User:J8079s/Sandbox

http://www.us.archive.org/GnuBook/?id=alcoholitsproduc00simmuoft#0 The following is a brief detailed biography of Jabir ibn Hayyan taken from E.J. Holmyard's Makers of Chemistry. It was typed by User:Inahet (Thank You!).

Taken from E.J. Holmyard's Makers of Chemistry pp. 49 - pp. 50

pp. 49

§18. Jabir ibn Hayyan

The greatest chemist of Islam has long been familiar to Western readers under the name of Geber, which is the medieval render­ing of the Arabic Jabir. For our knowledge of Jabir's life, we now have a not insignificant collection of data, and can recon­struct his figure with reasonable accuracy. Although much is conjectural, the following may be taken to represent, in brief, what we know of him.

In A.D. 638 the Caliph Omar was visited at Medina by a deputation of Arabs from Al-Meda'in, a town on the Tigris that they had recently conquered. The Caliph was startled by their sallow and unwholesome look, and asked the cause. They replied that the air of the town did not suit the Arab tempera­ment, and the Caliph therefore ordered inquiry for some more healthy and congenial spot. A plain on the banks of the western branch of the Euphrates was finally chosen, and there the city of Kufa was founded. The new town suited the Arabs well, and to it they accordingly migrated in great numbers. But the dwellings were at first made of reeds, and fires were frequent, so after a particularly disastrous conflagra­tion the city was rebuilt with less inflammable material, and the streets were laid out in regular lines. In orderly fashion, be­fitting a military station, the various Arab tribes were settled in particular quarters of the town—no doubt with a view to the prevention of civil commotion.

One of the tribes whose members were present at Kufa in sufficient numbers to be assigned a definite quarter was that known as Al-Azd, a celebrated tribe of South Arabia. From this tribe there sprang, towards the end of the seventh century A.D., a man named Hayyan, who carried on the business of a druggist

pp. 50

at Kufa. His life would appear to have been uneventful until the early years of the eighth century, when we find that he espoused the cause of the powerful 'Abbasid family, who were trying to overthrow the reigning Caliph of the house of Umayya in order to usurp his place. To further their plans, the 'Abbasids engaged in extensive political propaganda, and Hayyan was sent as an emissary to Persia on this business. It was while he and his wife were at the town of Tus, in Khorasan, near the modern Meshed, that his son Jabir was born, probably in the year a.d. 721 or 722. Shortly afterwards, Hayyan was arrested by agents of the Caliph and was subsequently executed.

The now fatherless Jabir ibn [son of] Hayyan was sent to Arabia, perhaps to his kinsmen of the Azd tribe, to be cared for until he was old enough to fend for himself. Whilst in Arabia, he studied the Koran, mathematics and other subjects under a scholar named Harbi al-Himyari, of whom unfortunately we have no record. Meanwhile the 'Abbasids, in whose service Jabir's father had lost his life, succeeded in achieving their object. In A.D. 748 they overthrew the Umayyads and themselves assumed the Caliphate, so that Hayyan had not died in vain. It was under the 'Abbasid caliphs, the most famous of whom was Harun al-Rashid, that Islamic civilization reached its zenith.

During the period in which these political changes were taking place, Jabir appears to have won the friendship of the Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, one of whose disciples he became. Ja'far was a man held in very high esteem by a section of Muslims known as the Shi'ites, and the Shi'ites themselves had been active in support of the 'Abbasid cause. These facts, coupled with the recollection of Hayyan's activity in the same direction, enable us to understand how Jabir in middle life came to be welcomed at the Court of Harun al-Rashid at Baghdad. He does not seem to have had much personal contact with the sovereign himself, but he was on intimate terms with the Caliph's all-powerful ministers the Barmecides, some of whom figure in The Thousand and One Nights.

Jidan 06:30, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Abu Musa (sometimes Abu AbdAllah) Jabir ibn Haiyan al-Azdl (al-Tusl, al-artusl, al-Harram, al-Sufi)Also al-Kufi or al-Tarsusi Alchemy in Islamic Times

by Prof. Hamed Abdel-reheem Ead

Professor of Chemistry at Faculty of Science-University of Cairo Giza-Egypt and director of Science Heritage Center

E-mail: ead@frcu.eun.eg

Web site: http://www.frcu.eun.eg/www/universities/html/shc/index.htm </ref>

title

stuff under title

subtitle

this is my practice pagehere is more stuffand even morethis is funI have learned more about foot noteing Wikipedia:template

An Introduction to the History of Medicine: With Medical Chronology, Suggestions for Study and Bibliographic Data By Fielding Hudson Garrison Edition: 3 Published by Saunders, 1921 942 pages

afterthought

better save this in case I forget.

• History of Analytical Chemistry By Ferenc Szabadváry, Gyula Svehla Translated by Gyula Svehla Published by Taylor & Francis, 1993 ISBN 2881245692, 9782881245695
• Pliny the Elder on science and technology

By John F. Healy Edition: illustrated Published by Oxford University Press, 1999 ISBN 0198146876, 9780198146872 467 pages

• The Jewish alchemists: a history and source book

By Raphael Patai Edition: reprint, illustrated Published by Princeton University Press, 1995 ISBN 0691006423, 9780691006420 617 pages

• Drug Discovery: A History

By Walter Sneader Contributor Walter Sneader Edition: illustrated, revised, reprint Published by John Wiley and Sons, 2005 ISBN 0471899801, 9780471899808 468 pages

more notes

• Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan and his Kitab Al-Ahjar(Book of Stones) Jabir and Haq ISBN 0792325877
• The Summa Perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber: a Critical Edition, Translation and Study Geber and Newman ISBN 9004094664
• A Short History of Chemistry Partington ISBN 0486659771
• Story of Alchemy and Early Chemistry Stillman ISBN 0766132307
• Creation of Fire: Chemistry's Lively History from Alchemy to the Atomic Age Cobb ISBN 073820594X
• Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries Lucas ISBN 0766151417

Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence By Peter Roger Stuart Moorey Published by EISENBRAUNS, 1999 ISBN 1575060426, 9781575060422

• Greek Science of the Hellenistic Era: A Sourcebook By Georgia Lynette Irby-Massie, Paul T. Keyser Published by Routledge, 2002 ISBN 0415238471, 9780415238472
• From Alchemy to Chemistry Read ISBN 0486286908
• The Dictionary of Alchemy Fernando ISBN 1843336189
• Alchemy and Early Modern Chemistry: Papers from Ambix Debus ISBN 0954648412
• The Chemical Tree; A History of Chemistry Brock ISBN 0393302685
• Alchemy Holmyard ISBN 0486262987
• A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder Partington ISBN 0801859549
• Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521822742
• A Short History of the Art of Distillation from the Beginnings Up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal Forbs ISBN 9004006176
• Glasss: a World History Macfarlane and Martin ISBN 0226500284
• The Science and Archaeology of Materials: An Investigation of Inorganic Materials By Julian Henderson Published by Routledge, 2000 ISBN 0415199336, 9780415199339
• Sasanian and Post-Sasnian Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass Whitehouse and Brill ISBN 0872901580
• Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic By William T. Frankenberger Contributor William T. Frankenberger Published by CRC Press, 2002 ISBN 0824706765, 9780824706760

• Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting: The History of a Technology By John Peter Oleson Published by Springer, 1984 ISBN 9027716935, 9789027716934

• A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times: Irrigation and water supply ; Dams ; Bridges ; Roads ; Building construction ; Surveying Part two, Mechanical engineering : Water-raising machines ; Power from water and wind Part three, Fine technology : Instruments ; Automata ; Clocks ... By Donald Routledge Hill Published by Routledge, 1996 ISBN 0415152917, 9780415152914
• Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages By Andre Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Adrian Walford, Michael Lapidge Translated by Adrian Walford Published by Routledge, 2000 ISBN 1579582826, 9781579582821
• Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, and at the Period of the Renaissance By P. L. Jacob Published by Bickers and Son, 1878 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized Nov 23, 2005 (Down load at google books)
• Early Physics and Astronomy: A Historical Introduction By Olaf Pedersen Published by CUP Archive, 1993 ISBN 0521408997, 9780521408998
• Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia By Thomas F. Glick, Steven John Livesey, Faith Wallis Published by Routledge, 2005 ISBN 0415969301, 9780415969307
• Theories of Vision from Al-Kindi to Kepler By David C. Lindberg Published by University of Chicago Press, 1981 ISBN 0226482359, 9780226482354

• Labour in the Medieval Islamic World By Maya Shatzmiller Published by BRILL, 1994 ISBN 9004098968,
• The Making of Humanity By Robert Briffault Published by G. Allen & Unwin ltd., 1919 Original from the University of California Digitized Oct 18, 2007 371 pages available in its entirety here: http://books.google.com/books?id=usdCAAAAIAAJ please see part II chapter V
• How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs By De Lacy O'Leary D.D. First published in Great Britain in 1949 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. Reprinted three times. This edition first published in 1979 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 39 Store Street, London WC1E7DD, Broadway House, Newtown Road, Henley-on-Thames, Oxon RG91EN and 9 Park Street, Boston, Mass. 02108, USA Printed in Great Britain by Caledonian Graphics Cumbernauld, Scotland ISBN 0 7100 1903 3 Assyrian International News Agency Books Online read it here: http://www.aina.org/books/hgsptta.htm#ch13