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Coordinates: 15°50′11″S 69°20′19″W / 15.836389°S 69.33861°W / -15.836389; -69.33861
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* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/892616.stm Ancient Temple found under the waters of Lake Titicaca]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/892616.stm Ancient Temple found under the waters of Lake Titicaca]
* [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1440-1770.2001.00151.x Management issues in the Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopo system: Importance of developing a water budget]
* [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1440-1770.2001.00151.x Management issues in the Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopo system: Importance of developing a water budget]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYuG-N0o4X8 Copacabana and Lake Titicaca - Bolivia]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6i0HPJFotfA Floating Islands-Lake Titicaca Copacabana SAHUIÑA-BOLIVIA]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YleBlFO9bPE Isla Del Sol, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=layf8puKxu4 Lake Titicaca, Bolivia]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5rWOwNGP1A Lake Titicaca PERU - BOLIVIA]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jvucitc8p98&feature=PlayList&p=0A7412AB581D2B02&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=36 Lake Titicaca, Peru]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYvuH7yjNsI Visit Bolivia - Copacabana]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reXGBi533Uw&feature=related Visit Bolivia - Lake Titicaca]



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{{DEFAULTSORT:Titicaca}}

Revision as of 22:49, 13 June 2009

Lake Titicaca
Coordinates15°50′11″S 69°20′19″W / 15.836389°S 69.33861°W / -15.836389; -69.33861
TypeMountain Lake
Primary inflows27 rivers
Primary outflowsDesaguadero River
Evaporation
Catchment area58,000 km2 (22,400 sq mi)[1]
Basin countriesPeru
Bolivia
Max. length190 km (118 mi)
Max. width80 km (50 mi)
Surface area8,372 km2 (3,232 sq mi)[1]
Average depth107 m (351 ft)[1]
Max. depth281 m (922 ft)[1]
Water volume893 km3 (214 cu mi)[1]
Residence time1343 years[1]
Shore length11,125 km (699 mi)[1]
Surface elevation3,812 m (12,507 ft)[1]
Frozennever[1]
Islands42+ (see article)
Sections/sub-basinsWiñaymarka
SettlementsPuno, Peru
Copacabana, Bolivia
References[1]
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

Lake Titicaca is a lake located on the border of Bolivia and Peru. It sits 3,812 m (12,500 ft) above sea level making it one of the highest commercially navigable lakes in the world.[2] By volume of water it is also the largest lake in South America.[3][4]

Overview

The lake is located at the northern end of the endorheic Altiplano basin high in the Andes on the border of Peru and Bolivia. The western part of the lake lies within the Puno Region of Peru, and the eastern side is located in the Bolivian La Paz Department.

The lake is composed of two nearly separate sub-basins that are connected by the Strait of Tiquina which is 800 m (2,620 ft) across at the narrowest point. The larger sub-basin, Lago Grande (also called Lago Chucuito) has a mean depth of 135 m (443 ft) and a maximum depth of 284 m (932 ft). The smaller sub-basin, Wiñaymarka (also called Lago Pequeño, "little lake") has a mean depth of 9 m (30 ft) and a maximum depth of 40 m (131 ft).[5] The overall average depth of the lake is 107 m (351 ft).[1]

Lake Titicaca is fed by rainfall and meltwater from glaciers on the sierras that abut the Altiplano. Five major river systems feed into Lake Titicaca[6]—in order of their relative flow volumes these are: Ramis, Coata, Ilave, Huancané, and Suchez.[3] More than 20 other smaller streams empty into Titicaca, and the lake has 41 islands, some of which are densely populated.

Having only a single season of free circulation, the lake is monomictic,[7][8] and water passes through Lago Huiñaimarca and flows out the single outlet at the Rio Desaguadero,[9] which then flows south through Bolivia to Lake Poopó. This only accounts for about 10% of the lake's water balance. Evapotranspiration, caused by strong winds and intense sunlight at altitude, balances the remaining 90% of the water input. It is nearly a closed lake.[3][5][10]

Name

Copacabana, Bolivia

The origin of the name Titicaca is unknown. It has been translated as "Rock Puma", allegedly because of its resemblance to the shape of a puma hunting a rabbit, combining words from the local languages Quechua and Aymara, and as well as translated as "Crag of Lead." Locally, the lake goes by several names. Because the southeast quarter of the lake is separate from the main body (connected only by the Strait of Tiquina), the Bolivians call it Lago Huiñaymarca (Template:Lang-qu) and the larger part Lago Chucuito. In Peru, these smaller and larger parts are referred to as Lago Pequeño and Lago Grande, respectively.

Islands

Uros

View from space, May 1985 (North is at right)
Uros people harvesting some totora, an aquatic plant used to make their famous floating islands

Titicaca is notable for a population of people who live on the Uros, a group of 42 or so artificial islands made of floating reeds (totora, a reed that abounds in the shallows of the lake). These islands have become a major tourist attraction for Peru, drawing excursions from the lakeside city of Puno. Their original purpose was defensive, and they could be moved if a threat arose. Many of the islands contain watchtowers largely constructed of reeds.

Amantaní

Amantaní is another small island on Lake Titicaca populated by Quechua speakers. About 800 families live in six villages on the roughly circular 15 square kilometers (6 sq mi) island. There are two mountain peaks, called Pachatata (Father Earth) and Pachamama (Mother Earth), and ancient ruins on the top of both peaks. The hillsides that rise up from the lake are terraced and planted with wheat, potatoes, and vegetables. Most of the small fields are worked by hand. Long stone fences divide the fields, and cattle, sheep, and alpacas graze on the hillsides.

Amantaní island as seen from Taquile island.

There are no cars on the island and no hotels. A few small stores sell basic goods, and there is a health clinic and school. Electricity was produced by a generator and provided limited to a couple of hours each day, but with the rising price of the petroleum, they no longer use the generator. Most families use candles or flashlights powered by batteries or hand-cranks.

Some of the families on Amantaní open their homes to tourists for overnight stays and provide cooked meals, arranged through tour guides. The families who do so are required to have a special room set aside for the tourists and must fit a code by the tour companies that help them. Guests typically take food staples (cooking oil, rice, sugar) as a gift or school supplies for the children on the island. They hold nightly traditional dance shows for the tourists where they offer to dress them up in their traditional clothes and participate.

Taquile

Taquile Island

Taquile is a hilly island located 35 kilometres east of Puno. It is narrow and long and was used as a prison during the Spanish Colony and into the 20th century. In 1970 it became property of the Taquile people, who have inhabited the island since then (current population around 3,000). Pre-Inca ruins are found on the highest part of the island, and agricultural terraces on hillsides.

Isla del Sol

A view of Lake Titicaca taken from the town of Puno

Situated on the Bolivian side of the lake with regular boat links to the Bolivian town of Copacabana, Isla del Sol ("Island of the sun") is one of the lake's largest islands. Geographically, the terrain is harsh; it is a rocky, hilly island. There are no motor vehicles or paved roads on the island. The main economic activity of the approximately 800 families on the island is farming, with fishing and tourism augmenting the subsistence economy.

Map of Lake Titicaca

There are over 180 ruins on the island. Most of these date to the Inca period circa the 15h century AD. Many hills on the island contain agricultural terraces, which adapt steep and rocky terrain to agriculture. Among the ruins on the island are the Sacred Rock, a labyrinth-like building called Chicana, Kasa Pata, and Pilco Kaima. In the religion of the Incas, it was believed that the sun god was born here.

Isla de la Luna

Isla de la Luna is situated east from the bigger Isla del Sol. According to legends that refer to Inca mythology Isla de la Luna (moon in Spanish) is where Viracocha commanded the rising of the moon. Ruins of a supposed Inca nunnery occupy the oriental shore.[11]

Isla de la Luna y Cordillera Real.

Suriqui

Suriqui lies in the Bolivian part of lake Titicaca (in the southeastern part also known as lake Huiñamarca).[12]

Suriqui is thought to be the last place where the art of reed boat construction survives, at least as late as in 1998. Craftsmen from Suriqui helped Thor Heyerdahl in the construction of several of his projects, such as the reed boats Ra II and Tigris, and a balloon gondola.[12]

Transport

A ferry connects the 1435mm gauge railway of Peru at Puno with the 1000mm gauge railway of Bolivia at Guaqui.

Miscellaneous

The Bolivian Naval Force uses the lake to carry out naval exercises, maintaining an active navy despite being landlocked.

The partly-salt Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela is the only body of water in South America larger than Titicaca, at about 13,000 square kilometres (5,000 sq mi).

Lake Titicaca was designated a Ramsar site (8,000km2) on August 26, 1998.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Data Summary: Lago Titicaca (Lake Titicaca)". International Lake Environment Committee Foundation - ILEC. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  2. ^ Drews, Carl (13 September 2005). "The Highest Lake in the World". Retrieved 2006-12-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b c Grove, M. J., P. A. Baker, S. L. Cross, C. A. Rigsby and G. O. Seltzer 2003 Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 194:281-297.
  4. ^ Rigsby, C., P. A. Baker and M. S. Aldenderfer 2003 Fluvial History of the Rio Ilave Valley, Peru, and Its Relationship to Climate and Human History. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 194:165-185.
  5. ^ a b Dejoux, C. and A. Iltis (editors) 1992 Lake Titicaca: A Synthesis of Limnological Knowledge. 68. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
  6. ^ Roche, M. A., J. Bourges, J. Cortes and R. Mattos 1992 Climatology and Hydrology of the Lake Titicaca Basin. In Lake Titicaca: A Synthesis of Limnological Knowledge, edited by C. Dejoux and A. Iltis, pp. 63-88. Monographiae Biologicae. vol. 68, H. J. Dumont and M. J. A. Werger, general editor. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
  7. ^ Cross, S. L., P. A. Baker, G. O. Seltzer, S. C. Fritz and R. B. Dunbar 2001 Late Quaternary Climate and Hydrology of Tropical South America Inferred from an Isotopic and Chemical Model of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia and Peru. Quaternary Research 56(1):1-9.
  8. ^ Mourguiart, P., T. Corrége, D. Wirrmann, J. Argollo, M. E. Montenegro, M. Pourchet and P. Carbonel 1998 Holocene Palaeohydrology of Lake Titicaca Estimated from an Ostracod-Based Transfer Function. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 143:51-72.
  9. ^ Baucom, P. C. and C. A. Rigsby 1999 Climate and Lake Level History of the Northern Altiplano, Bolivia, as Recorded in Holocene Sediments of the Rio Desaguadero. Journal of Sedimentary Research 69(3):597-611.
  10. ^ Talbi, A., A. Coudrain, P. Ribstein and B. Pouyaud 1999 Computation of the Rainfall of Lake Titicaca Catchment During the Holocene. Géosciences de Surface 329:197-203.
  11. ^ Bolivia, Lonely Planet 2007, ISBN 1741045576
  12. ^ a b Box, Ben (1998). South American handbook. Footprint Handbooks. p. 292. ISBN 0-8442-4886-X.
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