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In the fields of [[psychology]] and [[psychiatry]], the terms '''depression''' or '''depressed''' refer to both expected and [[psychopathology|pathologically]] chronic or severe levels of sadness, [[learned helplessness|perceived helplessness]], [[anhedonia|disinterest]], and other related emotions and behaviours. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ([[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]]) states that a depressed mood is often reported as feeling depressed, sad, helpless, and hopeless. In traditional [[colloquy]], "depressed" is often synonymous with "[[sadness|sad]]," but both clinical and non-clinical depression can also refer to a conglomeration of more than one feeling. Such a mixture can include (but is not limited to) anger, fear, anxiety, despair, guilt, apathy, and/or grief, in addition to what many people would describe as typical "sadness". It is harmful for the human body and can affect proper functioning of the brain.
In the fields of [[psychology]] and [[psychiatry]], the terms '''depression''' or '''depressed''' refer to both expected and [[psychopathology|pathologically]] chronic or severe levels of sadness, [[learned helplessness|perceived helplessness]], [[anhedonia|disinterest]], and other related emotions and behaviours. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ([[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]]) states that a depressed mood is often reported as feeling depressed, sad, helpless, and hopeless. In traditional [[colloquy]], "depressed" is often synonymous with "[[sadness|sad]]," but both clinical and non-clinical depression can also refer to a conglomeration of more than one feeling. Such a mixture can include (but is not limited to) anger, fear, anxiety, despair, guilt, apathy, and/or grief, in addition to what many people would describe as typical "sadness". It is harmful for the human body and can affect proper functioning of the brain.


==Biology==Hi!
==Biology==
{{seealso|Neurobiology}}
{{seealso|Neurobiology}}
Biological influences of depression are varied, but can include [[malnutrition]], [[heredity]], [[hormone]]s, seasons, [[stress (medicine)|stress]], [[illness]], [[neurotransmitter]] malfunction, long-term exposure to dampness and mold<ref>{{cite journal| title=Dampness and Mold in the Home and Depression: An Examination of Mold-Related Illness and Perceived Control of One’s Home as Possible Depression Pathways |author=Edmond D. Shenassa, Constantine Daskalakis, Allison Liebhaber, Matthias Braubach, and MaryJean Brown |year = 2007 |volume= 97 |issue= 10 | journal = American Journal of Public Health | doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.093773 | pmid = 17761567 | url = http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/10/1893}}</ref> and to aerosol exposure.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Symptoms of mothers and infants related to total volatile organic compounds in household products | journal = Arch Environ Health | year = 2003 | volume = 58 |issue = 10 | pages = 633-41 | pmid = 15562635}}</ref><ref>[http://www.news-medical.net/?id=5680 Air fresheners can make mothers and babies ill], University of Bristol press release issued 19 October 2004</ref> There are also correlations between long term sleep difficulties and depression. Up to 90% of patients with depression are found to have sleep difficulties.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Roth T |title=Prevalence, associated risks, and treatment patterns of insomnia |journal=J Clin Psychiatry |volume=66 Suppl 9 |issue= |pages=10–3; quiz 42–3 |year=2005 |pmid=16336036 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Biological influences of depression are varied, but can include [[malnutrition]], [[heredity]], [[hormone]]s, seasons, [[stress (medicine)|stress]], [[illness]], [[neurotransmitter]] malfunction, long-term exposure to dampness and mold<ref>{{cite journal| title=Dampness and Mold in the Home and Depression: An Examination of Mold-Related Illness and Perceived Control of One’s Home as Possible Depression Pathways |author=Edmond D. Shenassa, Constantine Daskalakis, Allison Liebhaber, Matthias Braubach, and MaryJean Brown |year = 2007 |volume= 97 |issue= 10 | journal = American Journal of Public Health | doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.093773 | pmid = 17761567 | url = http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/10/1893}}</ref> and to aerosol exposure.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Symptoms of mothers and infants related to total volatile organic compounds in household products | journal = Arch Environ Health | year = 2003 | volume = 58 |issue = 10 | pages = 633-41 | pmid = 15562635}}</ref><ref>[http://www.news-medical.net/?id=5680 Air fresheners can make mothers and babies ill], University of Bristol press release issued 19 October 2004</ref> There are also correlations between long term sleep difficulties and depression. Up to 90% of patients with depression are found to have sleep difficulties.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Roth T |title=Prevalence, associated risks, and treatment patterns of insomnia |journal=J Clin Psychiatry |volume=66 Suppl 9 |issue= |pages=10–3; quiz 42–3 |year=2005 |pmid=16336036 |doi= |url=}}</ref>

Revision as of 00:19, 10 December 2008

For other uses, see Depression.
Main article: Major depressive disorder

Hi! Cody is stupid

In the fields of psychology and psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe levels of sadness, perceived helplessness, disinterest, and other related emotions and behaviours. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) states that a depressed mood is often reported as feeling depressed, sad, helpless, and hopeless. In traditional colloquy, "depressed" is often synonymous with "sad," but both clinical and non-clinical depression can also refer to a conglomeration of more than one feeling. Such a mixture can include (but is not limited to) anger, fear, anxiety, despair, guilt, apathy, and/or grief, in addition to what many people would describe as typical "sadness". It is harmful for the human body and can affect proper functioning of the brain.

Biology

See also: Neurobiology

Biological influences of depression are varied, but can include malnutrition, heredity, hormones, seasons, stress, illness, neurotransmitter malfunction, long-term exposure to dampness and mold[1] and to aerosol exposure.[2][3] There are also correlations between long term sleep difficulties and depression. Up to 90% of patients with depression are found to have sleep difficulties.[4]

==As mechanism of adaptation==bob While a depressed mood is usually referred to (and perceived) as negative, it can sometimes be subtly beneficial in helping a person adapt to circumstance. For example, physical illness, such as influenza, can lead to feelings of psychological malaise and depression that seem, at first, only to compound an already unpleasant situation. However, the experience of depression, or feeling "down," often results in physical inertia, which leads to the compulsion to rest. The fleeting helplessness and immobility of the physically ill may also serve to elicit care from others."[5]

From an evolutionary standpoint, some argue that depression could be at least partially related to atavistic fears that were originally based on real dangers. Paul Keedwell, in his book, How Sadness Survived: The Evolutionary Basis of Depression, suggests that, because "social support and interdependence were important features of the [human] ancestral environment," "the [peer] group could have offered extra help to the depressed person until the condition resolved." Further, "...a depressed person may change the attitudes of other people around him, making them more sympathetic to his needs and therefore giving him a long term [social or reproductive] advantage."[6]

Milder depression has been associated with what has been called depressive realism, or the "sadder-but-wiser" effect, a view of the world that is relatively undistorted by positive biases.[7]

Psychological disorders

Episodes of depressed mood are a core feature of the following psychological disorders, as specified by the DSM-IV:

See also

References

  1. ^ Edmond D. Shenassa, Constantine Daskalakis, Allison Liebhaber, Matthias Braubach, and MaryJean Brown (2007). "Dampness and Mold in the Home and Depression: An Examination of Mold-Related Illness and Perceived Control of One's Home as Possible Depression Pathways". American Journal of Public Health. 97 (10). PMID 17761567. {{cite journal}}: Text "doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.093773" ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ "Symptoms of mothers and infants related to total volatile organic compounds in household products". Arch Environ Health. 58 (10): 633–41. 2003. PMID 15562635.
  3. ^ Air fresheners can make mothers and babies ill, University of Bristol press release issued 19 October 2004
  4. ^ Roth T (2005). "Prevalence, associated risks, and treatment patterns of insomnia". J Clin Psychiatry. 66 Suppl 9: 10–3, quiz 42–3. PMID 16336036.
  5. ^ Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine, Randolphe M. Nesse and George C. Williams | Vintage Books | 1994 | ISBN 0-8129-2224-7
  6. ^ How Sadness Survived: The Evolutionary Basis of Depression, Marcello Spinella | Radcliffe Publishing | 2008 | ISBN 1846190134
  7. ^ Taylor, SE (1991). Positive Illusions: Creative Self-deception and the Healthy Mind. New York, NY, USA: Basic Books. ISBN 0465060536.
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