Deadwood, South Dakota

For other uses, see Deadwood.

Deadwood, South Dakota
City
Modern Deadwood viewed from Mount Moriah
Location in Lawrence County and the state of South Dakota
Country	United States
State	South Dakota
County	Lawrence
Founded	1876
Government
• Type	City Commission
• Mayor	Francis A. Toscana
Area
• Total	3.8 sq mi (9.8 km2)
• Land	3.8 sq mi (9.8 km2)
• Water	0 sq mi (0 km2)
Elevation	4,531 ft (1,381 m)
Population  (2000)
• Total	1,380
• Density	363.2/sq mi (140.8/km2)
Time zone	UTC-7 (Mountain (MST))
• Summer (DST)	UTC-6 (MDT)
ZIP code	57732
Area code	605
FIPS code	46-15700Template:GR
GNIS feature ID	1265180Template:GR

A photograph of Deadwood in 1876. General view of the Dakota Territory gold rush town from a hillside above.

The Gem in 1878

Photo-textured 3D laser scan image of Bullock-Clark Building, 616-618 Main Street (1894)

Possible current location of the original Nuttal & Mann's saloon where Wild Bill Hickok was killed, 624 Main Street, Deadwood

Deadwood, named for the dead trees found in its gulch, is a city in and the county seat of Lawrence County, South Dakota, United States.Template:GR The population was 1,380 as of the 2000 census. The city includes the Deadwood Historic District, a National Historic Landmark District, whose borders may be the city limits.

History

Deadwood started illegally, as its location was at the time in Native American territory. The Treaty of Laramie of 1868 had guaranteed ownership of the Black Hills to the Lakota people. However, in 1874, Colonel George Armstrong Custer led an expedition into the Hills and announced the discovery of gold on French Creek near present-day Custer, South Dakota. Custer's announcement triggered the Black Hills Gold Rush and gave rise to the lawless town of Deadwood, which quickly reached a population of around 5,000.

In early 1876, frontiersman Charlie Utter and his brother Steve led a wagon train to Deadwood containing what were deemed to be needed commodities to bolster business, including gamblers and prostitutes, which proved to be a profitable venture. Demand for women was high, and the business of prostitution proved to be a good market. Madam Dora DuFran would eventually become the most profitable brothel owner in Deadwood, closely followed by Madam Mollie Johnson. Businessman Tom Miller opened the Bella Union Saloon in September of that year.

Another saloon was the Gem Variety Theater opened April 7th, 1877 by Al Swearengen who also controlled the opium trade in the town. After the saloon was destroyed by a fire and rebuilt in 1879, it burned down again in 1899, causing Swearengen to leave the town.

The town attained notoriety for the murder of Wild Bill Hickok, and remains the final resting place of Hickok and Calamity Jane, as well as slightly less famous figures such as Seth Bullock. It became known for its wild and almost lawless reputation, during which time murder was common, and punishment for murders not always fair and impartial. The prosecution of the murderer of Hickok, Jack McCall, had to be sent to retrial because of a ruling that his first trial, which resulted in an acquittal, was invalid because Deadwood was an illegal town. This moved the trial to a Lakota court, where he was found guilty and then hanged.

As the economy changed from gold rush to steady mining, Deadwood lost its rough and rowdy character and settled down into a prosperous town. In 1876 a smallpox epidemic swept through the camp, with so many falling sick that tents had to be set up to quarantine them. Also in that year, General George Crook pursued the Sioux Indians from the Battle of Little Big Horn on an expedition that ended in Deadwood, and that came to be known as the Horsemeat March.

A fire on September 26, 1879, devastated the town, destroying over 300 buildings and consuming everything belonging to many inhabitants. Without the opportunities of rich untapped veins of ore that characterized the town's early days, many of the newly impoverished left town to try their luck elsewhere.

A narrow gauge railroad, the Deadwood Central Railroad, was founded by Deadwood resident J.K.P. Miller and his associates in 1888, in order to serve their mining interests in the Black Hills. The railroad was purchased by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad in 1893. A portion of the road between Deadwood and Lead was electrified in 1902 for operation as an interurban passenger system, which operated until 1924. Apart from a portion from Kirk to Fantail Junction, which was converted to standard gauge, the railroad was abandoned in 1930. The remaining section was abandoned by the successor Burlington Northern Railroad in 1984.

Some of the other early town residents and frequent visitors included Al Swearengen and his employees Dan Doherty and Johnny Burns, E. B. Farnum, Alma Garret, Charlie Utter, Sol Star, Martha Bullock, A. W. Merrick, Samuel Fields, Harris Franklin, Dr. Valentine McGillycuddy, the Reverend Henry Weston Smith, Wild Bill Hickok, First Federal Judge Bennett, General Dawson, and Madame Canutson (woman bull-whacker)

The entire town was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1961. The pressure of development may have an effect on the historical integrity of the landmark district.

Geography

Deadwood is located at 44°22′36″N 103°43′45″WTemplate:GR.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.8 square miles (9.8 km²), all of it land.

Deadwood has been assigned the ZIP code 57732 and the FIPS place code 15700.

Climate data for Deadwood
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year

Recreation

In the summer, there are numerous trails for hiking, mountain biking, and horse back riding. The northern end of the George S. Mickelson Trail starts in Deadwood and runs south through the Black Hills to Edgemont. Several man made lakes, including Sheridan Lake, provide fishing and swimming. Spearfish Canyon to the north has many places to rock climb.

During the winter there are two ski areas just a few miles outside of nearby Lead, SD - Terry Peak and Deer Mountain.

"The Midnight Star" casino in Deadwood is owned by American film actor Kevin Costner. International versions of many of his films' posters line its walls.

Deadwood in fiction

• Deadwood's history and inhabitants are the foundation of Pete Dexter's 1986 novel, Deadwood, in which Charles Utter, Wild Bill Hickok, and Calamity Jane are the central characters.
• The town's early history forms the basis for the storyline of the HBO TV series named Deadwood.
• In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "A Fistful of Datas", the holodeck program that Worf, his son Alexander, and Deanna Troi participate in takes place in 19th century Deadwood.
• The Tales from Deadwood series of novels by Mike Jameson, published by the Berkley Publishing Group, are set in Deadwood and feature Wild Bill Hickok, Calamity Jane, Al Swearengen, and other historical figures.
• In Flashman and the Redskins the eponymous hero, an acquaintance of Wild Bill Hickok, ends his adventure in Deadwood in 1876, shortly before Hickok's death.

Demographics

As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there were 1,380 people, 669 households, and 341 families residing in the city. The population density was 365.4 people per square mile (141.0/km²). There were 817 housing units at an average density of 216.3/sq mi (83.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.87% White, 1.88% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.65% from other races, and 1.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.75% of the population. 29.8% were of German, 9.6% Irish, 9.5% English, 9.5% Norwegian and 8.7% American ancestry according to Census 2000.

There were 669 households out of which 20.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.7% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.9% were non-families. 40.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.71.

In the city the population was spread out with 19.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,641, and the median income for a family was $37,132. Males had a median income of $28,920 versus $18,807 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,673. About 6.9% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.4% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.

Radio & TV

AM

• KBHB 810
• KKLS 920
• KDSJ 980
• KBFS 1450

FM

• KRCS 93.1
• KKMK 93.9
• KSQY 95.1
• KZZI 95.9
• KFXS 100.3
• KDDX 101.1
• KFMH 101.9
• KYDT 103.1

Television

• KOTA-TV Ch. 3 ABC
• KCLO Ch. 16 CBS
• KNBN Ch. 21 NBC
• KBHE-TV Ch. 26 PBS

Notable Natives

• Philip S. Van Cise, (b. 1884 - d. 1969); Colorado district attorney.
• Jim Scott, (b. 1888 - d. 1957); played with the Chicago White Sox.
• Ward Lambert, (b. 1888 - d. 1958); a college basketball coach, mostly with Purdue University.
• Angelo Rizzuto (b. 1906 - d. 1967); photographer
• Carole Hillard, (b. 1936 - d. 2007); Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota 1995-2003. Died 2007.
• Cris Williamson (b. 1947); singer/musician.
• Amy Hill (b. 1953) is a Japanese-Finnish-American actress.

External links

• Deadwood Chamber of Commerce
• Deadwood Historic Preservation Commission
• Deadwood Digital Media Archive (creative commons-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), data from a DHPC/CyArk partnership
• Deadwood Magazine
• Adams House and Museum