Venafro: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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Venafrum, |
Venafrum, in ancient times assigned to [[Campania]], was situated in the upper valley of the Vulturnus (modern [[Volturno]]), and on the [[Via Latina]], 25 km from Casinum (modern [[Cassino]]) and 30 from [[Teanum]].<ref> ([[Antonine Itinerary]] p. 303.</ref> It was the last city of Campania towards the north, its territory adjoining on the west that of Casinum (Cassino), which was included in [[Latium]], in the more extended sense of that name, and that of Aesernia (modern [[Isernia]]) on the northeast, which formed part of [[Samnium]]. It stood on a hill rising above the valley of the Vulturnus, at a short distance from the right bank of that river.<ref>[[Strabo]] v. p. 238.</ref> No mention is found in history of Venafrum before the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] conquest of this part of Italy, and it is uncertain to what people it originally belonged; but it is probable that it had fallen into the hands of the Samnites before that people came into collision with Rome. Under the Roman government it appears as a flourishing municipal town: [[Cato]], the most ancient author by whom it is mentioned, notices it as having manufactures of spades, tiles, and ropes:<ref>Cato, ''R. R.'' 135.</ref> at a later period it was more noted for its olive oil, which was celebrated as the best in Italy, and supplied the choicest tables of the great at Rome under the [[Roman Empire|Empire]].<ref>[[Horace]] ''Carm.'' ii. 6. 16, ''Sat.'' ii. 4. 69; [[Juvenal|Juv.]] v. 86; [[Martial]], xiii. 98; Strab. v. pp. 238, 242; [[Varro]] ''De re rustica'' i. 2. § 6; [[Pliny the Elder]] xv. 2. s. 3.</ref> It is also the place of the Venafro chessmen. |
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The only occasion on which Venafrum figures prominently in history is during the [[Social War (91–88 BC)|Social War]], [[88 BCE]], when it was betrayed into the hands of the Samnite leader [[Marius Egnatius]], and two Roman cohorts that formed the garrison were put to the sword.<ref>[[Appian]], ''B.C.'' i. 41.</ref> [[Cicero]] more than once alludes to the great fertility of its territory,<ref>[[Cicero]] ''De lege agraria'' ii. 2. 5, ''pro Planc.'' 9.</ref> which was one of those that the tribune [[Rullus]] proposed by his agrarian law to divide among the Roman citizens. This project proved abortive, but a [[Colonia (Roman)|colony]] was planted at Venafrum under [[Augustus]], and the city continued henceforth to bear the title of a Colonia, which is found both in Pliny and in inscriptions. <ref>Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; ''Lib. Col.'' p. 239; [[August Wilhelm Zumpt]], ''De Coloniis'' p. 347; [[Mommsen]], ''Inscr. R.N.'' 4643, 4703.</ref> These last, which are very numerous, attest the flourishing condition of Venafrum under the Roman Empire: it continued to subsist throughout the Middle Ages. It retains the ancient site as well as name, but has few vestiges of antiquity, except the inscriptions above mentioned and some shapeless fragments of an edifice supposed to have been an [[amphitheatre]]. The inscriptions are published by Mommsen.<ref>''Inscr. R. N.'' pp. 243-249.</ref> |
The only occasion on which Venafrum figures prominently in history is during the [[Social War (91–88 BC)|Social War]], [[88 BCE]], when it was betrayed into the hands of the Samnite leader [[Marius Egnatius]], and two Roman cohorts that formed the garrison were put to the sword.<ref>[[Appian]], ''B.C.'' i. 41.</ref> [[Cicero]] more than once alludes to the great fertility of its territory,<ref>[[Cicero]] ''De lege agraria'' ii. 2. 5, ''pro Planc.'' 9.</ref> which was one of those that the tribune [[Rullus]] proposed by his agrarian law to divide among the Roman citizens. This project proved abortive, but a [[Colonia (Roman)|colony]] was planted at Venafrum under [[Augustus]], and the city continued henceforth to bear the title of a Colonia, which is found both in Pliny and in inscriptions. <ref>Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; ''Lib. Col.'' p. 239; [[August Wilhelm Zumpt]], ''De Coloniis'' p. 347; [[Mommsen]], ''Inscr. R.N.'' 4643, 4703.</ref> These last, which are very numerous, attest the flourishing condition of Venafrum under the Roman Empire: it continued to subsist throughout the Middle Ages. It retains the ancient site as well as name, but has few vestiges of antiquity, except the inscriptions above mentioned and some shapeless fragments of an edifice supposed to have been an [[amphitheatre]]. The inscriptions are published by Mommsen.<ref>''Inscr. R. N.'' pp. 243-249.</ref> |
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Revision as of 14:04, 5 July 2009
Venafro (Latin: Venafrum; Greek: Template:Polytonic) is a commune in the province of Isernia, region of Molise, Italy. It has a population of around 12,000, having expanded quickly in the post-war period.
Venafro is the main gateway for the Molise region, since it's crossed by the SS 85 "Venafrana" route.
History
Venafrum, in ancient times assigned to Campania, was situated in the upper valley of the Vulturnus (modern Volturno), and on the Via Latina, 25 km from Casinum (modern Cassino) and 30 from Teanum.[1] It was the last city of Campania towards the north, its territory adjoining on the west that of Casinum (Cassino), which was included in Latium, in the more extended sense of that name, and that of Aesernia (modern Isernia) on the northeast, which formed part of Samnium. It stood on a hill rising above the valley of the Vulturnus, at a short distance from the right bank of that river.[2] No mention is found in history of Venafrum before the Roman conquest of this part of Italy, and it is uncertain to what people it originally belonged; but it is probable that it had fallen into the hands of the Samnites before that people came into collision with Rome. Under the Roman government it appears as a flourishing municipal town: Cato, the most ancient author by whom it is mentioned, notices it as having manufactures of spades, tiles, and ropes:[3] at a later period it was more noted for its olive oil, which was celebrated as the best in Italy, and supplied the choicest tables of the great at Rome under the Empire.[4] It is also the place of the Venafro chessmen.
The only occasion on which Venafrum figures prominently in history is during the Social War, 88 BCE, when it was betrayed into the hands of the Samnite leader Marius Egnatius, and two Roman cohorts that formed the garrison were put to the sword.[5] Cicero more than once alludes to the great fertility of its territory,[6] which was one of those that the tribune Rullus proposed by his agrarian law to divide among the Roman citizens. This project proved abortive, but a colony was planted at Venafrum under Augustus, and the city continued henceforth to bear the title of a Colonia, which is found both in Pliny and in inscriptions. [7] These last, which are very numerous, attest the flourishing condition of Venafrum under the Roman Empire: it continued to subsist throughout the Middle Ages. It retains the ancient site as well as name, but has few vestiges of antiquity, except the inscriptions above mentioned and some shapeless fragments of an edifice supposed to have been an amphitheatre. The inscriptions are published by Mommsen.[8]
See also
41°29′N 14°02′E / 41.483°N 14.033°E
References
- ^ (Antonine Itinerary p. 303.
- ^ Strabo v. p. 238.
- ^ Cato, R. R. 135.
- ^ Horace Carm. ii. 6. 16, Sat. ii. 4. 69; Juv. v. 86; Martial, xiii. 98; Strab. v. pp. 238, 242; Varro De re rustica i. 2. § 6; Pliny the Elder xv. 2. s. 3.
- ^ Appian, B.C. i. 41.
- ^ Cicero De lege agraria ii. 2. 5, pro Planc. 9.
- ^ Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; Lib. Col. p. 239; August Wilhelm Zumpt, De Coloniis p. 347; Mommsen, Inscr. R.N. 4643, 4703.
- ^ Inscr. R. N. pp. 243-249.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)