
|year=
|month=
|format=
|work= [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/ Microsoft.com]
|publisher=
|pages=
|language=
|doi=
|archiveurl=
|archivedate=
|quote=
}}</ref>

== File formats==
{{Infobox file format
| name = Excel Spreadsheet
| icon =
| logo =
| extension = .xls
| mime = application/vnd.ms-excel
| type code =
| uniform type = com.microsoft.excel.xls<ref>{{cite web|url=http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Carbon/Conceptual/understanding_utis/utilist/chapter_4_section_1.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40001319-CH205-CHDIJFGJ |title=System-Declared Uniform Type Identifiers |publisher=Apple Developer Connection |date=2008-04-08 |accessdate=2008-11-10}}</ref>
| magic =
| owner = [[Microsoft]]
| genre = [[Spreadsheet]]
| container for =
| contained by =
| extended from =
| extended to =
| standard =
}}

Microsoft Excel up until 2007 version used a proprietary binary file format called Binary Interchange File Format (BIFF) as its primary format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/840817/ |title=How to extract information from Office files by using Office file formats and schemas |publisher=Microsoft |date=February 26, 2008 |accessdate=2008-11-10}}</ref> Excel 2007 uses [[Office Open XML]] as its primary file format, an XML-based format that followed after a previous [[XML]]-based format called "XML Spreadsheet" ("XMLSS"), first introduced in Excel 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa140066(office.10).aspx |title=XML Spreadsheet Reference |work=Microsoft Excel 2002 Technical Articles |publisher=MSDN |date=August 2001 |accessdate=2008-11-10}}</ref> The latter format is not able to encode VBA macros.

Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML-based formats as replacements, Excel 2007 remained backwards-compatible with the traditional, binary formats. In addition, most versions of Microsoft Excel can read [[comma-separated values|CSV]], [[DBase|DBF]], [[SYmbolic LinK (SYLK)|SYLK]], [[Data Interchange Format|DIF]], and other legacy formats.

===Binary ===
Microsoft made the specification of the Excel binary format specification available on [http://support.microsoft.com/kb/840817/en-us request], but since February 2008 programmers can freely download the .XLS format specification and implement it under the [[Open Specification Promise]] patent licensing. <ref>{{cite web
| url=http://download.microsoft.com/download/0/B/E/0BE8BDD7-E5E8-422A-ABFD-4342ED7AD886/Excel97-2007BinaryFileFormat(xls)Specification.xps
| title=Microsoft Office Excel 97 - 2007 Binary File Format Specification (*.xls 97-2007 format)
| date=2007
| publisher=Microsoft Corporation }}
</ref>

=== Standard file-extensions ===

* spreadsheet: .xls
* add-in macro sheet: .xla
* toolbar: .xlb
* chart: .xlc
* dialog: .xld
* archive: .xlk
* dynamic link library: .xll
* macro: .xlm
* template: .xlt
* module; .xlv
* workbook: .xlw

===Office Open XML ===
{{main|Office Open XML}}

Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the [[Microsoft Office 2007]] suite, introduces a host of new file formats. These form part of the [[Office Open XML]] (OOXML) specification.

The new Excel 2007 formats are:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+New Excel 2007 formats
!Format
!Extension
!Annotations
|-
|Excel Workbook
|.xlsx
|The default Excel 2007 workbook format. In reality a [[ZIP (file format)|ZIP]] compressed archive with a directory structure of [[XML]] text documents. Functions as the primary replacement for the former binary .xls format, although it does not support Excel macros for security reasons.
|-
|Excel Macro-enabled Workbook
|.xlsm
|As Excel Workbook, but with macro support.
|-
|Excel Binary Workbook
|.xlsb
|As Excel Macro-enabled Workbook, but storing information in binary form rather than XML documents for opening and saving documents more quickly and efficiently. Intended especially for very large documents with tens of thousands of rows, and/or several hundreds of columns.
|-
|Excel Macro-enabled Template
|.xltm
|A template document that forms a basis for actual workbooks, with macro support. The replacement for the old .xlt format.
|-
|Excel Add-in
|.xlam
|Excel add-in to add extra functionality and tools. Inherent macro support due to the file purpose.
|}

== Export and migration of spreadsheets==
Programmers have produced [[Application programming interface|API]]s to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening excel documents on the web using either [[ActiveX]] controls, or plugins like the [[Adobe Flash|Adobe Flash Player]]. The [[Apache POI]] [[opensource]] project provides [[Java platform|Java]] libraries for reading and writing excel spreadsheet files. Attempts have also been made to be able to copy excel spreadsheets to web applications using [[comma-separated values]].

==Programming ==
Excel offers users the useful ability to write code using the programming language [[Visual Basic for Applications]] (VBA). Programmers write this code using an editor viewed separately from the spreadsheet. Manipulation of the spreadsheet entries is controlled using objects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/wss56bz7(VS.80).aspx |title=Excel Object Model Overview MSDN |date= |accessdate=2008-11-10}}</ref> With this code any function or subroutine that can be set up in a Basic- or Fortran-like language can be run using input taken from the spreadsheet proper, and the results of the code are instantaneously written to the spreadsheet or displayed on charts (graphs). The spreadsheet becomes an interface or window to the code, enabling easy interaction with the code and what it calculates.

The most common and easiest way to generate VBA code is by use of the macro recorder function that writes the code for the actions that the user carries out with mouse/keyboard. There is a relative/absolute toggle button that allows the user to switch between the two whilst recording a macro. Relative/absolute in this context means the relative to the start cell location or an absolute cell reference for example cell A1 (column A, row 1).

Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompts by their own properties cannot be recorded, but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer.

The macros can easily be activated using a button using the form menu, and advanced users can use user prompts to create an interactive program.

Although conceptually simple to understand (especially using a macro recorder), the combination of multiple steps under many different constraints/conditions requires a robust testing/quality control processes to gain regular/reliable/predictable results for the product to realise its benefits.

== Software errors ==
Criticisms of spreadsheets in general also apply to Excel. See [[Spreadsheet#Shortcomings|Spreadsheet shortcomings]]. Errors specific to Excel include accuracy, date problems and the Excel 2007 display error.

=== Accuracy===
Due to Excel's foundation on [[floating point]] calculations, the statistical accuracy of Excel has been criticized,<ref>{{cite journal |last=McCullough |first=B.D. |coauthors=Wilson, B. |title=On the accuracy of statistical procedures in Microsoft Excel 2000 and Excel XP |journal=Computational Statistics & Data Analysis |year=2002 |volume=40 |number=4 |pages=713–721 |doi=10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00095-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McCullough |first=B.D. |coauthors=Heiser, D.A. |title=On the accuracy of statistical procedures in Microsoft Excel 2007 |journal=Computational Statistics & Data Analysis |year=2008 |volume=52 |number=10 |pages=4570–4578 |doi=10.1016/j.csda.2008.03.004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Yalta |first=A. Talha |title=The accuracy of statistical distributions in Microsoft® Excel 2007 |journal=Computational Statistics & Data Analysis |year=2008 |volume=52 |number=10 |pages=4579–4586 |doi=10.1016/j.csda.2008.03.005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~evagold/excel.html |title=Using Excel for Statistical Data Analysis - Caveats |publisher= University of Massachusetts School of Public Health |first=Eva |last=Goldwater |date= |accessdate=2008-11-10}}</ref> as lacking certain statistical tools.

===Excel MOD function error ===
Excel has issues with [[modulo operation]]s. In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the incorrect answer of <tt>#NUM!</tt> error.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/119083 |title=XL: MOD() Function Returns #NUM! Error Value |publisher=Microsoft |date=January 19, 2007 |accessdate=2008-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bygsoftware.com/issues/modbug.html |title=The MOD bug |publisher=Byg Software |date= |accessdate=2008-11-10}}</ref>

=== Date problems===
Excel incorrectly treats 1900 as a [[leap year]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/214058/EN-US/ |title=Days of the week before March 1, 1900 are incorrect in Excel |publisher=Microsoft |date= |accessdate=2008-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/214326/en-us |title= |publisher=Microsoft |date= |accessdate=2008-11-10}}</ref> The bug originated from [[Lotus 1-2-3]], and was purposely implemented in Excel for the purpose of [[backward compatibility]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joelonsoftware.com/items/2006/06/16.html |title=My First BillG Review |first=Joel |last=Spolsky |publisher=Joel on Software |date=June 16, 2006 |accessdate=2008-11-10}}</ref> This legacy has later been carried over into [[Office Open XML]] file format. Excel also supports the second date format based on year 1904 [[epoch (reference date)#Computing|epoch]].

=== Excel 2007 display error ===
[[Image:Excel-error.PNG|thumb|Right|Screen shot of Microsoft Excel 2007 showing the 65,535 display error]]

On [[September 22]], [[2007]] it was reported<ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/microsoft.public.excel/browse_thread/thread/2bcad1a1a4861879/2f8806d5400dfe22?hl=en& http://groups.google.com/group/microsoft.public.excel/browse_thread/thread/2bcad1a1a4861879/2f8806d5400dfe22?hl=en&]</ref> that Excel 2007 will show incorrect results in certain situations. Specifically, for some pairs of numbers with a product of 65,535 (such as 850 and 77.1), Excel will display their product as 100,000. This occurs with about 14.5% of such pairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://veroblog.wordpress.com/2007/10/02/excel-2007-bug-shows-wrong-answers-to-simple-multiplications/ |title= Excel 2007 bug shows wrong answers to simple multiplications |first=Adam |last=Vero |date=October 2, 2007 |publisher=VeroBlog |accessdate=2008-11-10}}</ref>
In addition, adding to this result gives 100,001, but subtracting one from the original product produces the correct result of 65,534.

Microsoft has reported on the Microsoft Excel Blog<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/excel/archive/2007/09/25/calculation-issue-update.aspx |title=Calculation Issue Update |publisher=Microsoft Excel team blog |date=September 25, 2007 |first=David Gainer |accessdate=2008-11-10}}</ref> that the problem exists in the ''display'' of six specific floating point values between 65534.99999999995 and 65,535, and six values between 65535.99999999995 and 65,536 (not including the integers). Any calculation that results in one of these twelve values will display incorrectly. The actual value stored and passed to other cells is correct, only the displayed value is wrong. The error was introduced with changes made to the Excel display logic for the 2007 version, and does not exist in previous versions. On October 9, 2007, Microsoft released a fix to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/excel/archive/2007/10/09/calculation-issue-update-fix-available.aspx |title=Calculation Issue Update (Fix Available) |publisher=Microsoft Excel team blog |first=David |last=Gainer |date=October 09, 2007 |accessdate=2008-11-10}}</ref> This issue is also corrected with Service Pack 1.

Chris Lomont presented a detailed explanation of the bug, how it was likely caused by changing 16-bit formatting code to 32-bit code, why it only affects 12 values and then only while formatting, and how the hotfix corrects the bug.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lomont.org/Math/Papers/2007/Excel2007/Excel2007Bug.pdf |title=An Analysis of the Excel 2007 “65535” Bug |date=Nov 2007 |first=Chris |last=Lomont |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-11-10}}</ref>

==See also ==
* [[Comparison of spreadsheets]]
* [[List of spreadsheets]]
* [[Visual Basic for Applications]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading==
*{{cite book
|author=E. Joseph Billo
|title=EXCEL for Scientists and Engineers
|year= 2007
|publisher=Wiley Interscience
|location=New York
|isbn=978-0-471-38734-3
|url=http://worldcat.org/isbn/978-0-471-38734-3}}
*{{cite book
|author=David M. Bourg
|title=Excel Scientific and Engineering Cookbook
|year= 2006
|edition=Second Edition
|publisher=O'Reilly
|location=Sebastopol CA
|isbn=0-596-00879-1
|url=http://worldcat.org/isbn/0-596-00879-1}}
*{{cite book
|author=Robert de Levie
|title=Advanced Excel for Scientific Data Analysis
|year= 2004
|publisher=Oxford
|location=New York
|isbn=0195152751
|url=http://books.google.com/books?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_libcat=0&as_brr=0&as_vt=&as_auth=&as_pub=&as_sub=&as_drrb=c&as_miny=&as_maxy=&as_isbn=0195152751}}
*{{cite book
|author=Steven Roman
|title=Writing Excel Macros with VBA
|year= 2002
|edition=Second Edition
|publisher=O'Reilly
|location=Sebastopol CA
|isbn=0-596-00359-5
|url=http://worldcat.org/isbn/0-596-00359-5}}
* {{cite book
|author=Michael Kofler
|title=Definitive Guide to Excel VBA
|year= 2003
|edition=Second Edition
|publisher=Apress
|location=Berkeley CA
|isbn=1590591038
|url=http://worldcat.org/isbn/1590591038}}
* {{cite book
|author=Nikolas Petousis
|year= 2008
|title=A guide to Excel vulnerabilities
|url=http://www.SecXL.com/vulnerabilities.htm}}

==External links ==
{{wikibooks|Excel}}

*[http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/FX010858001033.aspx Microsoft Excel official site]
*[http://www.microsoft-office-excel.com Microsoft Excel 2007 tutorial videos]
*[http://www.mvps.org/links.html#Excel A variety of links offering mainly free Excel Help by Microsoft recognized Most Valued Professionals]

{{Spreadsheets}}
{{Microsoft Office}}

[[Category:Domain-specific programming languages]]
[[Category:Mac OS software]]
[[Category:Mac OS X software]]
[[Category:Microsoft Office|Excel]]
[[Category:Numerical programming languages]]
[[Category:Spreadsheet software]]

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Revision as of 09:39, 9 December 2008

wow... this app can make flowerpower into your pc! amazing

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