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Coordinates: 48°29′0″N 135°4′0″E / 48.48333°N 135.06667°E / 48.48333; 135.06667
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====Khabarov's Achansk====
====Khabarov's Achansk====
The Russian explorers and raiders of the 1650s set up a number of more or less fortified camps (''ostrogs'') on the Amur; most of them were in use for only a few months, and later destroyed. It is usually though that the first such camp in the general area of today's Khabarovsk was the fortified winter camp named '''Achansk''' ({{lang|ru|Ачанск}}, or Ачанский городок), built by the Cossacks of [[Yerofey Khabarov]] in September 1651 after they had sailed to the area from the upper Amur. The fort was named after the local tribe whom Khabarov's people called "Achans".<ref>[http://www.inauka.ru/discovery/article35236.html АРХЕОЛОГИ ОБНАРУЖИЛИ НА АМУРЕ ТАИНСТВЕННЫЙ ГОРОДОК. Возможно, это первое русское поселение в данном регионе] (Mysterious fort found by archaeologists on the Amur. Possibly, this is the first Russian settlement in this region) {{ru icon}}</ref>
The Russian explorers and raiders of the 1650s set up a number of more or less fortified camps (''ostrogs'') on the Amur; most of them were in use for only a few months, and later destroyed. It is usually thought that the first such camp in the general area of today's Khabarovsk was the fortified winter camp named '''Achansk''' ({{lang|ru|Ачанск}}, or Ачанский городок), built by the Cossacks of [[Yerofey Khabarov]] in September 1651 after they had sailed to the area from the upper Amur. The fort was named after the local tribe whom Khabarov's people called "Achans".<ref>[http://www.inauka.ru/discovery/article35236.html АРХЕОЛОГИ ОБНАРУЖИЛИ НА АМУРЕ ТАИНСТВЕННЫЙ ГОРОДОК. Возможно, это первое русское поселение в данном регионе] (Mysterious fort found by archaeologists on the Amur. Possibly, this is the first Russian settlement in this region) {{ru icon}}</ref>
<ref name=gai>Оксана ГАЙНУТДИНОВА (Oksana Gainutdinova) [http://www.amursk.ru/az/05/1130/r2.htm Загадка Ачанского городка] (The mystery of Fort Achansk)</ref> Already on October 8 the fort was unsuccessfully attacked by joint forces of Achans and [[Duchers]] (who had good reasons to hate the Cossacks, due to their rather heavy-handed [[yasak|tribute]]-extraction tactics<ref name=izvet>B.P. Polevoy (Б.П. Полевой), [http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Russ/XVII/1640-1660/Poljakov/pred.htm Изветная челобитная С. В. Полякова 1653 г. и ее значение для археологов Приамурья] (S.V. Polyakov's denouncing letter (1653), and its significance for the archaelogists of the Amur Valley), in: Русские первопроходцы на Дальнем Востоке в XVII-XIX вв. (Историко-археологические исследования) (''Frst Russian explorers in the Far East in the 17th-19th centuries: Historical and archaeological research'' - B.P.Polevoy's preface to the document), vol. 2, Vladisvostok, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1995. (This article also contains references to Polevoy's earlier publications) {{ru icon}}</ref>), while many Russians were out fishing.<ref name=gai/> In late November, Khabarov's people undertook a three-day campaign against the local chief Zhakshur (Жакшур) (whose name is also known in a more Russian version, Zaksor (Заксор)), collecting a large amount of tribute and announcing that the locals were now subjects of the Russian Czar. Similar campaign was waged later in winter against the Ducher chief Nechiga (Нечига), farther away from Achansk.<ref name=gai/>
<ref name=gai>Оксана ГАЙНУТДИНОВА (Oksana Gainutdinova) [http://www.amursk.ru/az/05/1130/r2.htm Загадка Ачанского городка] (The mystery of Fort Achansk)</ref> Already on October 8 the fort was unsuccessfully attacked by joint forces of Achans and [[Duchers]] (who had good reasons to hate the Cossacks, due to their rather heavy-handed [[yasak|tribute]]-extraction tactics<ref name=izvet>B.P. Polevoy (Б.П. Полевой), [http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Russ/XVII/1640-1660/Poljakov/pred.htm Изветная челобитная С. В. Полякова 1653 г. и ее значение для археологов Приамурья] (S.V. Polyakov's denouncing letter (1653), and its significance for the archaelogists of the Amur Valley), in: Русские первопроходцы на Дальнем Востоке в XVII-XIX вв. (Историко-археологические исследования) (''Frst Russian explorers in the Far East in the 17th-19th centuries: Historical and archaeological research'' - B.P.Polevoy's preface to the document), vol. 2, Vladisvostok, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1995. (This article also contains references to Polevoy's earlier publications) {{ru icon}}</ref>), while many Russians were out fishing.<ref name=gai/> In late November, Khabarov's people undertook a three-day campaign against the local chief Zhakshur (Жакшур) (whose name is also known in a more Russian version, Zaksor (Заксор)), collecting a large amount of tribute and announcing that the locals were now subjects of the Russian Czar. Similar campaign was waged later in winter against the Ducher chief Nechiga (Нечига), farther away from Achansk.<ref name=gai/>
On March 24 (or 26) 1652, Fort Achansk was attacked by [[Manchu people|Manchu]] cavalry, led by [[Ninguta]]'s commander Haise, reinforced by Ducher auxiliaries, but the Cossacks stood their ground in a day-long battle and even managed to seize the attackers' [[Medieval_warfare#Supply_trains|supply train]].<ref name=gai/> Once the ice on the Amur broke in the spring of 1652, Khabarov's people destroyed their fort and sailed away.<ref name=gai/>
On March 24 (or 26) 1652, Fort Achansk was attacked by [[Manchu people|Manchu]] cavalry, led by [[Ninguta]]'s commander Haise, reinforced by Ducher auxiliaries, but the Cossacks stood their ground in a day-long battle and even managed to seize the attackers' [[Medieval_warfare#Supply_trains|supply train]].<ref name=gai/> Once the ice on the Amur broke in the spring of 1652, Khabarov's people destroyed their fort and sailed away.<ref name=gai/>

Revision as of 00:24, 6 June 2009

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Khabarovsk
Flag of Khabarovsk
Flag
Coat of arms of Khabarovsk
Coat of arms
Location of Khabarovsk
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Khabarovsk is located in Russia
Khabarovsk
Khabarovsk
Location of Khabarovsk
Coordinates: 48°29′0″N 135°4′0″E / 48.48333°N 135.06667°E / 48.48333; 135.06667
CountryRussia
Federal subjectKhabarovsk Krai
Founded31 May 1858 (Julian)Edit this on Wikidata[1]
Elevation
72 m (236 ft)
Time zoneUTC+10 (MSK+7 Edit this on Wikidata[2])
Postal code(s)[3]
680000–680150Edit this on Wikidata
OKTMO ID08701000001

Khabarovsk (Template:Lang-ru, Russian pronunciation: [xʌˈbarəfsk]) is the administrative center and the largest city of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located some 30 km from the Chinese border. It is the second largest city in the Russian Far East, after Vladivostok. The city became the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia in 2002. Population: 579,000 (2005 est.); 583,072 (2002 Census);[4] 600,623 (1989 Soviet census).[5]

The city lies at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, about Template:Km to mi north of Vladivostok and is accessible from there by an overnight train running along the Trans-Siberian railway. Rail distance from Moscow is Template:Km to mi.

History

Earliest history of the region

The lands near the confluence of the Ussury and the Amur, where today's Khabarovsk stands, have been populated by many centuries by Tungusic people, probably related to the Jurchens of the past and/or the Nanais of the present day. Chinese expeditions reached this area as early as the first half of the 15th century, when the fleets of the Ming eunuch Yishiha sailed several times from Jilin City all the way to Tyr on the lower Amur.

17th century Russian explorers

In the middle of the 17th century the Amur Valley became the scene of hostilities between the Russian Cossacks, trying to expand into the region and to collect tribute from the natives, and the rising Manchu Qing Dynasty, intent on securing the region for itself.

Khabarov's Achansk

The Russian explorers and raiders of the 1650s set up a number of more or less fortified camps (ostrogs) on the Amur; most of them were in use for only a few months, and later destroyed. It is usually thought that the first such camp in the general area of today's Khabarovsk was the fortified winter camp named Achansk (Ачанск, or Ачанский городок), built by the Cossacks of Yerofey Khabarov in September 1651 after they had sailed to the area from the upper Amur. The fort was named after the local tribe whom Khabarov's people called "Achans".[6] [7] Already on October 8 the fort was unsuccessfully attacked by joint forces of Achans and Duchers (who had good reasons to hate the Cossacks, due to their rather heavy-handed tribute-extraction tactics[8]), while many Russians were out fishing.[7] In late November, Khabarov's people undertook a three-day campaign against the local chief Zhakshur (Жакшур) (whose name is also known in a more Russian version, Zaksor (Заксор)), collecting a large amount of tribute and announcing that the locals were now subjects of the Russian Czar. Similar campaign was waged later in winter against the Ducher chief Nechiga (Нечига), farther away from Achansk.[7] On March 24 (or 26) 1652, Fort Achansk was attacked by Manchu cavalry, led by Ninguta's commander Haise, reinforced by Ducher auxiliaries, but the Cossacks stood their ground in a day-long battle and even managed to seize the attackers' supply train.[7] Once the ice on the Amur broke in the spring of 1652, Khabarov's people destroyed their fort and sailed away.[7]

The exact location of Khabarov's Achansk has long been a subject for the debate among Russian historians and geographers.[8][9] A number of locations, both upstream and downstream of today's Khabarovsk, have been proposed since Richard Maack, one of the first Russian scholars to visit the region, identified Achansk in 1859 with the ruins on Cape Kyrma, which is located on the southern (Chinese) shore of the Amur, upstream of Khabarovsk.[8] The most widely accepted point of view is probably that of B.P. Polevoy, who believed that Khabarov's Achansk was located in the Nanai village later known as Odzhal-Bolon (Template:Lang-ru), located on the left bank of the Amur, closer to Amursk than to Khabarovsk. One of his arguments was that both Khabarov's Achan (sometimes also spelled by the explorer as Otshchan, Отщан), and Wuzhala (乌扎拉) of the Chinese records of the 1652 engagement are based on the name of the Nanai clan "Odzhal" (Оджал), corresponding to the 20th-century name of the village as well. (The name of the clan was also written as "Uzala", as in the name of its best known member, Dersu Uzala). [8]

Native villages near the site of the future Khabarovsk according to an English map of 1773. The map is based on an earlier French map by d'Anville, which in its turn makes use of the data collected by Jesuit cartographers in 1709. The village closest to today's Khabarovsk is labeld Hitcha. Maack's "Cape Kyrma" site (thought by B.P. Polyakov to be the site of Stepanov's Kosogorsky Ostrog) is Heremo

B.P. Polevoy's view appeared to gain wide support among the Russian georgrapher community; petitioned by the Amur Branch of the Russian Geographical Society, the Russian Government renamed the village of Odzhal to Achan in 1977, to celebrate its connection with Khabarov's raid.[8]

As to the Cape Kyrma ruins, thought by Maack to be the remains of Achansk, B.P. Polevoy identified them as the remains of another ostrog - namely, Kosogorsky Ostrog, where Onufriy Stepanov stayed a few years later.[9]

Stepanov's raids

Another large group of Cossacks, led by Onufriy Stepanov, appeared in the area soon from Khabarov's departure from the Amur, and was active there until its destruction in 1658. Their attempts to penetrate into the Sungari to collect a tribute of grain suffered a setback in 1654, when a joint Manchu-Korean army met the Russian forces at the Battle of Hutong (hangul: 후퉁강 hanja: 厚通江 (混同江)), which was won by Manchu-Korean allied forces.

Four years later, in 1658, Manchu forces commanded by the military governor of Ninguta, Sarhuda and reinforced by the Korean contingent of 260 Korean musketeers and cannoneers sent by King Hyojong and commanded by Shin Ryu, met Onufriy Stepanov's near the mouth of the Sungari River, killing 270 Russians and driving them out of Manchu territory. Those campaigns are better known in Korean chronicles as "Suppression of the Russians" (Nasun Jeongbeol; hangul: 나선정벌 hanja: 羅禪征伐).

Qing Empire

After the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), the area become an uncontested part of the Qing Empire for the next century and a half. Modern historical maps of the Qing period published in China mark the site of future Khabarovsk as "Boli". All of the middle and lower Amur region was nominally part of the Jilin Province, run first out of Ninguta and later out of Jilin City.

French Jesuits who sailed along the Ussury and the Amur in 1709, preparing the first more or less precise map of the region. According to them, the indigenous Nanai people living on the Ussury and on the Amur down to the mouth of the Dondon River (i.e., in the region including the site of the future Khabarovsk) were known to the Chinese as Yupi Dazi ("Fishskin Tartars")[10]

From Khabarovka to Khabarovsk

Old City Duma in Khabarovsk

In 1858, the area was ceded to Russia under the Treaty of Aigun. The Russians founded the military outpost of Khabarovka (Хаба́ровка), [11] named after a Russian explorer Yerofey Khabarov. The post later became an important industrial centre for the region.

In 1894, a department of Russian Geographical Society was formed in Khabarovsk and began initiating the foundation of libraries, theaters, and museums in the city. Since then, Khabarovsk's cultural life has flourished. Much of the local indigenous history has been well-preserved in the Regional Lore Museum and Natural History Museum and in places like near the Nanai settlement of Sikhachi-Alyan, where cliff drawings from more than 1,300 years ago can be found. The Khabarovsk Art Museum exhibits a rare collection of old Russian icons.

In 1916, Khabarovsk Bridge across the Amur was completed, allowing Transsiberian trains to cross the river without using ferries (or temporary rail tracks over the frozen river in winter). By 1941 a rail tunnel was constructed as well.

After the defeat of Japan in WWII, Khabarovsk was the site of the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials, in which twelve former members of the Japanese Kwantung Army were put on trial for the manufacture and use of biological weapons during World War II. See Unit 731.

Tourism

Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Khabarovsk

Visitors to the picturesque city of Khabarovsk are likely to enjoy walking the broad Amursky Boulevard with its many vibrant shops and perhaps visit the local market. The city's five districts stretch for Template:Km to mi along the Amur River.

Lenin Square in City centre
View along main Street

Recently, there have been many renovations in the city's central part, rebuilding with historical perspective. A popular attraction for visitors is a walking tour from the Lenin Square to Utyos on Amur via Muravyov-Amursky Street, where visitors can find traditional Russian cuisine restaurants and shops with souvenirs. There are many night clubs and pubs in this area.

Unlike Vladivostok, the city has never been closed to foreigners, despite its being the headquarters of the Far East Military District, and retains its historically international flavor. Once the capital of the Soviet Far East (from 1926 to 1938), since the demise of the Soviet Union it has experienced an increased Asian presence. It is estimated that over one million Chinese travel to and through Khabarovsk yearly, and foreign investment by Japanese and Korean corporations has grown in recent years.

Khabarovsk is served by Khabarovsk Novy Airport with international flights to East Asia, Southeast Asia, European Russia, and Central Asia.

Sports

Notable Residents

Sister cities

Khabarovsk is twinned with the following sister cities: [12]

Climate


Climate data for Khabarovsk (1971 - 2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Source: Pogoda.ru.net[13]

References

  1. ^ http://page-history-khab.narod.ru/1.htm. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  3. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  4. ^ Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  5. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  6. ^ АРХЕОЛОГИ ОБНАРУЖИЛИ НА АМУРЕ ТАИНСТВЕННЫЙ ГОРОДОК. Возможно, это первое русское поселение в данном регионе (Mysterious fort found by archaeologists on the Amur. Possibly, this is the first Russian settlement in this region) Template:Ru icon
  7. ^ a b c d e Оксана ГАЙНУТДИНОВА (Oksana Gainutdinova) Загадка Ачанского городка (The mystery of Fort Achansk)
  8. ^ a b c d e B.P. Polevoy (Б.П. Полевой), Изветная челобитная С. В. Полякова 1653 г. и ее значение для археологов Приамурья (S.V. Polyakov's denouncing letter (1653), and its significance for the archaelogists of the Amur Valley), in: Русские первопроходцы на Дальнем Востоке в XVII-XIX вв. (Историко-археологические исследования) (Frst Russian explorers in the Far East in the 17th-19th centuries: Historical and archaeological research - B.P.Polevoy's preface to the document), vol. 2, Vladisvostok, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1995. (This article also contains references to Polevoy's earlier publications) Template:Ru icon
  9. ^ a b Б.П. Полевой (B.P. Polevoy) О ПОДЛИННОМ МЕСТОПОЛОЖЕНИИ КОСОГОРСКОГО ОСТРОГА 50-Х гг. XVII ВЕКА (About the true location of the Kosogorsky Ostrog of the 1650s) Template:Ru icon
  10. ^ Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste (1735). Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise. Vol. Volume IV. Paris: P.G. Lemercier. p. 7. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help) Numerous later editions are available as well, including one on Google Books
  11. ^ [1]
  12. ^ Khabarovsk city administration
  13. ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved May 26 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  • A.M. Bodisko. From life of Khabarovsk. Khabarovsk, 1913.
  • Nikolay P. Kradin. It is protected by the state: The Monuments of Architecture in Khabarovsk. Khabarovsk: Chastnaya kollektsiya, 1999. 192 p.ISBN 5-7875-0011-3
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