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A '''serial killer''' is a person who [[murder]]s usually three or more people<ref>Some murderers have been called serial killers despite proof of only two murders, such as [[Ed Gein]] and [[Wayne Williams]]. "With only two confirmed kills, Ed did not technically qualify as a serial killer (the traditional minimum requirement was three), but that didn't deny him immediate entry into the pantheon of folk mythology." Reavill, Gil (2007). ''Aftermath, Inc.: Cleaning Up After CSI Goes Home''. Gotham. 228. [[Special:BookSources/9781592402960|ISBN 9781592402960]]<br />"One of the most famous [geographically stable] serial killers is Wayne Williams. He was convicted of only two killings. However, his probable involvement in more than 30 killings of young black males in Atlanta qualifies him for classification as a geographically stable serial killer. Holmes and Holmes, ''Contemporary'', p. 9</ref> over a period of more than 30 days with a "cooling off" period between each murder, whose motivation for killing is largely based on [[abnormal psychology|psychological]] gratification.<ref>Holmes and Holmes, ''Contemporary'', p. 1</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Burkhalter Chmelir |first=Sandra |editor=Robert Kastenbaum |encyclopedia=Macmillan Encyclopedia of Death and Dying |title=Serial Killers |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5214/is_2003/ai_n19132282?tag=content;col1 |year=2003 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson/Gale |volume=2 |location=New York, New York |pages=1 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5b0rm5Zum |archivedate=2008-09-21}}</ref> There is often a sexual element to the murders. The murders may have been attempted or completed in a similar fashion and the victims may have had something in common, for example occupation, [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], appearance or gender.
A '''cereal eater''' is a person who [[murder]]s usually three or more people<ref>Some murderers have been called serial killers despite proof of only two murders, such as [[Ed Gein]] and [[Wayne Williams]]. "With only two confirmed kills, Ed did not technically qualify as a serial killer (the traditional minimum requirement was three), but that didn't deny him immediate entry into the pantheon of folk mythology." Reavill, Gil (2007). ''Aftermath, Inc.: Cleaning Up After CSI Goes Home''. Gotham. 228. [[Special:BookSources/9781592402960|ISBN 9781592402960]]<br />"One of the most famous [geographically stable] serial killers is Wayne Williams. He was convicted of only two killings. However, his probable involvement in more than 30 killings of young black males in Atlanta qualifies him for classification as a geographically stable serial killer. Holmes and Holmes, ''Contemporary'', p. 9</ref> over a period of more than 30 days with a "cooling off" period between each murder, whose motivation for killing is largely based on [[abnormal psychology|psychological]] gratification.<ref>Holmes and Holmes, ''Contemporary'', p. 1</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Burkhalter Chmelir |first=Sandra |editor=Robert Kastenbaum |encyclopedia=Macmillan Encyclopedia of Death and Dying |title=Serial Killers |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5214/is_2003/ai_n19132282?tag=content;col1 |year=2003 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson/Gale |volume=2 |location=New York, New York |pages=1 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5b0rm5Zum |archivedate=2008-09-21}}</ref> There is often a sexual element to the murders. The murders may have been attempted or completed in a similar fashion and the victims may have had something in common, for example occupation, [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], appearance or gender.


Coinage of the term ''serial killer'' is commonly attributed to former [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] [[Special Agent]] [[Robert Ressler]] in the 1970s.<ref>Ressler and Schachtman, p. 29</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Schechter | first = Harold | authorlink = Harold Schechter | coauthors = | title = The Serial Killer Files: The Who, What, Where, How, and Why of the World's Most Terrifying Murderers | publisher = [[Ballantine Books]] | date = 2003 | pages = | url = http://www.fictionwise.com/eBooks/eBook19602.htm?cache | isbn = 9780345472007 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5b5rAP8j0 |archivedate=2008-09-25}}</ref> ''Serial killer'' entered the popular [[vernacular]] largely due to the widely publicized crimes of [[Ted Bundy]] and [[David Berkowitz]] in the middle years of that decade.{{Fact|date=October 2008}}
Coinage of the term ''serial killer'' is commonly attributed to former [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] [[Special Agent]] [[Robert Ressler]] in the 1970s.<ref>Ressler and Schachtman, p. 29</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Schechter | first = Harold | authorlink = Harold Schechter | coauthors = | title = The Serial Killer Files: The Who, What, Where, How, and Why of the World's Most Terrifying Murderers | publisher = [[Ballantine Books]] | date = 2003 | pages = | url = http://www.fictionwise.com/eBooks/eBook19602.htm?cache | isbn = 9780345472007 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5b5rAP8j0 |archivedate=2008-09-25}}</ref> ''Serial killer'' entered the popular [[vernacular]] largely due to the widely publicized crimes of [[Ted Bundy]] and [[David Berkowitz]] in the middle years of that decade.{{Fact|date=October 2008}}

Revision as of 13:15, 6 March 2009

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A cereal eater is a person who murders usually three or more people[1] over a period of more than 30 days with a "cooling off" period between each murder, whose motivation for killing is largely based on psychological gratification.[2][3] There is often a sexual element to the murders. The murders may have been attempted or completed in a similar fashion and the victims may have had something in common, for example occupation, race, appearance or gender.

Coinage of the term serial killer is commonly attributed to former FBI Special Agent Robert Ressler in the 1970s.[4][5] Serial killer entered the popular vernacular largely due to the widely publicized crimes of Ted Bundy and David Berkowitz in the middle years of that decade.[citation needed]

Characteristics

Psychosis is rarely noted among serial killers. The predominant psychiatric diagnosis noted in the group tends toward the psychopathic, meaning they suffer from traits within a specific cluster of dysfunctional personality characteristics, those most commonly associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder or Dissocial personality disorder.[6][7] Psychopaths lack empathy and guilt, are egocentric and impulsive, and do not conform to social, moral and legal norms. They may appear to be quite normal and often even charming, a state of adaptation that psychiatrist Hervey Cleckley named the "mask of sanity".[8]

Serial killers tend to share the following general characteristics:[9][10]

  1. The majority are single, white males.
  2. They are often intelligent, with IQs in the "bright normal" range.
  3. Despite their high IQs, they do poorly in school, have trouble holding down jobs, and often work menial jobs.
  4. They tend to come from unstable families.
  5. As children, they are typically abandoned by their fathers and raised by domineering mothers.
  6. Their families often have criminal, psychiatric and alcoholic histories.
  7. They often are mistrustful of their parents.
  8. It is common to find that as children, they were abused—psychologically, physically and/or sexually—by a family member.
  9. Many spend time in institutions as children and have records of early psychiatric problems.
  10. They have high rates of suicide attempts.
  11. From an early age, many are intensely interested in voyeurism, fetishism, and sadomasochistic pornography.
  12. More than 60 percent wet their beds beyond the age of 12.
  13. Many are fascinated with fire starting.
  14. They are involved in sadistic activity or tormenting small creatures.

Types of serial killers

The FBI's Crime Classification Manual places serial killers into three categories: "organized", "disorganized" and "mixed"—offenders who exhibit organized and disorganized characteristics.[11] Some killers descend from being organized into disorganized behavior as their killings continue. They will carry out careful and methodical murders at the start, but become careless and impulsive as their compulsion takes over their lives.[citation needed]

Organized/nonsocial offenders

Organized/nonsocial offenders are usually of high intelligence, have an above average IQ (>110 range), and plan their crimes quite methodically, usually abducting victims, killing them in one place and disposing of them in another. They will often lure the victims with ploys appealing to their sense of sympathy. For example, Ted Bundy would put his arm in a fake plaster cast and ask women to help him carry something to his car, where he would beat them unconscious with a metal bar (e.g. a crowbar), and carry them away. Others specifically target prostitutes, who are likely to voluntarily go with a serial killer posing as a customer. They maintain a high degree of control over the crime scene, and usually have a solid knowledge of forensic science that enables them to cover their tracks, such as burying the body or weighing it down and sinking it in a river. They follow their crimes in the media carefully and often take pride in their actions, as if it were all a grand project. The organized killer is usually socially adequate, has friends and lovers, and sometimes even a spouse and children. They are the type who, when captured, are most likely to be described by acquaintances as kind and unlikely to hurt anyone. Some serial killers go to lengths to make their crimes difficult to discover, such as falsifying suicide notes, setting up others to take the blame for their crimes, faking gang warfare, or disguising the murder to look like a natural death.[citation needed] David Berkowitz, Ted Bundy, and John Wayne Gacy are examples of organized serial killers.[12]

Disorganized/asocial offenders

Disorganized/asocial offenders are often of low intelligence, have a below average IQ (<90), and commit their crimes impulsively. Whereas the organized killer will specifically set out to hunt a victim, the disorganized will murder someone when the opportunity arises, rarely bothering to dispose of the body but instead just leaving it at the same place where they found the victim. They usually carry out "blitz" attacks, leaping out and attacking their victims without warning, and will typically perform whatever rituals they feel compelled to carry out (e.g., necrophilia, mutilation, cannibalism, etc.) once the victim is dead. They rarely bother to cover their tracks but may still evade capture for some time because of a level of cunning that compels them to keep on the move. They are often socially inadequate with few friends, and they may have a history of mental problems and be regarded by acquaintances as eccentric or even "a bit creepy". Usually they are very introverted people, too. They have little insight into their crimes and may even block out memories of committing the murders.

Motives

The motives of serial killers are generally placed into four categories: "visionary", "mission-oriented", "hedonistic" and "power/control"; however, there is often considerable overlap among these categories.[13][14]

Visionary

Visionary serial killers suffer from psychotic breaks with reality, sometimes believing they are another person or are compelled to murder by entities such as the devil or God.[15] The two most common subgroups are "demon mandated" and "God mandated."[16]

Herbert Mullin believed the American casualties in the Vietnam War were preventing California from experiencing an earthquake. As the war wound down, Mullin claimed his father instructed him via telepathy to raise the amount of "human sacrifices to nature" in order to delay a catastrophic earthquake that would plunge California into the ocean.[17]

David Berkowitz is an example of a demon-mandated visionary killer. He claimed a demon transmitted orders through his neighbor's dog, instructing him to murder.[18]

Mission-oriented

Mission-oriented killers justify their acts on the basis that they are getting rid of a certain type of person, such as homosexuals, prostitutes, blacks or Catholics, whom they find undesirable; however, they are not psychotic.[19]

Ted Kaczynski, the "Unabomber", targeted universities and the airline industry.[20] He wrote a manifesto that he distributed to the media, in which he claimed he wanted society to return to a time when technology was not a threat to its future, asserting that "the Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race."[21][22]

Hedonistic

This type of serial killer seeks thrills and derives pleasure from killing, seeing people as objects for their enjoyment. Forensic psychologists have identified three subtypes of the hedonistic killer: "lust", "thrill" and "comfort".[16]

Lust

Sex is the primary motive of lust killers, whether or not the victims are dead, and fantasy plays a large role in their killings. Their sexual gratification depends on the amount of torture and mutilation they perform on their victims. They usually use weapons that require close contact with the victims, such as knives or hands. As lust killers continue with their murders, the time between killings decreases or the required level of stimulation increases, sometimes both.[16][23][24]

Kenneth Bianchi, one of the "Hillside Stranglers", murdered women and girls of different ages, races and appearance because his sexual urges required different types of stimulation and increasing intensity.[24]

Jeffrey Dahmer searched for his perfect fantasy lover—beautiful and eternal. As his desire to find the perfect lover increased, he experimented with drugs, alcohol and exotic sex. His increasing need for stimulation was demonstrated by the dismemberment of victims, whose heads and genitals he preserved. He experimented with cannibalism to ensure his victims would always be a part of him.[25]

Thrill

The primary motive of a thrill killer is to induce pain or create terror in their victims, which provides stimulation and excitement for the killer. They seek the adrenaline rush provided by hunting and killing victims. Thrill killers murder only for the kill; usually the attack is not prolonged, and there is no sexual aspect. Usually the victims are strangers, although the killer may have followed them for a period of time. Thrill killers can abstain from killing for long periods of time and become more successful at killing as they refine their murder methods. Many attempt to commit the perfect crime and believe they will not be caught.[16][26]

Robert Hansen took his victims to a secluded area, where he would let them loose and then hunt and kill them.[26] Lee Boyd Malvo and John Allen Muhammad, the DC Snipers, killed random victims, often at gas stations, shooting them and leaving the scenes unnoticed.[27] In one of his letters to San Francisco Bay Area newspapers, the Zodiac Killer wrote "[killing] gives me the most thrilling experience it is even better than getting your rocks off with a girl".[28]

Comfort

Material gain and a comfortable lifestyle are the primary motives of comfort killers. Usually, the victims are family members and close acquaintances. After a murder, a comfort killer will usually wait for a period of time before killing again to allow any suspicions by family or authorities to subside. Poison, most notably arsenic, is often used to kill victims. Female serial killers are often comfort killers, although not all comfort killers are female.[16][29][30] Dorothea Puente killed her tenants for their Social Security checks and buried them in the backyard of her home.[31] H. H. Holmes killed for insurance and business profits.[32]

Power/control

Their main objective for killing is to gain and exert power over their victim. Such killers are sometimes abused as children, leaving them with feelings of powerlessness and inadequacy as adults. Many power/control-motivated killers sexually abuse their victims, but they differ from hedonistic killers in that rape is not motivated by lust but as simply another form of dominating the victim.[33] Ted Bundy traveled around the United States seeking women to control.[34]

Medical professionals

Some people with a pathological interest in the power of life and death tend to be attracted to medical professions.[35][36][37][38] These kinds of killers are sometimes referred to as "angels of death"[39] or angels of mercy. One example is Harold Shipman, an English family doctor, who made it appear that his victims died of natural causes. Between 1975 and 1998, he killed at least 215 patients.[40] Dr John Bodkin Adams, meanwhile, though acquitted in 1957 of the murder of one patient, is believed to have killed around 163 patients in Eastbourne, England.[41]

Victims

Criminologists have long recognized that there are links between most serial killers and their chosen victims. Demographically, serial murderers tend to target more women than men, and kill strangers more often than family or acquaintances, as opposed to single-homicide offenders, who tend to kill men and women equally, while killing friends and family more often.[42]

Serial murderers’ killings are often sexually motivated. The sexual motivation supports the theory that serial murderers tend to have specific criteria and specific sexual interests that motivate their selection of certain victims. This victim selection process sets serial murderers apart from other types of killers.[42]

In the United States, serial killers prefer to target victims ages 18–50. The majority of victims are White, supporting researchers' claims that serial murder is intra-racial.[43]

Female serial killers

Approximately one out of every six serial killers is a woman. Female serial killers tend to murder men and women, with a preference for elderly victims, and prefer to kill with poison. They generally need to have a relationship with a person before killing them. Females derive their excitement by killing intimately, such as poisoning a husband or smothering a child. Most commit killings in specific places, such as their home or a health-care facility, or at different locations within the same city or state.[44][45]

A notable exception to these characteristics is Aileen Wuornos,[46][45] who killed outdoors instead of at home, used a gun instead of poison, killed strangers instead of friends or family, and killed for personal gratification.[47]

Serial killers in history

Further information: [[:List of serial killers before 1900]]

Historical criminologists have suggested that there may have been serial murders throughout history, but specific cases were not adequately recorded. Some sources suggest that legends such as werewolves and vampires were inspired by medieval serial killers.[48]

Liu Pengli of China, cousin of the Han Emperor Jing, was made king of Jidong in the sixth year of the middle period of Jing's reign (144 BC). According to the Chinese historian Sima Qian, he would "go out on marauding expeditions with 20 or 30 slaves or young men who were in hiding from the law, murdering people and seizing their belongings for sheer sport". Although many of his subjects knew about these murders, it was not until the 29th year of his reign that the son of one of his victims finally sent a report to the Emperor. Eventually, it was discovered that he had murdered at least 100 people. The officials of the court requested that Liu Pengli be executed; however, the emperor could not bear to have his own cousin killed, and Liu Pengli was made a commoner and banished.[49]

In the 15th century, one of the wealthiest men in France, Gilles de Rais, is said to have abducted, sexually assaulted and killed at least 100 children, mainly boys, whom he had abducted from the surrounding villages and taken to his castle. The Hungarian aristocrat Elizabeth Báthory was arrested in 1610 and subsequently charged with torturing and butchering as many as 600 young girls. Like Liu Pengli, they were not immediately brought to justice because[citation needed] they were rich, powerful and, most importantly, royalty. Although their crimes were known or suspected, official refused to believe any allegations until they could no longer be denied.[citation needed] After his arrest, de Rais confessed to his crimes, which also included delusions of demon worship.[citation needed]

Chronicles of the times dealt largely with the affairs of the powerful; moreover, there was a lack of established police forces, at least in Europe, during those centuries. Therefore, there may have been many other classical or medieval serial killers who were either not identified or not publicized as well. Many incidents that were probably the work of serial killers were blamed on werewolves and demonic spirits.[citation needed]

Thug Behram, a gang leader of the Indian Thuggee cult of assassins, has frequently been said to be the world's most prolific serial killer. According to numerous sources, he was believed to have murdered 931 victims by means of strangulation with a ceremonial cloth (or rumal, which in Hindi means handkerchief), used by his cult between 1790 and 1830, thus holding the record for the most murders directly committed by a single person in history.[50]

In total, the Thugs as a whole were responsible for approximately 2 million deaths, according to Guinness World Records. The notoriety of the Thugs eventually led to the word thug entering the English language as a term for ruffians, miscreants, and people who behave in an aggressive manner towards others. Recent scholarship has cast doubt on the Thuggee cult and suggested that the British in India were confused by the vernacular use of the term by Indians, and may also have used fear of such a cult to justify their colonial rule.[50]

In his 1886 book Psychopathia Sexualis, psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing noted a case of a serial murderer in the 1870s, a Frenchman named Eusebius Pieydagnelle who had a sexual obsession with blood, and who confessed to murdering six people.[citation needed]

The unidentified killer Jack the Ripper killed prostitutes (the exact number of victims is not known) in London in 1888. Those crimes gained enormous press attention because London was the world's greatest centre of power at the time, so having such dramatic murders of financially destitute women in the midst of such wealth focused the news media's attention on the plight of the urban poor and gained coverage worldwide. He has also been called the most famous serial killer of all time.[citation needed]

American serial killer H. H. Holmes was hanged in Philadelphia in 1896 after confessing to 27 murders. Joseph Vacher was executed in France in 1898 after confessing to killing and mutilating 11 women and children.[citation needed]

Serial killers are featured as stock characters in many types of media, including books, films, television programs, songs and video games.[51] Films featuring serial killers include The Silence of the Lambs, Hannibal, Natural Born Killers, Psycho, Seven, Copycat, The Blair Witch Project, Halloween and Scream.[51][52][53] The television series Dexter features a serial killer as the protagonist.[54]

Examples of serial killer-related literature are Norman Mailer's The Executioner's Song, Bret Easton Ellis' American Psycho, Jim Thompson's The Killer Inside Me and Thomas Harris' Red Dragon.[55][56]

Serial killer memorabilia, included in the broader category of murderabilia, and serial killer lore is a subculture revolving around the legacies of various infamous and notorious serial killers. While memorabilia is generally confined to the paintings, writings and poems of infamous killers, the market has expanded into serial killer encyclopedias, trading cards, and action figures. Perhaps the best-known articles of serial killer memorabilia are the clown paintings of John Wayne Gacy.[57]

See also

References

  1. ^ Some murderers have been called serial killers despite proof of only two murders, such as Ed Gein and Wayne Williams. "With only two confirmed kills, Ed did not technically qualify as a serial killer (the traditional minimum requirement was three), but that didn't deny him immediate entry into the pantheon of folk mythology." Reavill, Gil (2007). Aftermath, Inc.: Cleaning Up After CSI Goes Home. Gotham. 228. ISBN 9781592402960
    "One of the most famous [geographically stable] serial killers is Wayne Williams. He was convicted of only two killings. However, his probable involvement in more than 30 killings of young black males in Atlanta qualifies him for classification as a geographically stable serial killer. Holmes and Holmes, Contemporary, p. 9
  2. ^ Holmes and Holmes, Contemporary, p. 1
  3. ^ Burkhalter Chmelir, Sandra (2003). "Serial Killers". In Robert Kastenbaum (ed.). Macmillan Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Vol. 2. New York, New York: Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson/Gale. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2008-09-21.
  4. ^ Ressler and Schachtman, p. 29
  5. ^ Schechter, Harold (2003). The Serial Killer Files: The Who, What, Where, How, and Why of the World's Most Terrifying Murderers. Ballantine Books. ISBN 9780345472007. Archived from the original on 2008-09-25. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ Holmes and Holmes (2002), p. 111
  7. ^ Yudofsky, p. 193
  8. ^ Morse, Stephen J. "Psychopathy - What Is Psychopathy?". Law Library - American Law and Legal Information. Vol. Crime and Justice Vol 3. Archived from the original on 2008-09-25. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
  9. ^ Schechter and Everitt, pp. 53-54
  10. ^ "Parenting: Fourteen Characteristics of a Serial Killer". Dr. Phil.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-05. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  11. ^ Vronsky (2004), pp. 99-100
  12. ^ Ressler and Schachtman, p. 131
  13. ^ Holmes and Holmes (1998), pp. 43-44
  14. ^ Bartol and Bartol, p. 284
  15. ^ Holmes and Holmes (1998), p. 62
  16. ^ a b c d e Bartol and Bartol, p. 145 Cite error: The named reference "Bartol" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  17. ^ Ressler and Schachtman, p. 146
  18. ^ Schechter and Everitt, p. 291
  19. ^ Holmes and Holmes (1998), p. 43
  20. ^ Douglas et al., p. 25
  21. ^ Kaczynski, Ted (1995). "Industrial Society and Its Future". Wikisource. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
  22. ^ Holmes and Holmes (1998), p. 80
  23. ^ Holmes and Holmes (2001), p. 163
  24. ^ a b Dobbert, pp. 10-11
  25. ^ Dobbert, p. 11
  26. ^ a b Howard and Smith, p.4
  27. ^ Howard and Smith, p. 5
  28. ^ Graysmith, Robert (2007). Zodiac (Reissue ed.). Berkley. pp. 54–55. ISBN 0425212181.
  29. ^ Schlesinger, p. 276
  30. ^ Holmes and Holmes (2000), pp. 41, 43
  31. ^ Holmes and Holmes (2000), p. 44
  32. ^ Holmes and Holmes (2000), p. 43
  33. ^ Egger, Steven A. (2000). "Why Serial Murderers Kill: An Overview". Contemporary Issues Companion: Serial Killers.
  34. ^ Peck and Dolch, p. 255
  35. ^ Sitpond
  36. ^ Whittle and Ritchie
  37. ^ Linedecker
  38. ^ Hickey (1997), p. 142
  39. ^ "Angels of Death". Crime Library. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  40. ^ "Shipman's 215 victims". BBC News. 2004-01-13. Archived from the original on 2008-09-21. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
  41. ^ Cullen, Pamela V., A Stranger in Blood: The Case Files on Dr John Bodkin Adams, London, Elliott & Thompson, 2006, ISBN 1-904027-19-9
  42. ^ a b Hickey (2005)
  43. ^ Godwin, pp. 61-68
  44. ^ Vronsky (2007), pp. 1, 42-43
  45. ^ a b Schechter and Everitt, p. 312
  46. ^ Fox and Levin, p. 117
  47. ^ Schmid, p. 231
  48. ^ Schlesinger, p. 5
  49. ^ Qian, p. 387
  50. ^ a b Rushby
  51. ^ a b Roy, p. 90
  52. ^ Schmid, pp. 112-115
  53. ^ Newitz, pp. 1, 45-46
  54. ^ "Dexter official website". Showtime.
  55. ^ Newitz, pp. 23, 37
  56. ^ Seltzer, p. 156
  57. ^ Schechter and Everitt, p. 15

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  • Newitz, Annalee (2006). Pretend We're Dead: Capitalist Monsters in American Pop Culture. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822337454.
  • Norris, Joel. Serial Killers: The Growing Menace. Arrow Books, (1990). ISBN 0-09-971750-6
  • Peck, Dennis L. (2000). Extraordinary Behavior: A Case Study Approach to Understanding Social Problems. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-275-97057-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Qian, Sima. "Han Dynasty". Records of the Grand Historian. Vol. I (Revised edition 1993 ed.). Columba University Press.
  • Ressler, Robert K. (1993). Whoever Fights Monsters: My Twenty Years Tracking Serial Killers for the FBI. New York: Macmillan/St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0312950446. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Roy, Jody M. (2002). Love to Hate: America's Obsession with Hatred and Violence. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231125697.
  • Rushby, Kevin (2003). Children of Kali: Through India in Search of Bandits, the Thug Cult, and the British Raj. Walker & Company. ISBN 0802714188.
  • Schechter, Harold (2006). The A to Z Encyclopedia of Serial Killers. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781416521747. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Schlesinger, Louis B. (2000). Serial Offenders: Current Thought, Recent Findings. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849322365.
  • Schmid, David (2005). Natural Born Celebrities: Serial Killers in American Culture. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226738673.
  • Seltzer, Mark (1998). Serial Killers: Death and Life in America's Wound Culture. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91481-9.
  • Sitpond, M. (2000). Addicted to murder: The true story of Dr Harold Shipman. Virgin.
  • Vronsky, Peter (2004). Serial Killers: The Method and Madness of Monsters. Penguin Group/Berkley. ISBN 0425196402.
  • Vronsky, Peter (2007). Female Serial Killers: How and Why Women Become Monsters. Penguin/Berkley. ISBN 9780425213902.
  • Wilson, Colin. A Plague Of Murder. Robinson Publishing, Ltd., (1995). ISBN 1-85487-249-4
  • Whittle, Brian (2000). Prescription for Murder: The True Story of Mass Murderer Dr Harold Frederick Shipman. Warner. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Yudofsky, Stuart C. (2005). Fatal Flaws: Navigating Destructive Relationships with People with Disorders of Personality and Character. American Psychiatric Publishing. ISBN 9781585622146.
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