Voiceless retroflex affricate: Difference between revisions

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The voiceless retroflex affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound are [ʈ͡ʂ], sometimes simplified to [tʂ], and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ts\. The affricate occurs in a number of languages; Mandarin Chinese contrasts an aspirated and non-aspirated form (ch and zh respectively), a number of Northwest Caucasian languages have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.

Features

Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:

Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then directing it through a groove in the tongue and over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue curled up, but more generally means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized.
Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibration of the vocal cords.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Chinese	Mandarin^[1]	[[[Chinese characters\|中文]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-cmn-Hani (help)/[[[Hanyu Pinyin\|Zhōngwén]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ʈ͡ʂʊŋ˥ uən˧˥]	'Chinese'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Mandarin
Polish^[2]^[3]		[[[Polish orthography\|czas]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ʈ͡ʂas]^ⓘ	'time'	See Polish phonology
Ukrainian		чотири	[t͡ʂo̞ˈtɪrɪ]	'four'	See Ukrainian phonology

Bibliography

Hamann, Silke (2004), "Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 53–67, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107
Ladefoged, Peter; Wu, Zongji (1984), "Places of Articulation: An Investigation of Pekingese Fricatives and Affricates", Journal of Phonetics, 11: 267–278

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[1] Ladefoged & Wu (1984:?)

[2] Jassem (2003:103)

[3] Hamann (2004:65)

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 |-
 | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Polish language|Polish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jassem|2003|p=103}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hamann|2004|p=65}}</ref> ||align="center"|  {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''''cz'''as'']]}} ||align="center"|  {{Audio-IPA|Czas.ogg|[ʈ͡ʂas] }}||align="center"|  'time'||  See [[Polish phonology]]
+|-
+| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] ||align="center"|  {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|'''ч'''отири]]}} ||align="center"|  {{IPA|[t͡ʂo̞ˈtɪrɪ]}}||align="center"| 'four' || See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
 |}