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'''"The Tyranny of Structurelessness"''' is an influential essay by American feminist [[Jo Freeman]] concerning power relations within radical or [[anarchist]] collectives.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Lip service: the anti-globalization movement on gender politics |journal=[[Herizons]] |date=September 22, 2002 |last=Rebick |first=Judy}}</ref>< |
'''"The Tyranny of Structurelessness"''' is an influential essay by American [[feminist]] [[Jo Freeman]] inspired by her experiences in the 1970s [[women's liberation movement]] concerning power relations within [[radical feminist]] or [[anarchist]] collectives.<ref>Alice Echols, Ellen Willis, [http://books.google.com/books?id=6zaVkAjBuPEC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=%22tyranny+of+structurelessness%22+feminists&source=bl&ots=zLOGqm6AQX&sig=VDgreiDkuUlTKXmAaFkklmR89G8&hl=en&ei=muXKSemaJ6PulQeNwtHmCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result#PPA68,M1 ''Daring to be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975''], [[University of Minnesota Press]], 67, 1989 ISBN 0816617872, 9780816617876</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Lip service: the anti-globalization movement on gender politics |journal=[[Herizons]] |date=September 22, 2002 |last=Rebick |first=Judy}}</ref><ref name="Wainwright">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/2999 |publisher=[[Transnational Institute]] |authorlink=Hilary Wainwright |first=Hilary |last=Wainwright |title=Imagine there's no leaders |date=October 09, 2006 |accessdate=February 17, 2009}}</ref> |
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The essay reflected on the experiments of that movement in resisting the idea of leaders and even discarding any structure or [[division of labor]]. However, as [[Hilary Wainwright]] wrote in [[Z Communications|Zmag]], Freeman described how "this apparent lack of structure too often disguised an informal, unacknowledged and unaccountable leadership that was all the more pernicious because its very existence was denied."<ref name="Wainwright"/> |
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In a review of the essay for ''[[Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed]]'', [[Jason McQuinn]] noted its popularity among [[left anarchism|leftist]] and [[platformist]] anarchists, and scathingly compared it to "a closely argued, but incomprehensibly unreal and illogical stab at sociology by a paranoid schizophrenic".<Ref name=mcq>{{Cite journal|title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness: An organizationalist repudiation of anarchism |first=Jason |last=McQuinn |journal=Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed |volume=54 |url=http://www.geocities.com/kk_abacus/ioaa/tyranny.html}}</ref> |
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The phrase has been used to describe one problem in organizing by [[ecofeminism|ecofeminist]] [[Starhawk]].<ref>Starhawk, [http://awakenedwoman.com/star_rnc_two.htm Power and Anarchy], [http://awakenedwoman.com/ The Awakened Woman], August 19, 2004</ref> |
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In 2008 "Community Development Journal" reviewed the article a "classic text" which editors felt had influenced the practice of community development.<ref>Rosie Meade, [http://cdj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/extract/bsn035v1 Classic Texts: no. 11, Jo Freeman. The Tyranny of Structurelessness (c. 1972), "Community Development Journal" published by Oxford Unity Press, December 9, 2008.</ref> |
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Some anarchists have objected to Freeman's analysis. Howard J. Ehrlich discussed the negative impact of the article on anarchist organizing in ''Reinventing Anarchy, Again.''<ref>Howard J. Ehrlich, [http://books.google.com/books?id=ik9Io2muuuEC&pg=PA178&lpg=PA178&dq=tyranny+of+structurelessness&source=bl&ots=e3Jk_KDVnV&sig=vi0qQW9nMRD6-Ujs9wh-QS3l3_Y&hl=en&ei=lt7KSdmQD9DVlQel2-HMCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=40&ct=result#PPA178,M1 ''Reinventing Anarchy, Again''], AK Press, 1996, 178-179 ISBN 1873176880, 9781873176887</ref> Cathy Levine wrote a 2005 rejoinder "The Tyranny of Tyranny."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libcom.org/library/tyranny-of-tyranny-cathy-levine |last=Levine |first=Cathy |title=The Tyranny of Tyranny |publisher=Libcom.org |work=Untying the Knot |date=April 14, 2005 |accessdate=February 17, 2009}}</ref> In a review of the essay for ''[[Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed]]'', [[Jason McQuinn]] noted its popularity among [[left anarchism|leftist]] and [[platformist]] anarchists and made personal attacks against the author.<Ref name=mcq>{{Cite journal|title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness: An organizationalist repudiation of anarchism |first=Jason |last=McQuinn |journal=Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed |volume=54 |url=http://www.geocities.com/kk_abacus/ioaa/tyranny.html}}</ref> |
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== Publication history == |
== Publication history == |
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The essay originated as a speech given to the [[Southern Female Rights Union]] at a conference in [[Beulah, Mississippi]] in May 1970.<ref name=jfc>{{cite web|url=http://www.jofreeman.com/joreen/tyranny.htm |last=Freeman |first=Jo |work=JoFreeman.com |title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness |accessdate=February 17, 2009}}</ref> Freeman has stated that it was transcribed in 1971 for the [[feminist]] book ''Notes from the Third Year'' (whose editors chose not to include it) and submitted to several |
The essay originated as a speech given to the [[Southern Female Rights Union]] at a conference in [[Beulah, Mississippi]] in May 1970.<ref name=jfc>{{cite web|url=http://www.jofreeman.com/joreen/tyranny.htm |last=Freeman |first=Jo |work=JoFreeman.com |title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness |accessdate=February 17, 2009}}</ref> Freeman has stated that it was transcribed in 1971 for the [[feminist]] book ''Notes from the Third Year'' (whose editors chose not to include it) and submitted to several women's liberation movement publications, only one of which sought her permission to publish it. Other outlets published it without asking, and it was first officially published in the journal ''The Second Wave'' in 1972.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Freeman|first=Jo|title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness |journal=The Second Wave |volume=2 |issue=1 |year=1972 |page=20}}</ref> It was issued in pamphlet form by [[Agitprop]] in 1972, and later by the [[Organisation of Revolutionary Anarchists]], a women's group based in [[Leeds]], [[United Kingdom]]. In 1973, altered versions appeared in the ''[[Berkeley Journal of Sociology]]'' and in ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Jo |last=Freeman |month=July |year=1973 |pages=76-78, 86-89 |title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness |journal=Ms. magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Berkeley Journal of Sociology |title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness |volume=17 |year=1972–73 |pages=151–165 |last=Freeman |first=Jo}}</ref> It also was published in ''Radical Feminism'' by Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone.<ref>Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone, ''Radical Feminism'', Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co.. 1975, 282-288.</ref> Later printings included that of the [[Anarchist Workers' Association]] (Kingston faction), and in 1984 in a pamphlet called "Untying the Knot - Feminism, Anarchism & Organisation" jointly published by [[Dark Star Press]] and [[Rebel Press]] (printed by [[Algate Press]]). |
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== See also == |
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*[[Leaderless resistance]] |
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*[[Black bloc]], an ''ad hoc'' leaderless organisational tactic employed by anarchist and other radical protesters |
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*[[Black bloc]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 02:37, 26 March 2009
"The Tyranny of Structurelessness" is an influential essay by American feminist Jo Freeman inspired by her experiences in the 1970s women's liberation movement concerning power relations within radical feminist or anarchist collectives.[1][2][3]
The essay reflected on the experiments of that movement in resisting the idea of leaders and even discarding any structure or division of labor. However, as Hilary Wainwright wrote in Zmag, Freeman described how "this apparent lack of structure too often disguised an informal, unacknowledged and unaccountable leadership that was all the more pernicious because its very existence was denied."[3]
The phrase has been used to describe one problem in organizing by ecofeminist Starhawk.[4] In 2008 "Community Development Journal" reviewed the article a "classic text" which editors felt had influenced the practice of community development.[5]
Some anarchists have objected to Freeman's analysis. Howard J. Ehrlich discussed the negative impact of the article on anarchist organizing in Reinventing Anarchy, Again.[6] Cathy Levine wrote a 2005 rejoinder "The Tyranny of Tyranny."[7] In a review of the essay for Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed, Jason McQuinn noted its popularity among leftist and platformist anarchists and made personal attacks against the author.[8]
Publication history
The essay originated as a speech given to the Southern Female Rights Union at a conference in Beulah, Mississippi in May 1970.[9] Freeman has stated that it was transcribed in 1971 for the feminist book Notes from the Third Year (whose editors chose not to include it) and submitted to several women's liberation movement publications, only one of which sought her permission to publish it. Other outlets published it without asking, and it was first officially published in the journal The Second Wave in 1972.[10] It was issued in pamphlet form by Agitprop in 1972, and later by the Organisation of Revolutionary Anarchists, a women's group based in Leeds, United Kingdom. In 1973, altered versions appeared in the Berkeley Journal of Sociology and in Ms. magazine.[11][12] It also was published in Radical Feminism by Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone.[13] Later printings included that of the Anarchist Workers' Association (Kingston faction), and in 1984 in a pamphlet called "Untying the Knot - Feminism, Anarchism & Organisation" jointly published by Dark Star Press and Rebel Press (printed by Algate Press).
See also
References
- ^ Alice Echols, Ellen Willis, Daring to be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975, University of Minnesota Press, 67, 1989 ISBN 0816617872, 9780816617876
- ^ Rebick, Judy (September 22, 2002). "Lip service: the anti-globalization movement on gender politics". Herizons.
- ^ a b Wainwright, Hilary (October 09, 2006). "Imagine there's no leaders". Transnational Institute. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Starhawk, Power and Anarchy, The Awakened Woman, August 19, 2004
- ^ Rosie Meade, [http://cdj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/extract/bsn035v1 Classic Texts: no. 11, Jo Freeman. The Tyranny of Structurelessness (c. 1972), "Community Development Journal" published by Oxford Unity Press, December 9, 2008.
- ^ Howard J. Ehrlich, Reinventing Anarchy, Again, AK Press, 1996, 178-179 ISBN 1873176880, 9781873176887
- ^ Levine, Cathy (April 14, 2005). "The Tyranny of Tyranny". Untying the Knot. Libcom.org. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
- ^ McQuinn, Jason. "The Tyranny of Structurelessness: An organizationalist repudiation of anarchism". Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed. 54.
- ^ Freeman, Jo. "The Tyranny of Structurelessness". JoFreeman.com. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
- ^ Freeman, Jo (1972). "The Tyranny of Structurelessness". The Second Wave. 2 (1): 20.
- ^ Freeman, Jo (1973). "The Tyranny of Structurelessness". Ms. magazine: 76–78, 86–89.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Freeman, Jo (1972–73). "The Tyranny of Structurelessness". Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 17: 151–165.
- ^ Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone, Radical Feminism, Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co.. 1975, 282-288.
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