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===Terminology and common misspellings===
===Terminology and common misspellings===
''[[Warez]]'' (nominally {{pronEng|ˈwɛɚz}}) is a plural shortening of "software", typically referring to [[pirated software]].<ref name=hope/> ''[[Phreaking]]'' refers to the hacking of telephone systems and other non-Internet equipment.<ref name=mitchell/> ''[[Teh]]'' originated as a typographical error of "the", and is sometimes spelled ''t3h''.<ref name=mitchell/><ref name="blanc34 35">LeBlanc, 34-35.</ref> ''Joo'' takes the place of "you",<ref name=bbc/> originating from the [[affricate]] sound that occurs in place of the [[palatal approximant]], {{IPA|/j/}}, when ''you'' follows a word ending in an [[alveolar]] [[plosive]] consonant, such as {{IPA|/d/}} or {{IPA|/z/}}. Also, from [[German language|German]], is ''[[wiktionary:Über|über]]'', which represents a quality of superiority; it usually appears as a prefix attached to adjectives, and is frequently written without the [[Umlaut (diacritic)|umlaut]] over the ''u''.<ref name=dutch>Van de Velde & Meuleman.</ref>
''[[Warez]]'' (nominally {{pronEng|ˈwɛɚz}}) is a plural shortening of "software", typically referring to [[pirated software]].<ref name=hope/> ''[[Phreaking]]'' refers to the hacking of telephone systems and other non-Internet equipment.<ref name=mitchell/> ''[[Teh]]'' originated as a typographical error of "the", and is sometimes spelled ''t3h''.<ref name=mitchell/><ref name="blanc34 35">LeBlanc, 34-35.</ref> ''Joo'' takes the place of "you",<ref name=bbc/> originating from the [[affricate]] sound that occurs in place of the [[palatal approximant]], {{IPA|/j/}}, when ''you'' follows a word ending in an [[alveolar]] [[plosive]] consonant, such as {{IPA|/d/}} or {{IPA|/z/}}. Also, from [[German language|German]], is ''[[wiktionary:Über|über]]'', which represents a quality of superiority; it usually appears as a prefix attached to adjectives, and is frequently written without the [[Umlaut (diacritic)|umlaut]] over the ''u''.<ref name=dutch>Van de Velde & Meuleman.</ref> Perhaps the most easily spotted and blatant misuse of the term "1337" is that of spelling it in non-arabic numeral characters, with a perfect example being the very title of this page. The mere sight of such an affront to internet culture will cause many self-proclaimed "1337h4xx0r5" to shudder and cringe.


===Haxor and suxxor, or suxorz===
===Haxor and suxxor, or suxorz===

Revision as of 17:38, 2 February 2009

For the township in Pennsylvania, see Leet Township, Pennsylvania.

l33t or Eleet (sometimes rendered Leet, 1337, or 31337), also known as Leetspeak, is an alphabet used primarily on the Internet, which uses various combinations of ASCII characters to replace Latinate letters. The term is derived from the word "elite", and the usage it describes is a specialized form of symbolic writing. Different "dialects" or varieties of leet are found on different online forums.

Example sentence: 1337 15 n07 4 c0mm0n 1n73rn37 5p34k 4m0n9 r34l h4XoЯ5
English rendering: Leet is not a common internet speak among real hackers.
Example sentence: wh0 8 MY 54nDW1cH!?
English rendering: Who ate my sandwich!?
Example sentence: 4 81RD 15 1/\/ 7I-I3 I-I0U53
English rendering: A bird is in the house!


Initially, the word l33t was used as an adjective, to primarily describe the behavior or accomplishments of others in the community, with “lame” being its antonym. In that usage Leet generally carries the same meaning when referring to either the game prowess or, in original usage, hacking expertise of another person. From adjective form its use then expanded to include use as an expletive or interjection in reaction to a demonstration of the former qualities. With the mass proliferation of Internet use in the 1990s into the 21st century, Leet has since become a part of Internet culture and slang.[1] Leet may also be considered a substitution cipher, albeit with much variation from user to user.

History

Leet originated within bulletin board systems in the 1980s,[1][2] where having "elite" status on a BBS allowed a user access to file folders, games, and special chat rooms. One theory is that it was developed to defeat text filters created by BBS or Internet Relay Chat system operators for message boards to discourage the discussion of forbidden topics, like cracking and hacking.[1] However, creative misspellings and ASCII-art-derived words were also a way to attempt to indicate one was knowledgeable about the culture of computer users. Once reserved to use by hackers, crackers, and script kiddies, Leet has since entered the mainstream.[1] It is now also used to mock newbies, or newcomers, on web sites, or in gaming communities.[3] Some consider emoticons and ASCII art, like smiley faces, to be Leet, while others maintain that Leet consists of only symbolic word encryption. More obscure forms of Leet, involving the use of symbol combinations and almost no letters or numbers, continue to be used for its original purpose of encrypted communication. It is also sometimes used as a script language.

Orthography

One of the hallmarks of Leet is its unique approach to orthography, using substitutions of other characters, letters or otherwise, to represent a letter or letters in a word.[4][5] For more casual use of leet, the primary strategy is to use homoglyphs, symbols that closely resemble (to varying degrees) the letters for which they stand. The symbol chosen is flexible—anything that the reader can make sense of is valid. However, this practice is not extensively used in regular Leet; more often it is seen in situations where the argot (i.e., "secret language") characteristics of the system are required, either to exclude newbies or outsiders in general. Another use for Leet orthographic substitutions is the creation of paraphrased passwords.[1] By using this method, one can create a relatively secure password which would still be easily remembered. Limitations imposed by websites on password length (usually no more than 36) and the characters permitted (usually alphanumeric and underscore) requires less extensive forms of Leet when used in this application.

Some examples of Leet include: B1FF and n00b, a term for the stereotypical newbie; the L33t programming language; and the webcomic Megatokyo, which contains characters who speak Leet.

A B * C D * E F G * H I * J K L * M N O * P Q R * S T * U V W X Y Z *
4
/\
@
/-\
^
aye
∂
ci
λ
Z

6
13
I3
|3
ß
P>
|:
!3
(3
/3
)3

]3
¢
<
(
{
©
|)
|o
∂
])
[)
I>
|>
 ?
T)
0
ð
cl
3

&
€
£
ë
[-
|=- 		]=
ph
}
|=
(=
I=
 		6
&
(_+
9
C-
gee
(γ,
(_-
cj 		/-/
[-]
]-[
)-(
(-)
 :-:
|~|
|-|
]~[
}{
 ?
}-{
# 		1
 !
|
eye
3y3
¡
][
 :
] 		_|
_/
]
¿
</
(/
ʝ 		|X
|<
|{
ɮ 		1
£
1_
|
|_
lJ
¬ 		|v|
em
]V[
(T)
[V]
nn
//\\//\\
|\/|
/\/\
(u)
(V)
(\/)
/|\
^^
/|/|
//.
.\\
/^^\
/V\
[]\/[]
|^^| 		|\|
^/
//\\//
/\/
[\]
<\>
{\}
[]\
// []
/V
₪
[]\[]
]\[
~ 		0
()
oh
[]
p
¤
Ω 		|*
|o
|º
|^(o)
|>
|"
 ?
9
[]D
|̊
|7
q
þ

℗ 		(_,)
()_
0_
<|
9
O, 		2
12
|?
/2
I2
|^
|~
lz
®
|2
[z
|`
l2
Я
|2
ʁ 		5
$
z
§
ehs
es 		7
+
-|-
1
']['
† 		M
|_|
Y3W
L|
µ 		\/
√
\\// 		\/\/
vv
'//
\\'
\^/
(n)
\V/
\X/
\|/
\_|_/
\\//\\//
\_:_/
(/\)
]I[
LL1
UU
Ш
ɰ 		 %
><
Ж
}{
ecks
×
*
)(
ex
j
`/
-/
Ψ
φ
λ
Ч
¥ 		2
~/_
 %
>_
ʒ
7_
  • 0 can be used for O
  • 1 can be used for I (or L)
  • 2 can be used for Z (or R and Ä)
  • 3 can be used for E
  • 4 can be used for A
  • 5 can be used for S
  • 6 can be used for G (or B)
  • 7 can be used for T (or L)
  • 8 can be used for B
  • 9 can be used for P (or G and Q)

Please note this table is to be used as a guide and not a full translation tool. Leet is ever-changing and not all replacements will, or can, be included.

Upside-down text

Main article: transformation of text

A special variety of leet can be used to render words upside down in languages such as HTML that do not permit rotation of text; using Unicode characters (especially those in the International Phonetic Alphabet), a very close approximation of upside-down text (also called flip text) can be achieved. Reversed text, or mirror text, can also be performed in such a manner.

Morphology

The -xor suffix

The meaning of this suffix is parallel with the English -er and -r suffixes (seen in hacker and lesser),[2] in that it derives agent nouns from a verb stem. It is realized in two different forms: -xor and -zor, Template:PronEng and /-zɔr/, respectively. For example, the first may be seen in the word hax(x)or (/ˈhæksɔr/) and the second in pwnzor (/ˈoʊnzɔr/). Additionally, this nominalization may also be inflected with all of the suffixes of regular English verbs.

The -age suffix

Derivation of a noun from a verb stem is possible by attaching -age to the base form of any verb. Attested derivations are pwnage and speakage. However, Leet provides exceptions; the word leetage is acceptable, referring to actively being leet.[6] These nouns are often used with a form of "to be" rather than "to have," e.g., "he is pwnage" rather than "he has pwnage". Either is a more emphatic way of expressing the simpler "he pwns," but the former implies that the person is embodying the trait rather than merely possessing it.

The -ness suffix

Derivation of a noun from an adjective stem is done by attaching -ness to any adjective. This is entirely the same as the English form, except it is used much more often in Leet. Nouns such as lulzness and leetness are derivations using this suffix.

Words ending in -ed

When forming a past participle ending in -ed, the Leet user may replace the -e with an apostrophe, as was common in poetry of previous centuries, (e.g. "pwned" becomes "pwn'd"). Note that the conventions of Leet allow for some misplaced punctuation, since it is assumed that the user is typing very quickly; therefore the apostrophe may shift its position without changing the word's meaning. The word ending may also be substituted by -t (e.g. pwned becomes pwnt).[7]

Use of the -& suffix

Words ending in -and, -anned, -ant, or a similar sound can sometimes be spelled with an ampersand (&) to express the ending sound (e.g. "This is the s&box," "I'm sorry, you've been b&", "&hill/&farm"). This is most commonly used with the word banned. An alternate form of "B&" is "B7", as the ampersand is typed with the "7" key in the standard US keyboard layout. It is often seen in the phrase "IBB7" (in before banned).

Use of the "-zorz" suffix

Words that are generated on the internet (such as pwn) can be made into a plural by putting "zorz" on the end (generating the word pwnzorz in this example). The -zorz suffix can also be used to strengthen the meaning of the word (pwn means to defeat or to make a fool of; pwnzorz means to really beat or to make a fool of in a large way)

Grammar

Leet can be pronounced as a single syllable, /ˈliːt/, rhyming with eat, by way of aphesis of the initial vowel of "elite". It may also be pronounced as two syllables, /ɛˈliːt/. Like other hacker slang, Leet enjoys a looser grammar than standard English.[3] The loose grammar, just like loose spelling, encodes some level of emphasis, ironic or otherwise. A reader must rely more on intuitive parsing of Leet to determine the meaning of a sentence rather than the actual sentence structure. In particular, speakers of Leet are fond of verbing nouns, turning verbs into nouns (and back again) as forms of emphasis, e.g. "Austin rocks" is weaker than "Austin roxxorz" (note spelling), which is weaker than "Au5t1N is t3h r0xx0rz" (note grammar), which is weaker than something like "0MFG D00D /\Ü571N 15 T3H l_l83Я 1337 Я0XX0ЯZ". In essence, all of these mean "Austin rocks," not necessarily the other options. Added words and misspellings add to the speaker's enjoyment. Leet, like other hacker slang, employs analogy in construction of new words. For example, if haxored is the past tense of the verb "to hack" (hack → haxor → haxored), then winzored would be easily understood to be the past tense conjugation of "to win," even if the reader had not seen that particular word before.

Leet has its own colloquialisms, many of which originated as jokes based on common typing errors, habits of new computer users, or knowledge of Internet culture and history.[8] Leet is not solely based upon one language or character set. Greek, Russian, Chinese, and other languages have Leet forms, and Leet in one language may use characters from another where they are available. As such, while it may be referred to as a "cipher", a "dialect", or a "language", Leet does not fit squarely into any of these categories. The term leet itself is often written 31337, or 1337, and many other variations. After the meaning of these became widely familiar, 10100111001 came to be used in its place, because it is the binary form of 1337, making it more of a puzzle to interpret.[9] An increasingly common characteristic of Leet is changing its grammatical usage to be deliberately incorrect. The widespread popularity of deliberate misspelling is similar to the cult following of the "All your base are belong to us" phrase. Indeed, the online and computer communities have been international from their inception, so spellings and phrases typical of non-native speakers are quite common.

Rhyming and rhythm

Care is taken by users of Leet to combine similarly timed words, or to encipher words into ways such that they have a common rhythm or rhyme. An example of this is the phrase "roffle my woffles" (note both spelling error (woffle) and word timing) ("roffle" is derived from the phonetic pronunciation of the acronym ROFL). Other examples would be "roxorz your boxorz" (in this case, rhyming). It is also used even if something only slightly rhymes, such as "roflcopters" or "lolcakes", both of which are used as offshoots of rofl or lol respectively.

Vocabulary

Many words originally derived from Leet slang have now become part of the modern Internet slang, such as "pwned".[1] The primary driving force of new vocabulary in Leet is the need to describe new phenomena. Another force is common misspelling and mistyping such as "teh" (generally considered lolspeak), and intentional misspellings,[10] especially the "z" at the end of words ("skillz").[1] Another prominent example of a surviving Leet expression is w00t, an exclamation of joy.[2]

New words (or corruptions thereof) may arise from a need to make one's username unique. As any given Internet service reaches more people, the number of names available to a given user is drastically reduced. While many users may wish to have the username "CatLover," for example, in many cases it is only possible for one user to have the moniker. As such, degradations of the name may evolve, such as "C@L0vr." As the Leet cipher is highly dynamic, there is a wider possibility for multiple users to share the "same" name, through combinations of spelling and transliterations.

Additionally, leet—the word itself—can be found in the screennames and gamertags of many Internet and video games. Use of the term in such a manner announces a high level of skill, though such an announcement may be seen as baseless hubris.[11]

Terminology and common misspellings

Warez (nominally Template:PronEng) is a plural shortening of "software", typically referring to pirated software.[11] Phreaking refers to the hacking of telephone systems and other non-Internet equipment.[1] Teh originated as a typographical error of "the", and is sometimes spelled t3h.[1][12] Joo takes the place of "you",[2] originating from the affricate sound that occurs in place of the palatal approximant, /j/, when you follows a word ending in an alveolar plosive consonant, such as /d/ or /z/. Also, from German, is über, which represents a quality of superiority; it usually appears as a prefix attached to adjectives, and is frequently written without the umlaut over the u.[13] Perhaps the most easily spotted and blatant misuse of the term "1337" is that of spelling it in non-arabic numeral characters, with a perfect example being the very title of this page. The mere sight of such an affront to internet culture will cause many self-proclaimed "1337h4xx0r5" to shudder and cringe.

Haxor and suxxor, or suxorz

Haxor, and derivations thereof, is Leet for "hacker",[14] and it is one of the most commonplace examples of the use of the -xor suffix. Suxxor (pronounced suck-zor) is a derogatory term which originated in warez culture and is currently used in multi-user environments such as multiplayer video games and instant messaging; it, like haxor, is one of the early Leet words to use the -xor suffix. Suxxor is a modified version of "sucks" (the phrase “to suck”), and the meaning is the same as the English slang. Its negative definition essentially makes it the opposite of roxxor, and both can be used as a verb or a noun.

Kekeke

In hangul, the Korean alphabet, people express a laughter sound with repetitions of the character "ㅋ", similar to the "k" sound in English (this occurs only in the Internet; it is improper to use only "ㅋ" to express a laughter in writings or formal situations). Since early versions of WarCraft did not support hangul, Korean players would use a romanized spelling—hence, kekeke was born. The phrase is a phrase similar to the English and French "hahaha", Thai "555" (pronounced "hahaha"), Spanish "jajaja", Chinese "hahaha" (哈哈哈), Japanese "fufufu"/"kukuku" (ふふふ/くくく), or German "hihihi". It is often used in-game as an expression of exaltation or as a form of mockery. Commonly, it is associated with the Warcraft tactic of a Peon Rush, named after the WarCraft faction for whom the tactic was created.[11] The phrase "Peon Rush Mekeke!" is sometimes used outside of the game to indicate any form of overwhelming or swarming force. Kekeke is also used as an evil laugh and is used by players using devious tactics and/or playing evil characters. While this usage is sometimes thought to have its roots in the laugh of Kefka, the main villain from Final Fantasy VI, kekeke is commonly associated with laughs of devious characters in manga, anime, and video games, and has made its way through various translations.

The phrase also occurs on the MMORPG World of Warcraft. There are two major factions in the game which 'speak' different languages. All chat text entered by a member of one faction will appear jumbled to a member of the other, and vice versa. As a result, members of the Alliance faction would see "kek" when a member of the Horde faction had typed "lol", while conversely a member of the Horde faction would see "bur" when a member of the Alliance faction had typed "lol". The cipher works a little differently for longer words though, and "hahaha" becomes "kekeke". Such terms have become widely understood amongst World of Warcraft players.[11] This is also a good example of what is known as an easter egg in the game World of Warcraft. The game writers at Blizzard used hundreds of famous phrases and names in populating the game world, and KEK (Orcish for LOL)[11] was intentional.

LOL

Among the earliest Internet slang terms is LOL,[13] an indication of appreciation of humor, literally meaning “Laughing Out Loud”.[15] Similar acronyms were quickly added to the lexicon, including ROFL Rolling On the Floor Laughing”), LMAO (“Laughing My Ass Off”), and the combination of the two; ROFLMAO ("Rolling On the Floor Laughing My Ass Off"). A less common variation on ROFL is FOFL, meaning Fall On Floor Laughing.[16][17] Derivations of the acronym quickly became incorporated into the Leet vocabulary. ROFL can also be combined with LOL, yielding ROFLOL (Rolling On the Floor Laughing Out Loud). The words "lool" and "lawl" are now starting to be used. "Lool" (sometimes "loool" or even more o's) shows a longer laugh than simply "lol" on its own. "Lawl" is the spelling of the American English pronunciation of lol as a word.

More recently, "lol" has been popularized as a noun, most frequently seen pluralized as "lolz" or deliberately misspelled "lulz", as in "I did it for the lulz" and "epic lulz."

Noob or boon

Within Leet, the term n00b, and derivations thereof, is used extensively. The word means, and derives from, newbie (as in new and inexperienced or uninformed),[10][13][18] and is used as a means of segregating the "elite" members of a group from outsiders and tag them as generally unskilled. In addition, noobs are sometimes referred to as rookies and Boon is just noob spelled backwards. The word noob is a very common insult in most online games due to the fact that internet anonymity virtually protects from any retaliation.

In primitive Leet, as used on BBS systems in the 1980s and into the very early 1990s, the usual term was Christmas Kiddie. Christmas Kiddie referred to the phenomenon where BBS systems were flooded with new members immediately following Christmas because modems were a common holiday gift. If the kiddie was young, the term ruggie (derived from rugrat meaning child) might be used; another variant was greenie or Christmas greenie which was derived from the cowboy slang greenhorn. As the Internet evolved and modems saw a decline, the term Christmas Kiddie was shortened to just Kiddie with the meaning morphing slightly to indicate someone who did not know a lot about what they were doing online, and were just running scripts provided by other, more experienced users. This typically, but not necessarily, referred to children or noobs who had recently discovered the online world and were experimenting with various hacking scripts available. The two terms Kiddie and noob can also be combined by adding the suffix "-let" (meaning small or young) to noob, rendering nooblet or |\|008137 (both young and inexperienced), which can be used not only online, but also in reference to someone who knows little about the world in general (i.e. younger children).

Owned and pwned

Main articles: Owned and Pwned

Owned and pwn3d both refer to the domination of a player in a video game or argument (rather than just a win), or the successful hacking of a website or computer.[1][13][19] For example, in a multiplayer first-person shooter game, a player with a default starting gun defeats an opponent carrying a vastly superior weapon. This would indicate dominant skill in the player with the inferior weapon, who outplayed (owned or pwned) the player with superior firepower. As in a common characteristic of Leet, the terms have also been adapted into noun and adjective forms,[13] ownage and pwnage, which can refer to the situation of pwning or to the superiority of its subject (e.g., "He is a very good player. He is pwnage."). Some people pronounce pwn as p'own or poon. Since the letter p on a QWERTY keyboard is right next to the letter o, it likely derives from a typographical error of owned,[13] and was eventually embraced by Leetspeakers as an intentional misspelling; however, pwn is also sometimes said to mean "player own" (pwnage could be "player ownage").[20] Pwned is commonly referred to as "power owned", using the previous example that if the player with the inferior weapon killed the other player without getting hit, he would have "pwned" the player. This act is often followed up by "teabagging"/corpse humping (the rapid squatting and standing over a dead player) or continued fire into their corpse after reloading. It is also believed by some that Pwn originated from a Warcraft map that read "player had been pwned" when the opponent was defeated.

Pwn, or Pwn3d, is also commonly used when person attempts to make a joke (more particularly something bad about a person) but the joke fails and nobody laughs, therefore the person attempting to make a joke is pwned.

New derivations have surfaced in the form of "pwnt" and "ownt", and these words are usually accompanied by the word "noob."

Pr0n

Pr0n is Leet slang for pornography.[1] This is a deliberately inaccurate spelling/pronunciation for porn,[18] where a zero is often used to replace the letter O. It is sometimes used in legitimate communications (such as email discussion groups, Usenet, chat rooms, and internet web pages) to circumvent language and content filters, which may reject messages as offensive or spam. The word also helps prevent search engines from associating commercial sites with pornography—which might result in unwelcome traffic. Pr0n is also sometimes spelled backwards (n0rp) to further obscure the meaning to potentially uninformed readers.[21] It can also refer to ASCII art depicting pornographic images, or to photos of the internals of consumer and industrial hardware. Prawn, a spoof of the misspelling, has started to come into use, as well; in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, a pornographer films his movies on 'Prawn Island'. Conversely, in the RPG Kingdom of Loathing, prawn, referring to a kind of crustacean, is spelled pr0n, leading to the creation of food items such as “pr0n chow mein”. The television show, Attack of the Show!, has a segment called Gadget Pr0n, in which they review gadgets.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mitchell.
  2. ^ a b c d An Explanation of l33t Speak.
  3. ^ a b Rome.
  4. ^ Sterling, 70.
  5. ^ Blashki & Nichol, 80.
  6. ^ Blashki & Nichol, 79.
  7. ^ LeBlanc, 33.
  8. ^ Blashki & Nichol, 81.
  9. ^ This appears as an in-joke for technical illustrations(a)(b). This Google search finds examples of the two number forms used together on the Web with the name Leet.
  10. ^ a b Blashki & Nichol, 83.
  11. ^ a b c d e Computer Hope Dictionary.
  12. ^ LeBlanc, 34-35.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Van de Velde & Meuleman.
  14. ^ LeBlanc, 30; 32.
  15. ^ LeBlanc, 72.
  16. ^ Raymond & Steele, 435.
  17. ^ LeBlanc, 73.
  18. ^ a b The Acronym Finder.
  19. ^ LeBlanc, 32-33.
  20. ^ The Free Dictionary.
  21. ^ This can be observed by searching for "n0rp" on a search engine.

References

  • "The Acronym Finder". Mountain Data Systems, LLC. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
  • "An Explanation of l33t Speak". h2g2. BBC. 2002-08-16. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  • Blashki, Katherine; Nichol, Sophie (2005), "Game Geek's Goss: Linguistic Creativity In Young Males Within An Online University Forum" (PDF), Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society, 3 (2): 77–86
  • "Computer Hope Dictionary - Game definitions". Computer Hope. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  • "The Free Dictionary — Acronyms". The Free Dictionary. Farlex, Inc. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
  • "Google Directory - Computers". Google. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  • Haig, Matt (2001). E-Mail Essentials: How to Make the Most of E-Communications. Kogan Page. p. 89. ISBN 0749435763.
  • LeBlanc, Tracy Rene (2005-04-01). ""Is There A Translator in Teh House?": Cultural and Discourse Analysis of a Virtual Speech Community on an Internet Message Board" (PDF). Louisiana State University.
  • Mitchell, Anthony (2006-06-12). "A Leet Primer". Technology News. ECT News Network, Inc. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
  • Perea, Manuel (in press). "R34D1NG W0RD5 W1TH NUMB3R5 (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance)" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-06-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Raymond, Eric R.; Steele, Guy L. (1996), The New Hacker's Dictionary, MIT Press, ISBN 0262680920
  • Rome, James Andrew (2001-12-18). "relax we understand j00". Sigma Tau Delta, The International English Honor Society. Case Western University, Beta Beta Chapter. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  • Sterling, Bruce (1994). The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier. New York: Bantam Spectra Books. p. 70. ISBN 0-553-56370-X.
  • Van de Velde, Kristof (2004). "Lexical tensions in 'internet english' : 1337 as language?". Retrieved 2007-04-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Pearson, Wayne. "The creation of "LOL"". Retrieved 2008-11-06.

Regular Leet

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