Democrats 66

Democrats 66 (D66, Template:Lang-nl, official name: Politieke Partij Democraten 66) is a Dutch progressive, social-liberal and radical democratic political party. It is currently in opposition against the fourth Balkenende cabinet.

History

Foundation

D66 was founded on October 14 1966 by 44 people. Its founders were described as homines novi, although 25 of the 44 had previously been members of a political party. The initiators were Hans van Mierlo, a journalist for the Algemeen Handelsblad and Hans Gruijters, a municipal councillor in Amsterdam. Van Mierlo became the party's political leader and Gruijters the party's chair. The foundation of the party was preceded by the Appeal 1966 on October 10, in which the founders appealed to the people of the Netherlands to re-take their democratic institutions. The party renounced the 19th century political ideologies which dominated the political system and wanted to end pillarization. It called for radical democratization of the Dutch society and its political system and it called for pragmatic and scientific policy-making.

1967-1986

Party founder Hans van Mierlo

The party entered in the 1967 elections with Hans van Mierlo as their top candidate. The party won an unprecedented seven seats in parliament. In 1971 the party won an additional four seats and it formed a shadow cabinet with the Labour Party (PvdA) and the Christian left Political Party of Radicals (PPR). In the 1972 elections the three parties formed a political alliance called the "Progressive Accord (Dutch: Progressief Akkoord; PAK) and presented a common electoral program (Keerpunt '72; turning point '72). In the elections D66 lost nearly half its seats, leaving only six. The alliance became the largest political force in the country, but it did not gain a majority. After long cabinet formation talks the three PAK-parties formed an extra-parliamentary cabinet joined by progressive members of the Christian-democratic Anti Revolutionary Party (ARP) and the Catholic People's Party (KVP). The cabinet was led by the social-democrat Joop den Uyl. After the formation talks Van Mierlo left politics, feeling that his political position within the parliamentary party was untenable. The other party-founder Hans Gruijters became Minister of Housing and Spatial Planning. Van Mierlo was replaced by Jan Terlouw. He became the chair of the parliamentary party.

Jan Terlouw, party leader between 1973 and 1981

In the period 1972-1974 the party lost a dramatic number of members (from 6000 to 300) and polled very poorly in the provincial elections of 1974. The party also lost half of its senators in the 1974 indirect election to the Senate. On one of the party congresses a motion was put forth to abolish the party. A majority of the members voted in favour, but the two-thirds majority was not reached. In reaction Terlouw started a campaign to revitalize the party, involving a membership drive and a petition to the electorate. He emphasized issues other than democratic reform, and gave the party a more liberal orientation. The party doubled its membership in 1975 and in the 1977 election the party even won two additional seats, although that same year D66 lost all its seats in the Senate. In the election of 1981 D66 more than doubled its seats, to seventeen. They entered government with the Christian Democratic Appeal and the PvdA. Terlouw became Minister of the Economy. The cabinet was riddled by the personal and ideological conflicts between the Christian Democrat Prime Minister Dries van Agt and the Labour minister of Social Affairs Den Uyl. The cabinet fell nine months after it was formed, when Labour left the cabinet. D66 and the CDA continued to govern in a caretaker government. In the subsequent elections of 1982 D66 lost two-thirds of its support, and was left with only six seats. After the elections Terlouw left politics, and he was replaced by Maarten Engwirda. The party was confined to opposition.

1986-now

In 1986 Van Mierlo returned to politics. He emphasized democratic reform as the core issue of the party and wanted to end the polarization between the Labour Party and People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), in order to form a government without the Christian Democratic Appeal. He led the party in the elections of that year and gained three seats. In the 1989 election the party won another three seats, making a total of twelve, and it was asked to join the formation talks of a CDA/PvdA/D66 cabinet. Although the social-democrats preferred a government with D66, the Christian Democrats did not. In the end D66 was numerically not necessary for the coalition, and they were excluded. Although in opposition, D66 adopted a constructive approach towards the government.

They were rewarded for this in the 1994 elections in which the party doubled its seats to twenty-four. D66 was able to form its 'dream coalition'. The purple coalition which combined the social-democratic PvdA, and the conservative-liberal VVD. The cabinet initiated legislation which the D66 has always advocated, such as the referendum, same-sex marriage and the legalisation of euthanasia. The centrist economic policies of the cabinet were also seen as a great success. Van Mierlo became minister of foreign affairs. Before the elections of 1998 Van Mierlo stepped back and Els Borst, the minister of health became the top-candidate. D66 lost ten seats in the election, but its coalition partners won considerable ground at the cost of D66. The cabinet continued. Although D66 was numerically not necessary, it was seen as the glue that kept these two opposites together. Borst stepped down as party leader and became vice-prime minister and minister of health. Thom de Graaf led the parliamentary party. Within the party, a group of age twenty-somethings, called Opschudding (Upheaval) began to call for a more explicit progressive liberal course. In 1999 a constitutional reform, which would allow referendums was rejected by the Senate. A group of dissidents around the prominent VVD member Hans Wiegel had voted against. D66 left the cabinet. In the subsequent formation talks D66 returned to the cabinet, in return for another important issue for D66, the directly elected mayor, and a temporary referendum law.

In 2002 the tide had turned against the purple coalition and the Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) had won considerable ground. The three purple parties lost an unprecedented 43 seats. D66 was left with only seven seats. The first Balkenende cabinet, formed of CDA, LPF and VVD, lasted only three months. In the 2003 election D66 lost another seat, leaving only six. De Graaf stood down, in favour of Boris Dittrich. After long formation talks between CDA and PvdA, a second Balkenende cabinet was formed, comprising CDA, VVD and D66 parties. In return for investments in environment and education, and a special minister of democratization, a post taken by De Graaf, who also became vice-prime minister, D66 supported the centre-right reform cabinet and some of its more controversial legislation. In May 2005 the Senate rejected a constitutional reform that would allow a directly elected mayor. The legislation was introduced in the second purple cabinet, but it was unable to get a two-thirds majority because the Labour Party, whose minister De Vries had initiated the reform, rejected the legislation, because they were opposed the model of election proposed by De Graaf. De Graaf stepped down, but the rest of the ministers stayed on, after D66 was promised more investment in education and the environment, and a plan for electoral reform. A special party congress was called to ratify this so-called Easter Accord. 2,600 members (20 percent of total membership) were present and the congress broadcasted live on Dutch public television. The congress agreed to remain in cabinet by a large majority. Alexander Pechtold replaced De Graaf as minister of government reform. Laurens Jan Brinkhorst, the minister of the economy became vice-prime minister.

current leader Alexander Pechtold

In February 2006 Dittrich stepped down as chair of the parliamentary party, because he did not agree with the governments decision to send the Dutch armed forces to the southern province of Uruzgan in Afghanistan. D66 voted against the government's proposal together with the Socialist Party and the GreenLeft. Dittrich stated that the mission to send troops was not a reconstruction mission (as the government and the majority of the Dutch parliament claimed), but a military operation.Lousewies van der Laan replaced him. In May 2006 the party polled particularly bad in the municipal election. D66 began to lose a considerable number of members, some of who founded deZES, another radical democratic, progressive liberal party. On a special party congress on May 13 a motion was put forth, demanding the withdrawal of D66 from the cabinet - it was rejected. In June 2006 an internal election was held in order to choose the top candidate for the 2007 election. Both Van der Laan and Pechtold entered. Pechtold won the elections, making him political leader of the party. During the special plenary parliamentary debate of July 28, 2006, on the naturalization process of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, D66 supported a motion of no confidence against minister Rita Verdonk. As D66 was a junior coalition partner, this caused a crisis in the second Balkenende cabinet. The cabinet refused to remove Verdonk from her position. Lousewies van der Laan, parliamentary leader of D66, did not feel that the D66 faction could support the cabinet any longer, and that the cabinet had to resign. Later on June 29, the two D66 ministers Alexander Pechtold and Laurens-Jan Brinkhorst resigned, causing the downfall of the Balkenende cabinet. New elections were called for November 2006 and the cabinet continued to govern, as a minority caretaker government.

In October 2006, just before the D66 party congress and its 40th anniversary as party, D66 founder Hans van Mierlo asked the question whether D66 has still political legitimacy. He believes that many errors were made in recent history, and that only the acceptance of these errors can provide for any credibility to D66. Van Mierlo has put his support behind party leader Pechtold, who in his view can provide for such credibility.

Name

At its foundation the party was called Democraten 1966 (Democrats 1966; D'66). "Democrats" was reference to the goal of the party (radical democratization). The year (1966) was a reference to the year of foundation, and was supposed to convey a modern image. In 1981 the name was changed to Democraten 66 (Democrats 66; D66), the name had become a successful political brand, but the year no longer conveyed a modern image.

Ideology and issues

The ideology of D66 is a highly contested subject within the party. The question is tied to the reason for its existence. There are two currents within the party: the radical democrats and the progressive liberals. These two currents although some times antagonistic currently complement each other, as both emphasize the self-realization of the individual. The Radical League and the Freethinking Democratic League, two early twentieth century parties are historic exponents of these two traditions.

Radical democrats

The first party congress emphasized radical democratization of Dutch society and the political system. Its ideal was a two-party system. To obtain this it wanted to reform the electoral system after the American first past the post model. The electoral reform was gradually moderated, now the party favour a German system which combines both proportional and majoritarian electoral systems. This radical democratization was combined with pragmatic and anti-dogmatic attitude towards politics. Hans van Mierlo, the party's leader between 1966 and 1972 and between 1986 and 1998 and the party's figurehead, is an important exponent of this tendency within the party.

Progressive liberals

D66's progressive liberal current has historically been much weaker than its radical democratic current. Progressive liberals seek to adopt a more substantive course for the party, breaking with its pragmatism. Under Jan Terlouw, between 1972 and 1982, D66 began to emphasize new issues like the environment, education and innovation. He called D66 a fourth current, next to social-democracy, Christian-democracy and the conservative liberalism of the VVD. In 1998 the group "Opschudding" called for progressive liberal course for the party. In the party's manifesto, adopted in 2000, the party explicitly adopted a progressive liberal image. National political reasons explain the usage of the label social liberal, since the more right-wing VVD labels itself as the liberal party.

Issues

Some of the party's most important policies:

• D66 is in favour of a mixed economy combining the best features of market economics and government intervention. It was one of the architects of recent reforms in social security and healthcare, which included discouraging early retirement schemes, reforming the Disability Benefit system and introducing market forces into the health care sector. D66 is a proponent of increased flexibility in the labour market and tax-cuts for the lower and the middle class.
• D66 wants to increase government spending on education and innovation, e.g. in order to increase teacher salaries to prevent a shortage of teachers in the future. Also, D66 wants the education sector to be deregulated and government to take a step back in favour of diversity and competition.
• D66 is a green party and focuses greatly on the environment. D66 favours more investments in sustainable sources of energy, preferably on the European level. D66 takes a pragmatic approach to nuclear power, taking into account the contribution nuclear energy makes in cutting greenhouse gas emissions.
• D66 is a socially liberal party. The party introduced many liberal reforms in the past, namely in areas such as euthanasia, gay marriage, abortion and prostitution. In defending civil liberties D66 opposed several anti-terrorism measures proposed by the government.
• D66 is a proponent of democratic reform. It favours electoral reforms such as a binding referendum, abolition of the Senate and direct election of prime ministers and mayors.
• D66 is the most pro-European party in the Netherlands, as the party is in favour of a Federal Europe. D66 favours more European cooperation on issues such as the environment, immigration policy and foreign policy.

Representation

This table shows the results of D66 in elections to the House of Representatives, the Senate, the States-Provincial and European elections , as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter, is the chair of the parliamentary party and the lijsttrekker is the party's top candidate in the general election, these posts are normally taken by the party's leader. It also possible that the party leader is member of cabinet, if the D66 was part of the governing coalition, the "highest ranking" minister is listed. The membership and party chair of D66 is also represented.

Year	HoR	S	EP	SP	Lijsttrekker	Fractievoorzitter	Cabinet	Chair	membership
1966	0	0	n/a	0	no elections	none	extra-parliamentary	Hans van Mierlo	1500
1967	7	0	n/a	0	Hans van Mierlo	Hans van Mierlo	opposition	G. Ringalda	3700
1968	7	0	n/a	0	no elections	Hans van Mierlo	opposition	H.J. Lookeren-Campagne	3850
1969	7	0	n/a	0	no elections	Hans van Mierlo	opposition	J.A.P.M. Beekmans	5075
1970	7	0	n/a	47	no elections	Hans van Mierlo	opposition	J.A.P.M. Beekmans	6400
1971	11	6	n/a	47	Hans van Mierlo	Hans van Mierlo	opposition	J.A.P.M. Beekmans	5620
1972	6	6	n/a	47	no elections	Jan Terlouw	Hans Gruijters	R.E. van der Scheer-van Essen	6000
1973	6	6	n/a	47	no elections	Jan Terlouw	Hans Gruijters	J. ten Brink	6000
1974	6	3	n/a	2	no elections	Jan Terlouw	Hans Gruijters	J. ten Brink	300
1975	6	3	n/a	2	no elections	Jan Terlouw	Hans Gruijters	J. ten Brink	667
1976	6	3	n/a	2	no elections	Jan Terlouw	Hans Gruijters	Jan Glastra van Loon	2000
1977	8	0	n/a	2	Jan Terlouw	Jan Terlouw	opposition	Jan Glastra van Loon	4410
1978	8	0	n/a	31	no elections	Jan Terlouw	opposition	Jan Glastra van Loon	8424
1979	8	0	2	31	no elections	Jan Terlouw	opposition	Jan Glastra van Loon	11677
1980	8	0	2	31	no elections	Jan Terlouw	opposition	Henk Zeevalking	14638
1981	17	0	2	31	Jan Terlouw	Laurens-Jan Brinkhorst	Jan Terlouw	Henk Zeevalking	17765
1982	6	0	2	56	Jan Terlouw	Maarten Engwirda	opposition	J. Berkom	14500
1983	6	6	2	56	no elections	Maarten Engwirda	opposition	Jacob Kohnstam	12000
1984	6	6	0	56	no elections	Maarten Engwirda	opposition	Jacob Kohnstam	8774
1985	6	6	0	56	no elections	Maarten Engwirda	opposition	Jacob Kohnstam	8000
1986	9	6	0	56	Hans van Mierlo	Hans van Mierlo	opposition	S. van der Loo	8300
1987	9	5	0	45	no elections	Hans van Mierlo	opposition	S. van der Loo	8700
1988	9	5	0	45	no elections	Hans van Mierlo	opposition	S. van der Loo	8543
1989	12	5	1	45	Hans van Mierlo	Hans van Mierlo	opposition	M. de Jager	unknown
1990	12	5	1	45	no elections	Hans van Mierlo	opposition	M. de Jager	9829
1991	12	12	1	116	no elections	Hans van Mierlo	opposition	H.J.D. Janssen	11325
1992	12	12	1	116	no elections	Hans van Mierlo	opposition	H.J.D. Janssen	13000
1993	12	12	1	116	no elections	Hans van Mierlo	opposition	W.I.J.M. Vrijhoef	14500
1994	24	12	4	116	Hans van Mierlo	Gerrit-Jan Wolffensperger	Hans van Mierlo	W.I.J.M. Vrijhoef	15000
1995	24	7	4	68	no elections	Gerrit-Jan Wolffensperger	Hans van Mierlo	W.I.J.M. Vrijhoef	13230
1996	24	7	4	68	no elections	Gerrit-Jan Wolffensperger	Hans van Mierlo	W.I.J.M. Vrijhoef	13747
1997	24	7	4	68	no elections	Thom de Graaf	Hans van Mierlo	T.A. Kok	13391
1998	14	7	4	68	Els Borst	Thom de Graaf	Els Borst	T.A. Kok	12027
1999	14	4	2	39	no elections	Thom de Graaf	Els Borst	T.A. Kok	12027
2000	14	4	2	39	no elections	Thom de Graaf	Els Borst	A.G. Schouw	11878
2001	14	4	2	39	no elections	Thom de Graaf	Els Borst	A.G. Schouw	12188
2002	7	4	2	39	Thom de Graaf	Thom de Graaf	opposition	A.G. Schouw	unknown
2003	6	3	2	31	Thom de Graaf	Boris Dittrich	Thom de Graaf	Alexander Pechtold	12711
2004	6	3	1	31	no elections	Boris Dittrich	Thom de Graaf	Alexander Pechtold	13507
2005	6	3	1	31	no elections	Boris Dittrich	Laurens-Jan Brinkhorst	Frank Dales	12827
2006	3	3	1	31	Alexander Pechtold	Lousewies van der Laan	Laurens-Jan Brinkhorst	Frank Dales	11059
2007	3	2	1	9	no elections	Alexander Pechtold	opposition	Ingrid van Engelshoven	10299
2008	3	2	1	9	no elections	Alexander Pechtold	opposition	Ingrid van Engelshoven	10357
2009	3	2	1	9	no elections	Alexander Pechtold	opposition	Ingrid van Engelshoven	12432

Members of the House of Representatives

The 2006 general elections resulted in three seats for D66 in the House of Representatives, the Dutch Lower House:

• Alexander Pechtold, group leader
• Boris van der Ham
• Fatma Koser Kaya

Members of the Senate

After the 2007 Senate elections, the party had two representatives in the Senate, the Dutch Upper House:

• Gerard Schouw, fractievoorzitter
• Hans Engels

Members of the European Parliament

After the 2004 European Parliament elections the party has one representative in the European Parliament:

• Sophie in 't Veld, fractievoorzitter.

The D66 delegation is part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.

Municipal and Provincial Government

Provincial government

One of the twelve Queen's commissioners (of Flevoland) is a member of D66. It has nine members of States-Provincial.

In the figure below one can see the election results of the provincial elections of March 2007 per province. It shows the areas where D66 is strong, namely the urbanised provinces such as Utrecht and North Holland. The party is weaker in rural provinces like Friesland and Zeeland.

Province	Votes (%)	Seats
Utrecht	4.0%	2
North Holland	3.8%	2
South Holland	2.6%	1
Groningen	2.6%	1
Gelderland	2.3%	1
Limburg	2.3%	1
North Brabant	2.1%	1
Flevoland	2.1%	0
Drenthe	1.9%	0
Overijssel	1.6%	0
Friesland	1.3%	0
Zeeland	1.3%	0

Municipal government

26 of the 414 mayors of the Netherlands are member of D66. The party cooperates in several local executives and has 30 aldermen. It has 144 members of local legislatives and 16 members of bourough legislatives. Fourteen of the borough councillors were elected in Amsterdam, and only two in Rotterdam.

Electorate

File:D66poster.JPG

D66 election posters.

The electorate of D66 have a relatively weak commitment towards the party. It ranges from sixteen percent of vote to two. D66 tends to attract unbound, 'floating' voters. D66 voters are relatively young, tend to be female, highly-educated and have strong post-materialistic values. The party's electorate is concentrated in the larger cities. D66 lacks pillarized organizations around it.

Organization

Organizational structure

D66 has long history of strong internal democracy. The highest organ of the D66 is the General Assembly, it is formed by delegates in which every member can participate. It convenes multiple times per year. It appoints the party board and has the last say over the party program. The party list, including the party's top candidate, for the Senate, House of Representatives, European Parliament candidates are elected per referendum. The party has between 250 and 300 branches all over the Netherlands.

Linked organisations

The party's scientific institute is called "Foundation Scientific Bureau D66". It publishes the "Idea" (Dutch: Idee). The party's magazine is the "Democrat". The education institute is called Education Centre D66. D66 has an organization for cooperation with Eastern-European liberal parties called "Foundation International Democratic Initiative D66".

The youth organization of D66 is called the Young Democrats (Dutch: Jonge Democraten; JD). It has produced several prominent active members of D66 like the MP Boris van der Ham. The JD publishes the Demo. It is a member of the European Liberal Youth LYMEC and the International Liberal Youth Federation IFLRY.

D66 is cofounder of the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy, a democracy assistance organisation of seven Dutch political parties.

International organisations

D66 is a member of the Liberal International and of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR). It became a full member of the ELDR in 1994 and a full member of the Liberal International in 1986.

Relationships to other parties

D66 is at the centre of the Dutch political spectrum, therefore it has cooperated well with nearly all parties.

Historically, D66 has cooperated very well with the Labour Party (PvdA). They are both centre-left parties. They were four cabinets together (Den Uyl, Van Agt II, Kok I and Kok II); and they formed a shadow cabinet during the early seventies. The relations with the PvdA came under heavy tension three times: in 1981 when D66 decided to continue to govern with the CDA, after the PvdA ministers had left the cabinet Van Agt I; in 1989 when PvdA formed a government without D66; and 2003 when D66 joined the second Balkenende cabinet.

Ideologically the left-liberal D66 is linked to People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), although VVD is considered a party of conservative liberalism. This resulted in three coalition governments (Kok I, Kok II and Balkenende II). Both D66 and the VVD are member of the ELDR and their members in the European Parliament joined the ALDE group; they have campaigned with the same ELDR program in European Parliament elections; they have formed electoral alliances.

The relations with CDA have been less cooperative. Historically, the CDA is socially conservative, while D66 is socially liberal. They both espouse the same centrist economic policies however. This has led to the formation of the CDA/D66 caretaker government Van Agt III but also the cooperation of D66 in the third Balkenende cabinet.

Both D66 and the GreenLeft have their background in the 1960s: they both have the same post-materialist, pro-european, multiculturalist, environmentalist political agenda. This has not yet resulted in any substantial cooperation.

International Comparison

D66 is part of a large global family of social-liberal parties and parties oriented at democratic reform. Examples are the British Liberal Democrats, the Australian Democrats, the Danish Social-Liberal Party, the Belgian FlemishProgressives, the French Left Radical Party and the Italian Radicals. Progressive members of the U.S. Democratic Party often take comparable stances.

See also

• Social Liberalism
• Liberalism
• Contributions to liberal theory
• Liberalism worldwide
• List of liberal parties
• Liberal democracy
• Liberalism in the Netherlands

External links

• Democrats 66 official site
• Democrats 66 official site (English)