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*[http://library.state.ak.us/asp/edocs/2007/04/ocn131257752.pdf Norton Sound winter red king crab studies, 2006] / by Joyce Soong. Hosted by the [http://library.state.ak.us/asp Alaska State Publications Program].
*[http://library.state.ak.us/asp/edocs/2007/04/ocn131257752.pdf Norton Sound winter red king crab studies, 2006] / by Joyce Soong. Hosted by the [http://library.state.ak.us/asp Alaska State Publications Program].
*[http://library.state.ak.us/asp/edocs/2007/04/ocn132758325.pdf The 2006 triennial Aleutian Islands golden king crab survey] / by Leslie J. Watson. Hosted by the [http://library.state.ak.us/asp Alaska State Publications Program].
*[http://library.state.ak.us/asp/edocs/2007/04/ocn132758325.pdf The 2006 triennial Aleutian Islands golden king crab survey] / by Leslie J. Watson. Hosted by the [http://library.state.ak.us/asp Alaska State Publications Program].
*[https://bora.uib.no/bitstream/1956/2929/1/45431498.pdf Norwegian-Americans in the King Crab Fishery] / by Øyvind Malmin. Hosted by the [https://bora.uib.no/Bergen Open Research Archive].


{{fishing industry topics}}
{{fishing industry topics}}

Revision as of 17:35, 22 April 2009

An Alaskan fisherwoman holding a red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus)

Alaskan king crab fishing is carried out during the winter months in the waters off the coast of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. The commercial harvest is performed during a very short season, and the catch is shipped worldwide. Large numbers of king crab are also caught in Russian and international waters.[1]

In 1980, at the peak of the king crab industry, some Alaskan fisheries produced up to 200 million pounds of crab. However, by 1983, the total size of the catch had dropped almost sixtyfold. Several theories for the precipitous drop in the crab population have been proposed, including overfishing, warmer waters, and increased fish predation, but the true cause remains a mystery.[2] As a result the current season is very short. In the winter 2005–2006 season, 250 boats caught 14 million pounds of red neck king crab in four days.[3]

Alaskan crab fishing is very dangerous, and the fatality rate among the fishermen is about 90 times the fatality rate of the average worker. [4]

Types of commercially valuable king crab

In Alaska, three species of king crab are caught commercially: the red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus, found in Bristol Bay, Norton Sound, and the Kodiak Archipelago), blue king crab (Paralithodes platypus, St. Matthew Island and the Pribilof Islands), and golden king crab (Lithodes aequispinus, Aleutian Islands). The red king crab is the most prized of the three for its meat. A fourth variety of king crab, the scarlet king crab (Lithodes couesi), is too small and rare to be commercially viable, even though its meat is considered sweet and tasty.[3] Specific size requirements must be met: only certain types of king crab are legal at different times of the year and only males can be kept. Maximum quotas must not be exceeded; stiff fines are imposed on violators.

Fishing season

The most popular crab-fishing months occur between October and January. The allocated time for a season continued to shrink — at one point a red crab season was only 4 days long. After 2005, each boat was given a quota based on their catch from previous years and how many crabs are available to catch. The fleet went from 251 boats down to 89. Currently the seasons last from two to four weeks. [2][5]

Rationalization: derby vs. quota

After the 2005 season, the Alaskan crab industry transitioned from a derby style season to a quota system. This transition is known as rationalization. Under the old derby style, a large number of crews competed with each other to catch crab during a restrictive time window. Under the new Individual Fishing Quota (IFQ) system, established owners have been given quotas which they can fill at a more relaxed pace. In theory, it is intended to be safer, which was the main rationale for the change in the fishing rules. The transition to the quota system was also expected to increase the value of crab, by limiting the market of available crab. An influx of foreign crab negated some of these gains during the 2006 season.[6] The rationalization process put many crews out of work as the owners of many small boats found their assigned quotas too small to meet operating expenses; during the first season run under the IFQ system, the fleet shrank from over 250 boats to around 89 mostly larger boats with high quotas. [7]

Equipment and process

Commercial fishing boats are between 12 and 75 meters (40 to 250 feet) in length, are equipped with hydraulic systems to lift the catch, and are able to withstand the freezing weather of the Bering Sea.[2] Each fishing boat sets its own sailing schedule during the crabbing season, often staying out for days or weeks at a time.

Fishermen use a steel box-shaped trap called a pot which consists of a steel frame covered with a wire mesh. Each pot weighs 600–800 pounds and a ship may carry 150 to 300 pots. [5] Fish, usually herring or codfish, are placed inside as bait and then the pot is sunk to the sea floor where the king crab reside. The pots are dropped in a line for easier retrieval. Red and blue king crabs can be found anywhere between the intertidal zone and a depth of 100 fathoms (180 m). Golden king crabs live in depths between 100 and 400 fathoms (180 and 720 m). The location of the pot is marked on the surface by a buoy which is later used for retrieval. After allowing the pots to rest on the sea floor (typically one to two days for red and blue king crabs, longer for golden king crabs), the pots are dragged back to the surface using a hydraulic crane with a pulley on the end called a "block." [2]

The pot is then brought onboard the boat and the crew sorts the king crab. Any not meeting the regulation requirements are thrown back. The arthropods are stored live in a holding tank until the boat reaches shore, where they are sold. If the weather becomes too cold the live crabs may freeze and burst. If they are left in the tank for too long they will harm and possibly kill each other as they can be cannibalistic.[5]. Also if a crab dies in the hold it releases a toxin which can kill up to ten crabs. If the crew doesn't remove the dead crabs, they can poison the whole tank and ruin the catch.

Deckhands are paid a percentage of the profits after the owner's share is taken into account. This can range from nothing to tens of thousands of dollars, depending on the success of the boat. The so-called 'greenhorns' (deckhands in their first season of fishing) get a fixed amount of money.

Danger

Statistically, Alaskan crab fishing remains one of the most dangerous jobs in the United States. [4] In 2006, the Bureau of Labor Statistics ranked commercial fishing as the job occupation with the highest fatality rate with 141.7 per 100,000, almost 75 percent higher than the rate of for pilots, flight engineers and loggers, the next most hazardous occupations. [8] However, Alaskan crab fishing specifically is even more dangerous with over 300 fatalities per 100,000.[9][10] Over 80% of these deaths are caused by drowning or hypothermia.[11] The fishermen are also susceptible to crippling injuries caused by working with heavy machinery and gear.[12]

Population decline

In 1980, at the peak of the king crab industry, Alaskan fisheries produced 200 million pounds of crab. However, by 1983 the total size of the catch had dropped almost sixtyfold. Several theories for the precipitous drop in the crab population have been proposed including overfishing, warmer waters, and increased fish predation, but the true cause remains a mystery. The slow harvest forced many fishermen to diversify and catch snow crabs (such as bairdi and opilio) or cod. In recent years strict regulations have been enforced in order to responsibly manage the populations and allow them to rebound. The red and blue king crab population has stayed relatively low in almost all areas except Southeast Alaska since 1983, forcing many fishermen to concentrate on the Golden King Crab.[2]

Foreign Fisheries

King crab caught outside the United States is currently on the list of seafood that sustainability-minded consumers should avoid; the Monterey Bay Aquarium's Seafood Watch Program lists king crab caught in the United States as a "good alternative."[13]

The influx of crab from Russian fisheries has also created economic problems for U.S. crabbers. The amount of crab imported from Russia has increased from around 21 million pounds in 2004 to 37.5 million pounds in 2005 to more than 56 million pounds in 2007.[6] Much of this foreign crab is reportedly caught and imported illegally and has led to a steady decline in the price of crab from from $3.55 per pound in 2003 to $3.21 in 2004, $2.74 in 2005 and $2.30 in 2007 for Aleutian gold king crab, and $5.15 per pound in 2003 to $4.70 in 2004 to $4.52 in 2005 and $4.24 in 2007 for Bristol Bay red king crab.[6]

In the media

Deadliest Catch is a documentary series aired by the Discovery Channel beginning in 2005. The show highlights the dangers of king crab fishing: the waters are freezing, the pots that must be dragged up can weigh well over a ton when full, and, since the season is short — both because of regulations and the weather — fishermen spend days at a time on very rough seas working long hours with little rest time.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Alaska Crabbing Jobs". Jobmonkey.com. Retrieved 2006-08-15.
  2. ^ a b c d e S. Forrest Blau (1997). "Alaska King Crabs: Wildlife Notebook Series". Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
  3. ^ a b "King Crab 101". 2000.
  4. ^ a b Christie, Les: America’s most dangerous jobs, Retrieved on April 28, 2007
  5. ^ a b c d "The Discovery Channel's The Deadliest Catch". 2006.
  6. ^ a b c Ess, Charlie. "Flood of Russian kings negates price gains expected with rationalization". National Fisherman. Retrieved 2008-07-30. Cite error: The named reference "NF" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ Carroll, Amy (2005). "Alaska's Crab Fishery: Big Money Days are Gone". Alaska Fish and Wildlife News. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation. Retrieved 2007-06-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ "National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries 2006" (PDF). Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
  9. ^ Crystal, Garry: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-most-dangerous-jobs.htm What are the Most Dangerous Jobs?, Retrieved on April 28, 2007
  10. ^ "Fatalities in the commercial fishing industry in Alaska". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
  11. ^ "Crab-Fishing 101". Discovery.com. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
  12. ^ "Dangerous Jobs". Menatrisk.org. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
  13. ^ "Monterey Bay Aquarium: Seafood Watch Program - All Seafood List". Monterey Bay Aquarium. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
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