Huns: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 14:51, 29 December 2008

The Huns were a confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads^[1], who had established an empire in Eurasia. The Huns may have stimulated the Great Migration, a contributing factor in the collapse of the Roman Empire.

They possibly had a Turkic^[2]^[3]^[4]^{[verification needed]} or a Xiongnu^[5]^[6]^[7]^{[verification needed]} core of aristocracy. They moved into Europe in the 4th and 5th centuries. The empire collapsed in the 5th century AD. Their descendants, or successors with similar names, are recorded by neighboring populations to the south, east, and west as having occupied parts of Central Asia roughly from the 4th century to the 6th century. Variants of the Hun name are recorded in the Caucasus until the early 8th century.

Origin

Hunnish Camp, as imagined in the 19th century "Young Folks' History of Rome" by Charlotte Mary Yonge.

Research and debate about the Asian origin of the Huns has been ongoing since the 18th century when Joseph de Guignes first suggested that the Huns should be identified as the Xiongnu of Chinese sources.^[8] Philologists still debate to this day which ethnonym from Chinese or Persian sources is identical with the Latin Hunni or the Greek Hounnoi as evidence of the Huns' identity.^[9] The older views come in the context of the ethnocentric and nationalistic scholarship of past generations, which often presumed that ethnic homogeneity must underlie a socially and culturally homogeneous people.^{[clarification needed]}^[10]

Older theories on the origins of the Huns are based on Chinese records and on indirect evidence such as archaeology and linguistics. These older theories contain various elements: that the name "Hun" first described a nomadic ruling group of warriors whose ethnic origins were in Central Asia and was most likely in present day Mongolia; that possibly they were related to, or part of, the Xiongnu (first suggested by Joseph de Guignes in the 18th century); that the Xiongnu were defeated by the Chinese Han Empire and that this is why they left Mongolia and moved west, eventually invading Europe 200 years later. Indirect evidence includes the transmission of grip laths for composite bows from Central Asia to the west.^[11]

This narrative of Xiongnu-Hun continuity is ingrained in western and eastern historiography, but the evidence is often indirect or ambiguous. Steppe peoples left little written records. Therefore there is a lack of direct written records on what happened between the time the Xiongnu left China and the arrival of the Huns in Europe. The last mention of the northern Xiongnu was their defeat by the Chinese in 151 at the lake of Barkol, after which they fled to the western steppe at Kangju (centered on the city of Turkistan in Kazakhstan). Chinese records between the 3rd and 4th century suggest that a small tribe called Yueban, remnants of northern Xiongnu, was distributed about the steppe of Kazakhstan.

The modern view is^[9] that each of the large confederations of steppe warriors (such as the Scythians, Xiongnu, Huns, Avars, Khazars, Cumans, Mongols, etc.) were not ethnically homogeneous, but rather unions of multiple steppe ethnicities such as Turkic, Yeniseian, Tungusic, Ugric, Iranic, Mongolic, and others. In addition, many clans may have claimed to be Huns simply based on the prestige and fame of the name, or it was attributed to them by outsiders describing their common characteristics, believed place of origin, or reputation.^[9] Similarly, Greek or Latin chroniclers may have used "Huns" in a more general sense, to describe social or ethnic characteristics, believed place of origin, or reputation.^[9]

All we can say safely", says Walter Pohl,"is that the name Huns, in late antiquity, described prestigious ruling groups of steppe warriors."^[9]

File:Hun cauldron.jpg

Hunnic cauldron from the 5th century, found in Hungary^[12].

Some evidence does favor a political and cultural link between the Huns and the Xiongnu. The Central Asian (Sogdian and Bactrian) sources of the 4th century translate "Huns" as "Xiongnu", and "Xiongnu" as "Huns"; also, Xiongnu and Hunnic cauldrons are virtually identical, and were buried on similar spots (river banks) in Hungary and in the Ordos.^[13].

DNA analysis appears consistent with the idea that the Huns represent the movement of eastern Eurasian lineages to the west.^{[improper synthesis?]} Skeletal remains from Kazakhstan (Central Asia), excavated from different sites dating between the 15th century BC to the 5th century AD, have been analysed for the hypervariable control region and haplogroup diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA genome. The distribution of east and west Eurasian lineages through time in the region is concordant with the available archaeological information: prior to the 13th - 7th century BC, all samples belong to European lineages; while later an arrival of East Asian sequences that coexisted with the previous genetic substratum was detected. The presence of an ancient genetic substratum of European origin in West Asia may be related to the discovery of ancient mummies from Xinjiang with European features and to the existence of extinct Indo-European languages, Tocharian.^[14]

Language

Not much is known of the Hunnic language.^[15] All we know of the language of the Huns are a few names and three words. Our sources do not give the meaning of any of the names, only of the three words. These words have been studied for more than a century and a half. Theories about the Hunnic language have been debated from the very beginning and are far from settled.^[16]^[17] From these sparse name records a number of scholars suggest that the Huns spoke a Turkic language of the Oghur branch.^[18] English scholar Peter Heather called the Huns "the first group of Turkic, as opposed to Iranian, nomads to have intruded into Europe".^[19] The standard discussion remains Pritsak 1982^{[clarification needed]}, "The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan."^[20], connecting their language to the Chuvash, the only surviving member of the Oghur branch of Turkic languages. The origins and etymologies of the three described words preserved in the writings of Priscus and Jordanes have remained unexplored, only was figured out that those were not Turkic^[21].

Other schools of thought came to the conclusion that "The number of Hun names which are certainly or most probably Turkish is small." - Otto Maenchen-Helfen^[22].

Some recent linguistic studies connect the Hunnic language to that of the Xiongnu and suggest that there was an autonomous Hunnic language that became the basis of later Eurasian steppe languages^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^{[verification needed]}.

History

A suggested path of Hunnic movement westwards

GREAT HUN EMPIRE

(1766 B.C. - 56 A.D.) 1766 B.C. Chinese records mention about Emperor Kia, the 17th member of the Hia dynasty, dethroned and executed. His son Sunni went with 500 warrior from his Hia nationality to Hun relatives.

WESTERN HUN EMPIRE

(48 B.C. - 216 A.D.) Hun Empire splits into Western and Eastern branches under the ruling of Qoghoshar (Khukheniy I) in BC 56.

The independent WESTERN HUN EMPIRE (48 B.C. - 216 A.D.) been founded in 48 BC by Emperor Panu. The claimed area expend over present Central Asia. With the bloodline died the Western Hun Empire reformed under the ruling of in 216 A.D. to

EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE

(216 A.D. - 360.A.D) The European geographer Ptolemy writes that the "Chuni" (Χοῦνοι or Χουνοἰ) are between the Bastarnae and the Roxolani in the Pontic area. He lists the beginning of the second century, although it is not known for certain if these people were the Huns. It is possible that the similarity between the names "Chuni" (Χοῦνοι) and "Hunnoi" (Ουννοι) is only a coincidence considering that while the West Romans often wrote Chunni or Chuni, the East Romans never used the guttural Χ at the beginning of the name.^[8] The 5th century Armenian historian Moses of Khorene, in his "History of Armenia," introduces the Hunni near the Sarmatians and describes their capture of the city of Balkh ("Kush" in Armenian) sometime between 194 and 214, which explains why the Greeks call that city Hunuk.

The following 15 tribes been the founder members : 1 Uange (Uygurs), 2 Seyanto (Sir + Yanto), 3 Kibi, 4 Dubo (Tubalar)(Dabo)(Tele), 5 Guligan (Kurykan)(Yakut), 6 Dolange (Telengits), 7 Bugu (Pugu)(Uygurs), 8 Bayegu (Baiyrku)(Uygurs), 9 Tunlo (Tongra)(Uygurs), 10 Hun, 11 Sygye (Uygurs), 12 Husye 13 Higye, 14 Adye(Eduz), 15 Baysi (Barsil)

In the 260 A.D. Caucasian Huns served in Persian army of Sasanid Shapur I (241-272)

The Huns appeared in Europe in the 3th century. Armenian sources write about Hun wars in Trans-Caucasus around 290 A.D.

WHITE HUN EMPIRE

(360 A.D. – 454 A.D.)

In the lead of Balambér() (ruled 360 A.D. - 378 A.D.) the Huns cross the Volga river and attack the Scythians. Scythians retreat to Norten Caucasus.

363 A.D. Armenian, Roman and Persian authors write about necessity of fortifying Caucasian passages against Hun hordes, making repeated raids and campaigns against teh Persians Empire.

370 A.D. War breaks out between Scythians and Goths. Balambér invites the Scythians to join the Hunnic Tribes.

376 A.D. Hun armies reached Tanais and they are responsible for crushing the Ostrogoths coalition leaded by king Ermanaric, who committed suicide after losing the battle. ^[8]. The reasons behind this attack are unknown. The Ostrogoths who displaced the Visigothsand Sarmats into Roman territory. Death of Constantine the Great leads to formal division into Western and Eastern Roman Empires.

A 14th century chivalric-romanticized painting of "the Huns" laying siege to a city. Note anachronistic details in weapons, armor and city type. Hungarian *Chronicon Pictum*, 1360.

The Huns appeared in Europe in the 4th century. They first appeared north of the Black Sea around 370. They may Many Goths sought refuge in the Roman Empire, leading to the second Battle of Adrianople in 378. Later, the Huns appeared west of the Carpathians in Pannonia; they may have done so between 400 and 410, possibly triggering the Crossing of the Rhine by Germanic and Alanic groups in 406.

Territory - South Sarmatae, Dachia, Trache, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum, Raetia, South and Center Germania. From Gallia to Urals; from Gepids to Byzantine Empire (Area - 4,000,000 Km2)

Under Attila

Under the leadership of Attila the Hun, the Huns achieved hegemony over several rivals using the composite bow and their horsemanship in traditional mounted archery tactics. Supplementing their wealth by plundering and raising tribute from Roman cities to the south, the Huns maintained the loyalties of a number of tributary tribes including elements of the Gepids, Scirii, Rugians, Sarmatians, and Goths. The only lengthy first-hand report of conditions among the Huns is by Priscus, who formed part of an embassy to Attila.

The Huns, led by Attila, invade Italy, as visualised in a 19th century painting by V. Checa.

Post-Attila

After Attila's death, his son Ellac overcame his brothers Dengizich and Ernak to become king of the Huns. However, former subjects soon united under Ardaric against the Huns at the Battle of Nedao in 454. This defeat and Ellac's death ended the European supremacy of the Huns, and soon afterwards they disappear from contemporary records.

Later historians provide glimpses of the dispersal and renaming of Attila's people. After Ellac's loss and death, his brothers may have ruled two hordes on the steppes north of the Black Sea. Dengizich may have been king of the Kutrigurs and Ernakh of the Utigurs. Later records including those of Procopius and Jordanes mention Huns as still-existing or recent peoples.

Legends

The King of the Huns transfixing Saint Ursula with an arrow after she refused to marry him, in Caravaggio's 1610 "The Martyrdom of Saint Ursula".

Chroniclers writing centuries later often mentioned or alluded to Huns or their purported descendants. These include:

Theophylact Simocatta
Annales Fuldenses
Annales Alemannici
Annals of Salzburg
Liutprand of Cremona's Antapodosis
Regino of Prüm's chronicle
Widukind of Corvey's Saxon Chronicle
Nestor the Chronicler's Primary Chronicle
Legends of Saints Cyril and Methodius
Aventinus's Chronicon Bavaria,
Constantine VII's De Administrando Imperio, and
Leo VI the Wise's Tactica.

Mediaeval Hungarians continued this tradition (see Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, Chronicon Pictum, Gesta Hungarorum).

Memory of the Hunnic conquest was transmitted orally among Germanic peoples and is an important component in the Old Norse Völsunga saga and Hervarar saga and in the Middle High German Nibelungenlied. These stories all portray Migration period events from a millennium earlier.

In the Hervarar saga, the Goths make first contact with the bow-wielding Huns and meet them in an epic battle on the plains of the Danube.

In the Nibelungenlied, Kriemhild marries Attila (Etzel in German) after her first husband Siegfried was murdered by Hagen with the complicity of her brother, King Gunther. She then uses her power as Etzel's wife to take a bloody revenge in which not only Hagen and Gunther but all Burgundian knights find their death at festivities to which she and Etzel had invited them.

In the Völsunga saga, Attila (Atli in Norse) defeats the Frankish king Sigebert I (Sigurðr or Siegfried) and the Burgundian King Guntram (Gunnar or Gunther), but is later assassinated by Queen Fredegund (Gudrun or Kriemhild), the sister of the latter and wife of the former.

Successor nations

Many nations have tried to assert themselves as ethnic or cultural successors to the Huns. For instance, the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans may indicate that they believed themselves to have been descended from Attila. The Bulgars certainly were part of the Hun tribal alliance for some time, and some have hypothesized that the Chuvash language (which is believed to have descended from the Bulgar language) is the closest surviving relative of the Hunnic language.^[27]

The Magyars (Hungarians) in particular lay claim to Hunnic heritage. Hungarian prehistory includes Magyar origin stories, which may preserve some elements of historical truth. The Huns who invaded Europe represented a loose coalition of various peoples, and Magyars may well have been part of it, or may later have joined with descendants of Attila's men who still claimed the name of Huns. Their national anthem is dedicated to the Huns and describes the Hungarians as "blood of Bendeguz" (the modern Hungarian version of Mundzuk, Attila's father). Attila's brother Bleda is Buda in modern Hungarian, and it has been suggested that the city of Buda derives its name from him. Until the early 20th century, many Hungarian historians believed that the Székely people were the descendants of the Huns.

In 2005, a group of about 2,500 Hungarians petitioned the government for recognition of minority status as direct descendants of Attila. The bid failed, but gained some publicity for the group, which formed in the early 1990s and appears to represent a special Hun(garian)-centric brand of mysticism. The self-proclaimed Huns are not known to possess any distinctly Hunnic culture or language beyond what would be available from historical and modern-mystical Hungarian sources.^[28]

While it is reasonable to suppose that the Huns left descendants all over Eastern Europe, after the disintegration of the Hun Empire they never regained their lost glory. One reason was that the Huns never fully established the mechanisms of a state, such as bureaucracy and taxes, unlike the Magyars or the Golden Horde. Once disorganized, the Huns were absorbed by more organized polities.

Hunnic Cavalry, 1870s engraving after a drawing by Johann Nepomuk Geiger (1805-1880).

20th Century use in reference to Germans

The term "Hun" has been also used to describe peoples with no historical connection to what scholars consider to be "Huns", in particular to Germany and Germans.

On July 27, 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion in China, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany gave the order to "make the name "Germany" be remembered in China for a thousand years, so that no Chinese will ever again dare to even squint at a German."^[29]

This speech, wherein Kaiser Wilhelm invoked the memory of the 5th century Huns, coupled with the Pickelhaube or spiked helmet worn by German forces until 1916, that was reminiscent of ancient Hun (and Hungarian) helmets, gave rise to later English use of the term for the German enemy during World War I.

Another reason given for the English use of the term was the motto "Gott mit uns" (God with us) on German soldiers' belt buckles during World War I. "uns" was mistaken for Huns, and entered into slang.

This usage was reinforced by Allied propaganda throughout the war, and many pilots of the Royal Flying Corps referred to their foe as "The Hun." The usage resurfaced during World War II, although its use was less widespread than in the previous war. Rather, WWII British troops often used the more facetious and less clearly pejorative "Jerry" with regard to their German opponents.

References and notes

^ Walter Pohl has remarked "early medieval peoples were far less homogeneous than often thought. They themselves shared the fundamental belief to be of common origin; and modern historians, for a long time, found no reason to think otherwise" (Walter Pohl, "Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies" "Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings", ed. Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein, (Blackwell), 1998, p.16). In reviewing Joachim Werner's Beiträge zur Archäologie des Attila-Reiches, (Munich 1956), in Speculum 33.1 (January 1958), p.159, Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen noted with relief that "the author is not concerned with the slightly infantile question, who the Huns were; he does not ask where the Huns ultimately came from".
^ Peckham, D. Paulston, C. B. (1998). Linguistic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe. Clevedon, UK : Multilingual Matters. p100, ISBN 1853594164
^ Canfield, R.L. (1991). Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p49, ISBN 0521522919
^ Frazee, C.A. (2002). Two Thousand Years Ago: The World at the Time of Jesus. Wm. B. Eerdmans
^ Sir H. H. Howorth, History of the Mongols (1876-1880)
^ 6th Congress of Orientalists, Leiden, 1883 (Actes, part iv. pp. 177-195)
^ Joseph de Guignes, Histoire generale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mongoles, et des autres Tartares occidentaux (1756-1758)
^ ^a ^b ^c Thompson, E.A. (1996), The Huns, The Peoples of Europe (Revised ed.), Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0631214437
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Walter Pohl (1999), "Huns" in Late Antiquity, editor Peter Brown, p.501-502 .. further references to F.H Bauml and M. Birnbaum, eds., Attila: The Man and His Image (1993). Peter Heather, "The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in Western Europe," English Historical Review 90 (1995):4-41. Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire (2005). Otto Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns (1973). E. de la Vaissière, Huns et Xiongnu "Central Asiatic Journal" 2005-1 pp. 3-26
^ Michael Kulikowski (2005). Rome's Gothic Wars. Cambridge University Press. Page 52-54
^ Coulston J.C., 'Roman Archery Equipment', in M.C. Bishop (ed.), The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment. Proceedings of the Second Roman Military Equipment Seminar, BAR International Series 275, Oxford, 1985, 220-366.
^ Hunnic age sacrifical cauldron has been found 2006, Hungary
^ E. de la Vaissière, Huns et Xiongnu "Central Asiatic Journal" 2005-1 pp. 3-26
^ Unravelling migrations in the steppe: mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient Central Asians - Unitat d'Antropologia, Departimenti Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen. The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press, 1973
^ Otto Maenchen-Helfen, Language of Huns
^ Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge.
^ Peter Heather, "The Huns and the End of Roman Empire in Western Europe", The English Historical Review, Vol. 110, No. 435, February 1995, p. 5.
^ Pritsak, Omeljan. 1982 "The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan." Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 6, pp. 428-476.
^ Otto Maenchen-Helfen, Language of Huns, Ch. 9.
^ Otto Maenchen-Helfen, Language of Huns Ch. 1.
^ Schönig, Claus. 2003. "Turko-Mongolic Relations," The Mongolic Languages. Ed. Juha Janhunen. Routledge Academic Publisher. Pages 403-419.
^ The autonomous Hunnic language was evidenced - summary, Prof. Uchiraltu: The words of Hunnic language, 2007, Inner Mongolian University Press
^ The Asian Huns in the Chinese sources. Katalin Csornai, 2007, Budapest, Hungary summary
^ Dr. OBRUSÁNSZKY, Borbála : The History and Civilization of the Huns. Paper of the University of Amsterdam, 8 October 2007. Page 60. http://www.epa.oszk.hu/00000/00007/00028/pdf/00028.pdf
^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1997: Turkic languages.
"Formerly, scholars considered Chuvash probably spoken by the Huns."
^ BBC News - "Hungary blocks Hun minority bid" - By Nick Thorpe, April 12, 2005
^ Weser-Zeitung, July 28, 1900, second morning edition, p. 1: 'Wie vor tausend Jahren die Hunnen unter ihrem König Etzel sich einen Namen gemacht, der sie noch jetzt in der Überlieferung gewaltig erscheinen läßt, so möge der Name Deutschland in China in einer solchen Weise bekannt werden, daß niemals wieder ein Chinese es wagt, etwa einen Deutschen auch nur schiel anzusehen'.

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 dynasty, dethroned and executed. His son Sunni went with 500 warrior from his Hia
 nationality to Hun relatives.
 ===WESTERN HUN EMPIRE===
@@ Line 42: / Line 44: @@
 The independent WESTERN HUN EMPIRE (48 B.C. - 216 A.D.) been founded in 48 BC by Emperor Panu. The claimed area expend over present Central Asia.
-With the bloodline died the Western Hun Empire reformed under the ruling of [[Balambér]] in 216 A.D. to
+With the bloodline died the Western Hun Empire reformed under the ruling of  in 216 A.D. to
-===WHITE HUN EMPIRE===
+===EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE===
-A.D. – 454 A.D.)
+(216 A.D. - 360.A.D)
 The European geographer [[Ptolemy]] writes that the "Chuni" (''Χοῦνοι'' or ''Χουνοἰ'') are between the Bastarnae and the Roxolani in the Pontic area. He lists the beginning of the second century, although it is not known for certain if these people were the Huns.  It is possible that the similarity between the names "Chuni" (''Χοῦνοι'') and "Hunnoi" (''Ουννοι'') is only a coincidence considering that while the West Romans often wrote Chunni or Chuni, the East Romans never used the guttural ''Χ'' at the beginning of the name.<ref name=Thompson1996/>  The 5th century [[Armenians|Armenian]] historian [[Moses of Khorene]], in his "History of Armenia," introduces the ''Hunni'' near the [[Sarmatians]] and describes their capture of the city of [[Balkh]] ("Kush" in [[Armenian language|Armenian]]) sometime between 194 and 214, which explains why the [[Greeks]] call that city ''Hunuk''.
+The following 15 tribes been the founder members : 1 Uange (Uygurs), 2 Seyanto (Sir + Yanto), 3 Kibi, 4 Dubo (Tubalar)(Dabo)(Tele), 5 Guligan (Kurykan)(Yakut), 6 Dolange (Telengits), 7 Bugu (Pugu)(Uygurs), 8 Bayegu (Baiyrku)(Uygurs), 9 Tunlo (Tongra)(Uygurs), 10 Hun, 11 Sygye (Uygurs), 12 Husye 13 Higye, 14 Adye(Eduz), 15 Baysi (Barsil)
+In the 260 A.D. Caucasian Huns served in Persian army of [[Shapur I|Sasanid Shapur I]] (241-272)
+The Huns appeared in Europe in the 3th century. Armenian sources write about Hun wars in [[Caucasus|Trans-Caucasus]] around 290 A.D.
+===WHITE HUN EMPIRE===
+(360 A.D. – 454 A.D.)
+In the lead of [[Balambér]]() (ruled 360 A.D. - 378 A.D.) the Huns cross the [[Volga]] river and attack the Scythians. Scythians retreat to Norten Caucasus.
+A.D. Armenian, Roman and Persian authors write about necessity of fortifying [[Caucasian]] passages against Hun hordes, making repeated raids and campaigns against teh Persians Empire.
+A.D. War breaks out between Scythians and Goths. Balambér invites the Scythians to join the [[Hunnic Tribes]].
 A.D. Hun armies reached Tanais and they are responsible for crushing the [[Ostrogoths]] coalition leaded by king [[Ermanaric]], who committed suicide after losing the battle. <ref name=Thompson1996/>. The reasons behind this attack are unknown.
@@ Line 54: / Line 74: @@
 The Huns appeared in Europe in the 4th century. They first appeared north of the [[Black Sea]] around 370. They may  Many [[Goths]] sought refuge in the Roman Empire, leading to the second [[Battle of Adrianople]] in 378. Later, the Huns appeared west of the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]] in [[Pannonia]]; they may have done so between 400 and 410, possibly triggering the [[Crossing of the Rhine]] by Germanic and Alanic groups in 406.
+Territory - South Sarmatae, Dachia, Trache, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum, Raetia, South and Center Germania. From Gallia to Urals; from Gepids to Byzantine Empire (Area - 4,000,000 Km2)
 ===Under Attila===