Berlin Plus agreement: Difference between revisions
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==Content== |
==Content== |
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The Berlin Plus agreement is comprised of seven major parts:<ref name=NATO1/><ref name=WSIB>WORLD SECURITY INSTITUTE BRUSSELS, "NATO-EU Relations", January 16, 2006, [http://www.wsibrussels.org/showarticle.cfm?id=191]</ref> |
The Berlin Plus agreement is comprised of seven major parts:<ref name=NATO1/><ref name=WSIB>WORLD SECURITY INSTITUTE BRUSSELS, "NATO-EU Relations", January 16, 2006, [http://www.wsibrussels.org/showarticle.cfm?id=191]</ref> |
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#The NATO-EU Security Agreement |
#The NATO-EU Security Agreement, which covers the exchange of classified information under reciprocal security protection rules. |
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#Assured Access to NATO planning capabilities for EU-led Crisis Management Operations (CMO) |
#Assured Access to NATO planning capabilities for EU-led Crisis Management Operations (CMO). |
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#Availability of NATO assets and capabilities for EU-led |
#Availability of NATO assets and capabilities for EU-led CMOs, such as communication units and headquarters. |
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#Procedures for Release, Monitoring, Return and Recall of NATO Assets and Capabilities |
#Procedures for Release, Monitoring, Return and Recall of NATO Assets and Capabilities. |
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#Terms Of Reference for DSACEUR and European Command Options for NATO |
#Terms Of Reference for [[DSACEUR]] and European Command Options for NATO. |
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#Arrangements for coherent and mutually reinforcing |
#Arrangements for coherent and mutually reinforcing capability requirements, in particular the incorporation within NATO's defence planning of the military needs and capabilities that may be required for EU-led military operations. |
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#EU - NATO consultation arrangements in the context of an EU-led CMO making use of NATO assets and capabilities |
#EU - NATO consultation arrangements in the context of an EU-led CMO making use of NATO assets and capabilities. |
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This comprehensive framework for NATO-EU relations was concluded on March 17, 2003 by the exchange of letters by |
This comprehensive framework for NATO-EU relations was concluded on March 17, 2003 by the exchange of letters by [[High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy|High Representative]] [[Javier Solana]] and the then-[[Secretary General of NATO]] [[Lord Robertson]].<ref name=WSIB/> |
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==Practice== |
==Practice== |
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===Procedures=== |
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*The use of NATO assets by the EU is subject to a "right of first refusal" : NATO first has to decline intervening in a given crisis.<ref>[[Heritage Foundation]] report, March 24, 2008. [http://www.heritage.org/Research/Europe/wm1863.cfm]</ref> |
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*Approval of the use of assets has to be unanimous among NATO states. For example, Turkish reservations about [[Operation Concordia]] using NATO assets delayed its deployment by more than five months.<ref>Bram Boxhoorn, ''Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands'', 21-09-2005, [http://www.ataedu.org/article_new.php?id=107]</ref> |
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===Operations=== |
===Operations=== |
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To date, the EU has conducted two operations with the support of NATO: |
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With this agreement the EU is given the possibility to use NATO assets in case it wanted to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO does not want to act itself – the so-called "right of first refusal".<ref>Bram Boxhoorn, ''Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands'', 21-09-2005, [http://www.ataedu.org/article_new.php?id=107]</ref> Only if NATO refuses to act, the EU may act if it wants to do so. To date, the EU has conducted two operations with the support of NATO: |
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*[[Operation Concordia]] in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The EU took over from NATO's operation [[Allied Harmony]] and deployed around 300 troops to provide security to EU and [[OSCE]] monitors overseeing the implementation of the [[Ohrid Agreement|Ohrid Framework Agreement]]. |
*[[Operation Concordia]] in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The EU took over from NATO's operation [[Allied Harmony]] and deployed around 300 troops to provide security to EU and [[OSCE]] monitors overseeing the implementation of the [[Ohrid Agreement|Ohrid Framework Agreement]]. |
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*[[EUFOR Althea]] in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following NATO's decision at the [[2004 Istanbul summit]] to terminate the mission of NATO's [[SFOR|Stabilisation Force]] (SFOR) by the end of the year, the EU started its own 7,000-strong mission, [[EUFOR Althea]], in the country with the aim to implement the military aspects of the [[Dayton Peace Agreement]] and to maintain a safe and secure environment. |
*[[EUFOR Althea]] in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following NATO's decision at the [[2004 Istanbul summit]] to terminate the mission of NATO's [[SFOR|Stabilisation Force]] (SFOR) by the end of the year, the EU started its own 7,000-strong mission, [[EUFOR Althea]], in the country with the aim to implement the military aspects of the [[Dayton Peace Agreement]] and to maintain a safe and secure environment. |
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===Cyprus-Turkey dispute=== |
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According to the ''[[The Economist]]'' EU officials have admitted that a particular problem between Turkey and Cyprus exist, but not a general one with the EU and NATO.<ref>"Berlin Minus" in ''[[The Economist]]'', February 8, 2007, [http://www.economist.com/research/backgrounders/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8669193]</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 12:22, 4 February 2009
The Berlin Plus agreement is the short title of a comprehensive package of agreements made between NATO and the EU on 16 December 2002.[1] These agreements were based on the conclusions of NATO's 1999 Washington summit, and allowed the EU to draw on some of NATO's military assets in its own peacekeeping operations.
Content
The Berlin Plus agreement is comprised of seven major parts:[1][2]
- The NATO-EU Security Agreement, which covers the exchange of classified information under reciprocal security protection rules.
- Assured Access to NATO planning capabilities for EU-led Crisis Management Operations (CMO).
- Availability of NATO assets and capabilities for EU-led CMOs, such as communication units and headquarters.
- Procedures for Release, Monitoring, Return and Recall of NATO Assets and Capabilities.
- Terms Of Reference for DSACEUR and European Command Options for NATO.
- Arrangements for coherent and mutually reinforcing capability requirements, in particular the incorporation within NATO's defence planning of the military needs and capabilities that may be required for EU-led military operations.
- EU - NATO consultation arrangements in the context of an EU-led CMO making use of NATO assets and capabilities.
This comprehensive framework for NATO-EU relations was concluded on March 17, 2003 by the exchange of letters by High Representative Javier Solana and the then-Secretary General of NATO Lord Robertson.[2]
Practice
Procedures
- The use of NATO assets by the EU is subject to a "right of first refusal" : NATO first has to decline intervening in a given crisis.[3]
- Approval of the use of assets has to be unanimous among NATO states. For example, Turkish reservations about Operation Concordia using NATO assets delayed its deployment by more than five months.[4]
Operations
To date, the EU has conducted two operations with the support of NATO:
- Operation Concordia in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The EU took over from NATO's operation Allied Harmony and deployed around 300 troops to provide security to EU and OSCE monitors overseeing the implementation of the Ohrid Framework Agreement.
- EUFOR Althea in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following NATO's decision at the 2004 Istanbul summit to terminate the mission of NATO's Stabilisation Force (SFOR) by the end of the year, the EU started its own 7,000-strong mission, EUFOR Althea, in the country with the aim to implement the military aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement and to maintain a safe and secure environment.