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|country =
|country =
|location=[[Trenton, New Jersey]]
|location=[[Trenton, New Jersey]]
|coordinates= <!-- {{coord|45.000|-122.000|display=inline,title}} -->
|coordinates= <!-- {{coord|40.213604|N|74.764119|W|display=inline,title}} -->
|type = Executive appointment with legislative [[advice and consent|confirmation]]
|type = Executive appointment with legislative [[advice and consent|confirmation]]
|authority = [[New Jersey State Constitution]]<!-- constitution/statute/monarch-->
|authority = [[New Jersey State Constitution]]<!-- constitution/statute/monarch-->

Revision as of 16:00, 20 April 2009

Supreme Court of New Jersey
Map
Established1947 in current form
LocationTrenton, New Jersey
Composition methodExecutive appointment with legislative confirmation
Authorised byNew Jersey State Constitution
Appeals toSupreme Court of the United States
Judge term length7 years, then until 70 years age
Number of positions7
WebsiteSUPREME COURT
Chief Justice
CurrentlyStuart Rabner
SinceJune 29, 2007
Jurist term endsJune 29, 2014, but see below
Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex, seat of the court.

The New Jersey Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It has existed in three different forms under the three different state constitutions since the independence of the state in 1776. The main difference between the versions, the composition of the court, reflects the change in jurisprudence from the colonial British concept of "Law Lords", or legislators serving part time as judges, to the current form of an independent and nonpartisan court uninvolved with the other branches of government. In its current form, the New Jersey Supreme Court is the highest and final judicial authority on all cases in the state court system, the sole determinant of the constitutionality of state laws with respect to the state constitution, and the arbiter and overseer of the decennial legislative redistricting. Throughout its history it has been responsible for numerous precedents, landmarks and historically important and well-known cases. One of its former members, William J. Brennan, Jr., also became an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

The Court currently sits in the state capital of Trenton, New Jersey in the Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex.

Previous compositions

Under the two previous New Jersey state constitutions (1776 and 1844), the phrase "Supreme Court" referred to a lower court, similar to the New York Supreme Court. Both the "supreme court" and the actual highest court were composed in a radically different manner than the current supreme court or its inferior courts.

Under the 1776 constitution

Under the colonial constitution of 1776 the upper house of the legislature (which was styled the Legislative Council) along with the governor was to be "the Court of Appeals", defined as the court of last resort,[1] similar to the Law Lords of Great Britain. A separate "Supreme Court" was also mentioned, but no indication of its duties was given, only term limits of its judges (7 years).[2]

As time progressed and political philosophies changed, people took issue with numerous parts of the original constitution: It was hastily thrown together, used property qualifications for enfranchisement, contained scant guarantees of freedoms, was unamendable, and freely intermingled the three branches of government.[3]

Under the 1844 constitution

In 1844, the state ratified a new constitution, which continued the practice of having a non-supreme Supreme Court. Under this constitution the highest court was the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals[4] or Court of Errors for short, its sole function was to hear appeals from previous courts' errors in judgment. The new Court of Errors was now composed of various separate judicial officials instead of legislators and the executive. The membership was to consist of the chancellor of the state's court of chancery, who was to be the president, the justices of the supreme court (originally four, legally anything from 2 on up), and 6 appointed judges.[5] The latter six were to be continually replaced at a rate of one per year.[6] The Secretary of State of New Jersey was to serve as the court's clerk,[7] and he and the justices were appointed by the governor with the consent of the New Jersey Senate.[8][9] The Supreme Court was the second after the Court of Errors, handing all civil cases and criminal cases concerning 3,000 USD or more, and the judges were also appointed by the governor.[10]

The new arrangement was old when it began, the basic system having "changed relatively little since the time of George III", and characterized as "the most antiquated [...] that exists in any considerable community of English-speaking people."[11]

This arrangement became strained as more cases came before the court (In 1846, seven cases were heard by the court[12]), as many members had other official duties specified by the constitution. A member of the Senate called the 16 Judge institution "little larger than a jury, little less than a mob". Additionally, the rest of the state court system was thoroughly defective: Stuart Rabner (Current Chief Justice), speaking at the anniversary celebration for the current court, noted the 1844 justice system was composed of 17 overlapping courts, with "spaghetti" organization, and massive backlogs.[13] The 1942 commission tasked with considering constitutional change suggested that, along with other changes to the court system, the supreme court be reduced to a seven member panel, all serving solely on the court. The constitutional convention adopted that as the current system of composition of the court.[14]

Current configuration

The official Seal of the Supreme Court that is granted to attorneys that pass the bar. Because of the Courts jurisdiction over practicing lawyers, this seal is issued to attorneys-at-law to prove their credentials, similar to a notary public's seal.

Under the current (1947 and amended) constitution, the highest court in the state is the Supreme Court.[15] Constitutionally, it has no original jurisdiction, hearing only appeals and issuing final decisions,[16] regulating the state's court system[17] and regulating the legal profession within the state.[18]

Normally an appeal from a case goes to the New Jersey Superior Court and from there to the Appellate Division of that court. However, appeals may be brought before the supreme court if it meets one or more of the following four requirements or if a law provides that the case may go to the Court:[19] If the case involves a question of constitutionality (as determined by the Appellate Division of the Superior Court),[20] if a judge of the Appellate Division of the Superior Court dissented in its ruling,[21] if the case involves the use of capital punishment (Which has since been abolished in New Jersey),[22] if the Supreme Court granted certification,[23] or if the case involves the drawing of political boundaries (see below).

Political functions

The court also serves as something of a tie-breaker in case the ten-member New Jersey Redistricting Commission fails to come to an agreement on how redistrict the state's Congressional districts following the decennial United States Census. If the commission reports ("certifies") to the court that it is evenly divided, the commission may nominate two people to become an independent 11th member. The court appoints the one deemed "more qualified," who will then break the tie.[24] If the Commission still cannot reach a 7-4 supermajority in favor of a final districting configuration, it sends the two most preferred plans to the court, which then gets to pick.[25]

In the case of the Apportionment Commission for state legislative districts, the Chief Justice alone gets to pick the final member of the Commission.[26]

The court also acts as final arbiter of the inability or absence of the Governor of New Jersey or Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey, following a declaration by the Legislature.[27] As in federal impeachment trials, in case of impeachment of the Governor, the Chief Justice presides.[28]

Appointment, composition, and life on the bench

File:NewJerseySupremeCourt.jpg
The justices of the New Jersey Supreme Court as of June 2007.
Standing (l to r): Justices Rivero-Soto, Albin, Wallace, Hoens
Seated (l to r): Justice Long, Chief Justice Zazzali, Justice LaVecchia.
Notes: Chief Justice Zazzali retired upon reaching age 70 in June 2007.

The Governor nominates all Justices to the Court but may choose only among those admitted to the New Jersey bar for at least ten years.[29] Following seven days of public notice, nominees are put before the Senate for "advice and consent."[30] Once confirmed, Justices (and all state judges in New Jersey) serve for an initial term of seven years. After their initial term, the Governor may choose to nominate them for tenure, sending the nomination for tenure to the State Senate, which must again decide whether or not to grant advice and consent. Judges confirmed to a tenured position on the Court serve until they die, resign, retire or are retired, are impeached and removed, or reach the age of 70, at which point they are automatically retired.

The Court consists of seven justices, one of whom serves as the Chief Justice. Should the court not meet its quorum of five,[31] the Chief Justice may select judges from the Superior Court, senior in service, to serve temporarily on the Supreme Court.[32]

Once in office, their salary (currently 158,500 USD, the 7th highest among state high courts[33]) may not be decreased by the Legislature. While sitting on the bench, they are not to practice law or make money any other way.[34]

A majority of the General Assembly may pass articles of impeachment against a Justice, which the Senate will then try. Only a two-thirds majority will convict,[35] and the Senate may punish a convicted Justice with only removal from office and prohibition on holding future office.[36] After a Justice has been impeached by the General Assembly--but before the Senate renders a verdict on the charges--the Justice may not exercise any official function.[37] By virtue of accepting a position in the Executive or Legislative branches of government or becoming a candidate for political office, a Justice is considered as resigned from the bench.[38]

Should a Justice or Judge become "incapacitated" to the point at which they can no longer continue in office, the Court as a whole may notify the governor. The governor then appoints a three-member commission and, depending on their decision, may force them to retire.[39]

Current membership

By tradition, a partisan balance is maintained on the Supreme Court, with the sitting governor permitted to arrange his appointments so that his party has a one-seat advantage.[40] As a result, the Court currently has four Democrats, two Republicans, and one Independent.[41] (The Independent Justice, who was appointed by a Republican governor and was a political appointee in Republican administrations, is counted as a Republican for this purpose.)

The tradition of partisan balance can occasionally influence the governor's selection of a Chief Justice, a fact most recently demonstrated when Chief Justice Deborah Poritz, a Republican, reached the mandatory retirement age in 2006. In order to avoid appointing a Republican to the highest judicial position in the state, the Democratic governor, Jon Corzine, instead elevated Associate Justice James Zazzali, a fellow Democrat, to the chief justice position and appointed a Republican to fill Zazzali's old seat. When Zazzali reached the age of 70 less than a year later, Corzine was able to nominate a Democrat, then-Attorney General and former federal prosecutor Stuart Rabner, to serve as Chief Justice. The state Senate confirmed Rabner on 21 June 2007, and he was sworn in as Chief Justice eight days later.[1]

Providing Governor Corzine serves a full term, he will be able submit or deny tenure for Justice Albin, whose initial seven year terms will end before January 17, 2010. Tradition in New Jersey dictates that the Governor re-submits for tenure the Justices whose initial terms have expired and Governor Corzine has followed this tradition with his re-appointments of Justices Long and LaVecchia.

Name Sworn in Term expiration Mandatory retirement Appointing Governor Party membership
Virginia Long September 1, 1999 None– Tenured March 1, 2012 Christine Todd Whitman, New Jersey Republican Party Democratic[42]
Jaynee LaVecchia February 1, 2000 None– Tenured October 9, 2024 Christine Todd Whitman, New Jersey Republican Party Independent[43]
Barry T. Albin September 18, 2002 September 18, 2009 July 7, 2022 Jim McGreevey, New Jersey Democratic Party Democratic[44]
John E. Wallace, Jr. May 20, 2003 May 20, 2010 2012 Jim McGreevey, New Jersey Democratic Party Democratic[45]
Roberto A. Rivera-Soto September 1, 2004 September 1, 2011 November 10, 2023 Jim McGreevey, New Jersey Democratic Party Republican[46]
Helen E. Hoens October 26, 2006 October 26, 2013 July 31, 2024 Jon Corzine, New Jersey Democratic Party Republican[47]
Chief Justice Stuart Rabner 29 June 2007 29 June 2014 2031 Jon Corzine, New Jersey Democratic Party Democratic[1]

Chief Justices

The following individuals have served as Chief Justice:

Important cases

The New Jersey Supreme Court has been involved with many cases of landmark importance. Some, such as Holmes v. Walton, were to foreshadow more well known cases of the same effect. Some were precedent setting because the case was overturned by a higher court with a different conclusion. Since the 1970s, a number of the Court's major rulings have been seen as demonstrating a liberal bent– a trend which has involved both Republican-appointed and Democratic-appointed justices. During the same period, the Court has been accused of (and sometimes praised for) being "activist".[48]

Constitutional law

David Brearly, author of the precedent setting Holmes v. Walton

The principle of judicial review in New Jersey was the result of then Chief Justice David Brearley's opinion in Holmes v. Walton (1780[49] or 1779[50]). While the case was decided against the plaintiff, the court's consideration of the matter asserted its ability to determine constitutionality.[51][52] This was followed up by the federal Supreme Court's case of Marbury v. Madison.

In State v. Post and State v. Van Beuren 20 N.J.L. 368, decided together, the constitutionality of slavery in the state was challenged on the grounds that the first article of the first section of the newly passed (1844) state constitution ("All men are by nature free and independent...") precluded it. The court by two to one (with one absence), rejected this stating that "the constitution has not ... abolished slavery."[53] Slavery was abolished nationwide by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865.

Rights

The Court has delivered many cases concerning the rights of individuals, in many cases reading them expansively:

In 1966 Clover Hill Swimming Club, Inc. v. Robert F. Goldsboro and Division on Civil Rights (47 N.J. 25; 219 A.2d 161; 1966 N.J. LEXIS 180) the court ruled against the Club, which had denied membership to an African-American. The club claimed that as a private organization it could choose its own membership even though they had advertised in local newspapers and magazines.

In State ex rel. T. L. O., 463 A. 2d 934 (1983) the court decided, against two lower courts, that a search of a student's purse without a warrant was unreasonable. This was appealed as New Jersey v. T. L. O. 469 U.S. 325 (1985) wherein the United States Supreme Court ruled that students and minors have a lower expectation of privacy, saying in its noted ruling that "school officials need not obtain a warrant before searching a student who is under their authority."[54]

In re Quinlan 355 A.2d 647 concerned the right to die of Karen Ann Quinlan, who was in a persistent vegetative state following prolonged respiratory failure. Her parents (and legal guardians) requested to have her ventilator removed, which the officials at the hospital refused to do. The court ultimately ruled in her parents favor. She continued to live without artificial respiration for several years afterwards.[55]

In 1988, the Court ruled in In re Baby M (537 A.2d 1227, 109 N.J. 396) that the surrogate mother of Baby M, despite previous rulings denying her custody, was entitled to visitation rights.[56]

Dale v. Boy Scouts of America (160 N.J. 562 (1999)) concerned the right of the Boy Scouts of America organization to expel a member for declaring himself to be homosexual. James Dale, the plaintiff, was a member of the organization for some years before he made his orientation public. Upon discovering this, the district BSA council revoked his membership. Dale sued for violating the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination, which the court unanimously agreed applied to the BSA. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, 530 U.S. 640 (2000), a 5-4 decision.[57] The later Apprendi v. New Jersey was also overruled.

The court's 2006 decision in Caballero v. Martinez concerned an illegal immigrant, Victor Manuel Caballero, who was injured during an accident while riding in an uninsured vehicle driven by an unlicensed person. The Unsatisfied Claim and Judgment Fund, set up to cover injuries by uninsured drivers, refused to compensate him as he wasn't a legal resident. The Court on hearing his case overruled two lower courts and declared that he was entitled to compensation from the fund, stating that "a person may be a 'resident' even if the intent to remain ultimately is not realized". Previously an individual who had lived five months with relatives was not a resident with respect to the Fund.[58][59]

In Lewis v. Harris, the Court returned a verdict requiring that the legislature must change state law, within 180 days, to afford equal protection to same-sex couples. The decision does not require use of the word "marriage," but rather equality of rights.[60]

Social and political cases

In Abbott v. Burke (1981), or Abbott I, which was filed on behalf of students of the most depressed school districts. The Court decided that a single test must be applied state-wide to determine if students were getting the constitutionally mandated education. Also, the Abbott districts are given state aid to match the operating budget of the richer districts.[61] Since then there have been seven "Abbott cases", many of which ended with the court finding the New Jersey Legislature's latest educational acts unconstitutional.[62][63]

In 1975 and 1983, two cases, both named Southern Burlington County N.A.A.C.P. v. Mount Laurel Township, were decided by the Court. The Constitution was interpreted to require that zoning authorities inclusionarily zone their land to create affordable housing, that the districts had to equally take on the required load of housing, and that exclusionary zoning was illegal.[64] These requirements are now commonly referred to as the Mount Laurel Doctrine.

In Democratic Party v. Samson (814 A.2d 1028) the Court allowed the state Democratic Party to change their candidate for the upcoming federal Senate race from Robert Torricelli to Frank Lautenberg despite the deadline having passed. In its opinion it cited previous cases before the Court, including one stating "Election laws are to be liberally construed", to decide that the change was in the interest of the electorate.[65][66][67]

State v. Kelly, 91 N.J. 178 (1984), is a Supreme Court case where the defendant, Gladys Kelly, was on trial for the murder of her husband, Ernest Kelly with a pair of scissors. The Supreme Court reversed the case for further trial after finding that expert testimony regarding the defence's submission, that Kelly suffered from battered woman syndrome, was incorrectly excluded since battered woman syndrome was a proper subject for expert evidence despite being a new field.[68]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b NJ.com's Printer-Friendly Page
  2. ^ The Founding Fathers: New Jersey - David Brearly, National Archives and Records Administration. Accessed November 27, 2007.
  3. ^ James Kinsey, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed August 15, 2007.
  4. ^ Manuscript Group 283, Ewing Family (Trenton, NJ), accessed January 9, 2007.
  1. ^ "Article IX". New Jersey Constitution of 1776. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  2. ^ "Article XII". New Jersey Constitution of 1776. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  3. ^ New Jersey, a guide to its present and past; compiled and written by the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration for the State of New Jersey (PDF or DjVu). New York: The Viking Press. 1939. p. 64. Retrieved June 9. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ "Article VI. Section 14". New Jersey Constitution of 1844. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  5. ^ "Article VI. Section 12, One". New Jersey Constitution of 1844. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  6. ^ "Article VI. Section 2, Two". New Jersey Constitution of 1844. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  7. ^ "Article VI. Section 2, Four". New Jersey Constitution of 1844. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  8. ^ "Article VII. Section 2, One". New Jersey Constitution of 1844. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  9. ^ "Article VII. Section 2, Four". New Jersey Constitution of 1844. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Stuart Rabner. "[Speech by Stuart Rabner, C.J.]" (PDF). 60th Anniversary Celebration. Retrieved October 9 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  11. ^ "STATE OF NEW JERSEY CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1947 / COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY". N.J. Constitutional Convention: Vol. 4, Page 6. New Jersey State Library. Retrieved June 6 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  12. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section II, 1". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section II, 2". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  14. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section II, 3". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  15. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section V, 1 (a)". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  16. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section V, 1 (b)". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  17. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section V, 1 (c)". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  18. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section V, 1 (d)". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  19. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section V, 1 (e)". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  20. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section VI, 2". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  21. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section VI, 1". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  22. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section V, 3". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  23. ^ "Article II– Elections and Suffrage, Section I, 1 (c)". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  24. ^ "Article II– Elections and Suffrage, Section I, 3". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  25. ^ "Article IV– Legislative, Section III, 2". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  26. ^ "Article V– Executive, Section I, 8". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  27. ^ "Article VII– Public Officers and Employees, Section III, 2". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  28. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section VII, 1". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  29. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section VI, 6". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved June 7 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  30. ^ "Salary Rankings" (PDF). Survey of Judicial Salaries. National Center for State Courts. Retrieved June 7 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  31. ^ "Article VII– Public Officers and Employees, Section III, 2". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved June 7 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  32. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section VI, 4". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved June 7 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  33. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section VI, 7". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved June 7 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  34. ^ "Article VI– Judicial, Section VI, 5". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved June 7 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  35. ^ "Article VII– Public Officers and Employees, Section III, 3". New Jersey Constitution of 1947. Retrieved June 7 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  36. ^ "Same-sex marriage goes to top court". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved May 22 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  37. ^ "New Jersey Judicial Selection". American Judicature Society. Retrieved June 6 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  38. ^ "New Jersey Supreme Court Rules in Favor of Dems Replacing 'Torch' on Ballot". Fox News. October 3, 2002. Retrieved June 5 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  39. ^ "Senate News". Capital Public Affairs, Inc. June 17, 2003. Retrieved June 6 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  40. ^ "Guide to the Supreme Court". New Jersey Law Journal. Retrieved June 6 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  41. ^ "N.J. High Court Ballot Decision Is Uncertain". Fox News. October 2, 2002. Retrieved June 6 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  42. ^ "Gov. Corzine To Name New Chief Justice". WCBS (AM). Retrieved June 11 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  43. ^ "New Jersey Judicial Selection". American Judicature Society. Retrieved June 6 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  44. ^ Steve Kornacki (April 20). "McGreevey seeks to heal political rift with appointment of first Hispanic Justice". PoliticsNJ.com. Retrieved June 7 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  45. ^ "David Brearly, New Jersey". The Founding Fathers: New Jersey. NARA. Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  46. ^ New Jersey, a guide to its present and past; compiled and written by the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration for the State of New Jersey (PDF or DjVu). New York: The Viking Press. 1939. p. 55. Retrieved June 9. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  47. ^ Justices Nevius and Randolph. "THE STATE v. POST / THE STATE v. VAN BEUREN". Retrieved June 5 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  48. ^ New Jersey Department of Education. "Introduction To "Abbott" In New Jersey". Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  49. ^ "Research and Advocacy Collaboration: A New Jersey Case Study". Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  50. ^ "School Financing/Abbott Decision". Retrieved April 25 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  51. ^ New Jersey Department of Education. "Abbott v. Burke Decisions". Retrieved April 23 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  52. ^ Robert Hanley. "Affordable Housing in Jersey Is Still an Elusive Goal". The New York Times. Retrieved April 25 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  53. ^ "NEW JERSEY v. T. L. O., 469 U.S. 325 (1985)". FindLaw. Retrieved April 25 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  54. ^ Chief Justice Huges. "In re Quinlan" (PDF). Retrieved May 22 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  55. ^ Chief Justice Wilentz. "First Surrogacy Case - In re Baby M, 537 A.2d 1227, 109 N.J. 396 (N.J. 02/03/1988)". Retrieved May 26 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  56. ^ "James Dale v. Boy Scouts of America, and Monmouth Council, Boy Scouts of America". Rutgers School of Law. Retrieved June 5 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  57. ^ PBS NewsHour. "N.J. Supreme Court Rules to Allow Ballot Change". Retrieved May 22 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  58. ^ The BBC. "US court allows late candidate switch". Retrieved May 22 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  59. ^ "The New Jersey Democratic Party, Inc., et al. v. Hon. David Samson, et al. (A-24-02)". Rutgers School of Law. Retrieved May 22 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  60. ^ "Court: Fund can pay medical bills for illegal aliens in accidents". AP via the Asbury Park Press. Retrieved May 22 2005. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  61. ^ "Caballero v. Martinez (A-8-2005)". Rutgers School of Law. Retrieved May 22 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  62. ^ "Mark Lewis and Dennis Wilslow, et al. v. Gwendolyn L. Harris, etc, et al" (PDF). New Jersey Judiciary. Retrieved October 25 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  1. ^ Full text here "STATE of New Jersey, Plaintiff-Respondent v. Gladys KELLY, Defendant-Appellant", West Virginia State Web Portal

40°12′49″N 74°45′51″W / 40.213604°N 74.764119°W / 40.213604; -74.764119

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