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===Socioeconomic inequality===
===Socioeconomic inequality===
Miguel Tinker Salas, a Latin America specialist at [[Pomona College]], opined in ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' that the crisis over use of the referendum has its roots in Honduras's [[cold war]] era constitution, which he describes as written by the country's "liberal elites," and thus does not provide for referendums. Tinker Salas went on to state, "The referendum is the primary vehicle through which change has occurred in countries like [[Venezuela]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Bolivia]], and the elites know it. They wanted to nip this thing in the bud."<ref name="CSMCoup">[http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0630/p02s01-usfp.html Honduran Coup Tests Waning US Clout in Latin America] by Howard LaFranchi, ''The Christian Science Monitor'', June 29, 2009.</ref> In 2005 [[Oswaldo Payá]] collected over 10,000 signatures required by [[Cuba]]'s constitution to be able to ask for a Constitutional amendment, in what was known as the [[Varela Project]]. The [[Cuban National Assembly]] amended the Constitution causing the above mentioned clause to be retired, thus closing the doors to any future amendment[[http://www.oswaldopaya.org/es/2009/05/12/the-varela-project-on-the-path-to-change/]]. This was followed by a massive crackdown of dissidents[[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250082003?open&of=ENG-CUB]].
Miguel Tinker Salas, a Latin America specialist at [[Pomona College]], opined in ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' that the crisis over use of the referendum has its roots in Honduras's [[cold war]] era constitution, which he describes as written by the country's "liberal elites," and thus does not provide for referendums. Tinker Salas went on to state, "The referendum is the primary vehicle through which change has occurred in countries like [[Venezuela]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Bolivia]], and the elites know it. They wanted to nip this thing in the bud."<ref name="CSMCoup">[http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0630/p02s01-usfp.html Honduran Coup Tests Waning US Clout in Latin America] by Howard LaFranchi, ''The Christian Science Monitor'', June 29, 2009.</ref>
But not only the elites. In 2005 [[Oswaldo Payá]] collected over 10,000 signatures required by [[Cuba]]'s constitution to be able to ask for a Constitutional amendment, in what was known as the [[Varela Project]]. The [[Cuban National Assembly]] amended the Constitution causing the above mentioned clause to be retired, thus closing the doors to any future amendment[[http://www.oswaldopaya.org/es/2009/05/12/the-varela-project-on-the-path-to-change/]]. This was followed by a massive crackdown of dissidents[[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250082003?open&of=ENG-CUB]].


===United States interventionism===
===United States interventionism===

Revision as of 02:03, 6 July 2009

Politics of Honduras
Executive
Legislative
Judiciary
Administrative divisions
Elections
Political parties
Foreign relations
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs
    Minister: Eduardo Enrique Reina

The 2009 Honduran coup d'état began on June 28, 2009, after President Manuel Zelaya decreed a referendum be held on drafting a new constitution the previous March. Zelaya's referendum was ruled illegal by Honduras' Supreme Court, attorney general, top electoral body, and human-rights ombudsman.[1] Zelaya nonetheless directed the Army Chief to distribute ballots in accordance with its role of assisting the Government of Honduras in conducting elections. After Army chief Romeo Vásquez Velásquez refused to distribute the ballots, Zelaya dismissed him from office; the dismissal was ruled illegal by courts and the Parliament. A detention order, signed June 26 by a Supreme Court judge, ordered the armed forces to detain the president, identified by his full name of José Manuel Zelaya Rosales, at his home in the Tres Caminos area of the capital. It cited him for treason and abuse of authority, among other charges.[2] On June 28, 2009, shortly before polls were due to open, Honduran military forces seized Zelaya, and immediately forced him into exile.[3]

Roberto Micheletti, the speaker of Parliament and next in the presidential line of succession, was sworn in as President by the National Congress.[4]

The United Nations, the Organization of American States[5], and the EU condemned the military coup.

The military's chief lawyer, Colonel Herberth Bayardo Inestroza, stated, "In the moment that we took him out of the country, in the way that he was taken out, there is a crime. Because of the circumstances of the moment this crime occurred, there is going to be a justification and cause for acquittal that will protect us."[6] No foreign governments have recognized the new government and many of them have described the events as a coup d'état,[7] but the interim government said that Zelaya had been arrested in compliance with the Constitution, and that the succession was a completely legal process.[8]

Deputy Attorney General Roy David Urtecho has begun an investigation into why Zelaya was removed from Honduras by force instead of being taken to court.[6]

The Organization of American States suspended Honduras on Saturday, July 4th, after the caretaker government refused to reinstate President Zelaya.[9][10]

Background

Manuel Zelaya, a businessman born into a wealthy Honduras family[11], was elected in 2005 as the candidate of the country's historically powerful Liberal Party.[12] Since taking office, Zelaya's left-leaning economic and social policies have earned him praise from labor unions and civil society groups[12], whereas it alienated him from his own party and a significant part of the Honduran electorate[13], which were particularly upset by Zelaya's unexpected turn to forge a regional alliance with the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas, established by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and other leaders in Latin America as a counter to the trade and security policies sponsored by the United States.[12] Inter American Press Association (IAPA) and the United Nations criticized murders of journalists during Zelaya rule.[14] In 2008, The Organization of American States (OAS) accused Zelaya of imposing "subtle censorship" in Honduras. A study, "Censura sutil en Honduras: abuso de publicidad oficial y otras formas de censura indirecta", was released in September 2008.[15] The The New York Times, reports that much of Zelaya's support is derived from labor unions and the nation's poor, while the middle class and upper class fear he wants to introduce Hugo Chávez’s brand of "socialist populism."[16] According to The Economist, "Mr Zelaya’s presidency has been marked by a rise in crime, corruption scandals and economic populism."[13]

By April 2009, a Mitofsky opinion poll showed that only one in four Hondurans approved of Zelaya, the lowest approval rating of 18 regional leaders.[17]

Constitutional Assembly plans

Honduras' constitutional crisis began on November 11, 2008, when Zelaya announced he was seeking a fourth ballot box to be installed at polling places on November 29, 2009 (alongside presidential, congressional and local elections) on holding a National Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution.[18][19]

In line with the existing constitution, Zelaya would have been ineligible to participate in the November 2009 elections, which would have been held concurrently with the referendum.[20] Honduras’ Supreme Electoral Tribunal declared Zelaya’s poll to be illegal.[21]The poll was ruled illegal by the Supreme Court and attorney general.[1]

Manuel Zelaya

The intended consultative poll was rejected by Congress, the attorney general, and the top electoral body, and ruled illegal by the Supreme Court.[22] The Constitution can only be modified by a two-thirds majority of Congress. Furthermore, certain core articles of the Constitution are "set in stone" and cannot be modified, either by Congress or by a referendum.[23] Furthermore, to prevent continuismo, Honduras’ Constitution Article 239 explicitly prescribes:[24],

"No citizen who has already served as head of the Executive Branch can be President or Vice-President. Whoever violates this law or proposes its reform, as well as those that support such violation directly or indirectly, will immediately cease in their functions and will be unable to hold any public office for a period of 10 years."

Opposition to plan

On June 23, 2009 the National Congress passed a law forbidding holding referenda and plebiscites less than 180 days before the next general election; as the next elections are set for 29 November 2009. Since this bill was passed after the referendum was scheduled, Zelaya rejected its applicability to this case. This bill would also be an impediment to the referendum Micheletti suggested to let the electorate decide whether or not to let Zelaya return.[25]

Congress had begun discussing how to impeach Zelaya.[26] Congress, including most of Zelaya's own party, had voted for an urgent investigation of whether Zelaya had violated the constitution and even whether he was "mentally incapable" to hold office.[27] Zelaya responded to the Congress President Roberto Micheletti, a member of the same party who has since been sworn in as President in his stead, by saying "What's with you, Roberto. I was elected by the people, not the congress. How would you make me ineligible, you're a lousy second-rate congressman who got your post because I gave you space in my party."[27]

File:Roberto micheletti.jpg
Roberto Micheletti

The military is in charge of security and logistics in elections in Honduras. Zelaya asked them to perform their election role for the referendum, but the head of the military command, General Romeo Vásquez Velásquez, refused the order to pass out the election materials, brought from Venezuela[28], because the Supreme Court ruled the referendum to be illegal and unconstitutional. Zelaya subsequently removed him from his position but the Honduran Supreme Court unanimously ordered the General reinstated. Tribunal member David Matamoros affirmed the Electoral Tribunal’s support for the military's action.[21] Zelaya staged a protest at an air force base and led a citizen march to take possession of the referendum materials stored there, which were then guarded by the national police.[29]

The Supreme Court, the Congress, and the military recommended that voters stay home because the referendum would be neither fair nor safe to voters. The National Human Rights Commissioner, Ramón Custodio, said "I would tell the people to stay calmly at home in order not to get involved in any incident or any violence by going to vote 'no,' because they might be assaulted by these mobs," referring to Zelaya's supporters.

Overthrow of Zelaya

Orders for Zelaya's detention

On Saturday June 25, the Honduran Attorney General issued an arrest warrant against Zelaya.[30] On June 26, 2009, after an extended secret investigation, the Honduran Supreme Court unanimously issued a sealed order for the capture of José Manuel Zelaya Rosales for “acting against the government, treason, abuse of authority, and usurpation of power,” and detention at his home in the Tres Caminos area of Tegucigalpa.[31] These orders were not made public at the time.

Zelaya's detention

Soldiers stormed the presidential palace in Tegucigalpa early in the morning of 28 June, disarming the presidential guard, waking Zelaya and putting him on a plane to Costa Rica. Colonel Bayardo said “It was a fast operation. It was over in minutes, and there were no injuries, no deaths. We said, ‘Sir, we have a judicial order to detain you.’ We did it with respect.” [32] Tanks patrolled the streets and military planes flew overhead. Soldiers guarded the main government buildings. The government television station and a television station that supports the president were taken off the air. Television and radio stations broadcast no news. [16] In Costa Rica, Zelaya told the pan-Latin American channel TeleSUR that he had been awoken by gunshots. Masked soldiers took his cellphone, shoved him into a van and took him to an air force base, where he was put on a plane. He said he did not know that he was being taken to Costa Rica until he landed at the airport in San José. "[16]

Within several hours of his removal, Zelaya spoke to media in San José, Costa Rica, calling the events "a coup" and "a kidnapping." He stated that soldiers pulled him from his bed and assaulted his guards. Zelaya stated that he would not recognize anyone named as his successor, that he would be meeting with diplomats and that he wanted to finish his term in office.[33]

Later that day, the Supreme Court issued a statement that it had ordered the army to remove Zelaya from office.[3] The Supreme Court stated "The armed forces, in charge of supporting the constitution, acted to defend the state of law and have been forced to apply legal dispositions against those who have expressed themselves publicly and acted against the dispositions of the basic law".[34] On June 30, the military's chief lawyer, Colonel Herberth Bayardo Inestroza Membreño, showed a detention order, signed June 26 by a Supreme Court judge, which ordered the armed forces to detain the president, identified by his full name of José Manuel Zelaya Rosales, at his home in the Tres Caminos area of the capital. It cited him for treason and abuse of authority, among other charges.[2] Colonel Inestroza later stated that deporting Zelaya did not comply with the court order: "In the moment that we took him out of the country, in the way that he was taken out, there is a crime. Because of the circumstances of the moment this crime occurred, there is going to be a justification and cause for acquittal that will protect us."[6] He said the decision was taken by the military leadership "in order to avoid bloodshed".[35]

Zelaya's replacement

The National Congress unanimously voted to accept what they said was Zelaya's letter of resignation. [36] Zelaya has said he did not write the letter. Later the Congress voted unanimously to remove Zelaya for "manifest irregular conduct" and "putting in present danger the state of law." By a show of hands, the National Congress then elected the President of the National Congress Roberto Micheletti, a member of Zelaya's party, as President to succeed Zelaya.[37]

File:2009 Honduras political crisis 6.jpg
A Venezuelan document regarding the signature on the supposed letter of resignation broadcasted by TeleSUR. It compares the signature of Zelaya in the letter of resignation and Zelaya's signature in the document of adhesion of Honduras in the ALBA.

Acting President Roberto Micheletti ordered a 48-hour curfew which began on Sunday night (June 28) and ended on Tuesday (June 30). Originally the curfew ran from 9:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.[38] That curfew was later revised to be in effect from 10 pm to 5 am, and has been extended twice and is currently scheduled to end on July 7.[39] Also on July 1, the National Congress issued an order (decreto ejecutivo N° 011-2009) at the request of Micheletti suspending four constitutional guarantees during the hours the curfew is in effect.[40]

Other detentions

According to Venezuela's ambassador to the OAS, the ambassadors of Cuba, Venezuela and Nicaragua were taken into custody by the military and transported to the airport.[41] Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez stated that the Venezuelan ambassador was assaulted by Honduran soldiers and left by the side of a road.[42]

Also, allies of Zelaya, among them several government officials, have been taken into custody by the military.[43] Foreign Minister Patricia Rodas and the mayor of the city San Pedro Sula, Rodolfo Padilla Sunseri, have been detained at military bases.[16] Several congressmen of the Democratic Unification Party (PUD) have been rounded up, too, and their party's presidential candidate César Ham is allegedly hiding in a secure location.[44] Tomás Andino Mencías, a member of the party, reports that PUD lawmakers have been led away by the military when they tried to enter the parliament building for the vote on Micheletti's deposal.[45] A dozen former ministers from the Zelaya government went into in hiding, some in foreign embassies, fearing arrest.[46]

Hugo Chávez and Cuban Foreign Minister Bruno Rodríguez have both separately claimed that Honduran Foreign Minister Patricia Rodas has been detained by the Honduran military. Rodríguez said that the Cuban, Venezuelan and Nicaraguan ambassadors to Honduras had tried but were unable to protect Rodas from a group of masked soldiers who forcibly took her from their grasp.[47] Rodas was sent to Mexico, which offered her asylum and help to resolve the situation.[48]

Protests

A clash between pro-Zelaya protesters and Honduran armed forces.

A group of around 150 people that supported Zelaya gathered outside the building in protest, throwing stones at soldiers and shouting "traitors, traitors".[41][49] According to the New York Times, "several thousand protestors supporting the (ousted) president faced off against soldiers outside the presidential palace, burning tires."[16] For several hours on Sunday, electricity and communications in the capital Tegucigalpa were interrupted.[43]

Thousands of anti-Zelaya demonstrators gathered peacefully in the main square.[50]

The nation’s Congress approved a decree on July 1 that applied during an overnight curfew and allowed security forces to arrest people at home and hold them for more than 24 hours.[51] The Washington Post reported that the "new Honduran government clamped down on street protests and news organizations [July 1st] as lawmakers passed an emergency decree that limits public gatherings following the military-led coup that removed President Manuel Zelaya from office." The decree also allowed for suspects to be detained for 24 hours and continued a nighttime curfew.

Media war

The broadcast of some news media, including a Venezuelan station, were restricted in Honduras on June 29. Members of the military reportedly shut down at least one radio station and halted TV transmission of teleSUR and CNN en Español.[52] Associated Press reporters have been arrested. The Miami Herald reported on July 1, that broadcasting stations are friendly to the new government.[53]

According Venezuelan sources, Venezuelan TeleSUR journalist Adriana Sívori, who was in Tegucigalpa reporting the clashes between the police and protesters, was arrested by the military under threat, and had her passport apprehended. As soon as the international community learned of the detention, and after the quick intervention of the Venezuelan ambassador in Honduras, the journalist and the staff who accompanied her were released. Sívori was reportedly assaulted by the soldiers who detained her. TeleSUR was, until the detention and quick release of journalist Sívori, the only channel that was broadcasting live on all developments in the political crisis.[54]

According to Diario El Tiempo, there was also some information that the newspaper Diario El Tiempo had been prohibited to broadcast information about the developments. Canal 11 located in Colonia de Miramontes was also prohibited to broadcast information about the developments. The Cable Color buildings, which also broadcasts programming of CNN and TeleSUR, were surrounded by military forces.[55]

According to a press release published on the website of Radio Globo Honduras, a station which has long sided with Zelaya,[56] a group of 60 soldiers took the radio off the air and the employees, including Alejandro Villatoro, were allegedly threatened and intimidated. The station was allowed to resume transmission, but staff had to follow some rules which they believed limited freedom of expression.[57] It was said also that CNN in Spanish had interruptions of its transmission. The website of the radio was down but has been re-established. Alejandro Villatoro said that he was arrested and kidnapped for some hours by the military forces.[58]

"Honduras’ two leading radio networks, Radio América and Radio HRN, have urged Hondurans to resume their normal routine and not to protest."[59] Honduran newspaper La Prensa reported on 30 June that an armed group of Zelaya supporters, attacked La Prensa's main headquarters by throwing stones and other objects at their windows, until police intervened. According to the paper, it was discovered that the group was led by Venezuelan and Nicaraguan nationalities.[60]

Media outlets complained that the government ordered them not to report any news or opinion that could "incite" the public. News organizations in Honduras were polarized. Journalists working for small independent media—or for those loyal to Zelaya—reported being harassed by officials.[46]

Developments

June 28

Pro-Zelaya protesters marching in Tegucigalpa

On Sunday night, Reuters reported that hundreds of pro-Zelaya protestors, some masked and wielding sticks, set up barricades of chain link fences and downed billboards in the center of Tegucigalpa and blocked roads to the presidential palace. Reuters witnesses heard gunshots outside the presidential palace that apparently came after a truck arrived at the protest, and an ambulance also appeared. It was not clear who fired the shots. One witness said shots were fired only in the air and there were no initial reports of injuries.[61]

Late at night on Sunday, June 28, Zelaya and Foreign Minister Rodas flew to Managua, Nicaragua, to attend a meeting the next day of the Central American Integration System. Also planning to attend the meeting were several heads of state of the Rio Group and ALBA including Hugo Chávez and Felipe Calderón.[62] At the meeting, the presidents of Central America agreed to freeze all official payments and loans to Honduras.[63]

June 29

A small fire started by pro-Zelaya protesters[citation needed]

Protests continued the following Monday. Around 1,500 pro-Zelaya protesters taunted soldiers and burned tires just outside the gates of the presidential palace in a face-off with security forces.[64] CNN reported that although the military had fired tear gas into the crowd at some point, the day was "generally calm" in Honduras.[65] Two people were reportedly killed as a result of clashes between protesters and soldiers. Juan Barahona, leader of the United Workers Federation, claimed soldiers opened fire on the crowds with live ammunition.[66] News media remained off air, replaced by tropical music, soap operas, and cooking shows. Reporters Without Borders condemned the "news blackout" and Reuters reported the use of Twitter to beat the censorship.[67]

President of the Honduran Peace Committee, Dr. Juan Almendares, speaking 29 June on Democracy Now! said: the military are taking repressive actions against some members of the legitimate government of President Zelaya and also popular leaders. He claimed that there is "effectively" a national strike of workers, people, students and intellectuals.[68]

Zelaya announced in Managua on Monday night that he would be returning to Tegucigalpa on Thursday, July 2. He also invited fellow Latin American leaders, including OAS general secretary José Miguel Insulza, to accompany him on his return.[69] The new foreign minister of Honduras, Enrique Ortez, said that Insulza and any other presidents would be welcome but that Zelaya would not be allowed to enter.[70]

In one of the protests, about 2000 pro-Zelaya protestors marched to the Pacific from La Colonia Las Brisas de Comayaguela to Boulevard Juan Pablo Segundo, in Tegucigalpa. The march was organized by employees of Zelaya's government and workers' groups.[71]

There were also protests in San Pedro Sula in which the Bloque Popular and more pro-Zelaya protesters asked for the restitution of Zelaya to power.[71]

June 30

Pressure on the new government continued to grow as the United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution which called for the reinstatement of Zelaya as the President of Honduras. Zelaya spoke in front of the General Assembly where he was applauded several times. In his speech, Zelaya promised not to seek another term as President and said that he would not accept a second term if he were asked to serve again.[72] After the UN session, Zelaya then headed to Washington, D.C., where he was going to attend an emergency meeting of the Organization of American States General Assembly convened under the Inter-American Democratic Charter to discuss the crisis. In Washington, Zelaya was scheduled to meet with United States Assistant Secretary of State Thomas Shannon.[73]

Meanwhile, Honduran Attorney General Luis Alberto Rubi announced that Zelaya would "immediately" be arrested if he returned to Honduras, where legal officials have accused him of 18 crimes including "treason" and "abuse of authority."[74]

Anti-Zelaya demonstrators; one holds a sign warning against Hugo Chávez, Zelaya and Daniel Ortega

Pro-Zelaya protests continued on Tuesday, June 30. Union leaders announced a nationwide strike and estimated that up to 10,000 pro-Zelaya protesters were marching in Tegucigalpa and around the country.[74]

Tuesday also saw the first rally in support of Zelaya's removal take place in the capital, as thousands of Zelaya opponents took to the main square. Roberto Micheletti made an appearance and said that the November general elections will be held as scheduled and that a new president will be sworn in on January 27, 2010. Micheletti also had strong words for the crowd: "They told me a few people with leftist intentions would try to scare us, but not the brave men and women of our nation," as sympathizers responded with chants of "Democracy! Democracy!".[75] General Romeo Vásquez Velásquez also attended and spoke at the rally.[76]

The World Bank announced that it would stop disbursing loans of up to $270 million U.S. dollars to Honduras until the political situation stabilizes.[77]

July 1

File:Marcha La Ceiba Julio 01 2009.JPG
Anti-Zelaya protesters marching in La Ceiba

The Organization of American States General Assembly agreed on Wednesday to a resolution which "condemns vehemently" Zelaya's removal and gives Honduras three days to restore Zelaya to the presidency or face possible suspension from the group.[78] Zelaya then announced that he would postpone his planned return, which was initially scheduled for Thursday, July 2. Instead, he would wait until the OAS deadline runs out, and then return to his country.[79] The United States also said it would wait until the deadline ran out before considering what to do about US aid to Honduras, which by law must be cut off if a head of state is overthrown in a coup.[80] After the OAS meeting in Washington, Zelaya flew to Panama City in order to attend Ricardo Martinelli's inauguration as President of Panama.[81]

Zelaya plans to return to Honduras with a delegation of Latin American leaders, including the Presidents of Argentina and Ecuador. Venezuela's President Hugo Chávez said that if there was aggression against the delegation, military action by the United Nations might be warranted.[82]

Meanwhile, Interim President Roberto Micheletti reiterated that Zelaya would be arrested as soon as he were to step foot in the country. In an interview with the Associated Press, Micheletti said that only a foreign invasion could restore Zelaya as president. "(Zelaya) can no longer return to the presidency of the republic unless a president from another Latin American country comes and imposes him using guns. I was appointed by Congress, which represents the Honduran people. Nobody can make me resign unless I break the laws of the country," said Micheletti.[79]

Micheletti later announced at a press conference that a delegation representing the new government would travel to Washington on Wednesday to meet with the OAS. The delegation would explain to OAS General Secretary José Miguel Insulza "what really happened" in Honduras, according to Micheletti.[83] However, Insulza said about this that he has not programed any meeting with them.[84] The Assistant Secretary General of the OAS, Albert Ramdin, said he would not receive the new Honduran Chancellor and envoy of Micheletti Enrique Ortiz Colindres.[85]

Some members of the Honduran Congress said that they were discussing ways of reaching a compromise among themselves that would reinstate Zelaya. They warned, however, that such a deal could be a hard sell, given the widespread opposition to Zelaya in Congress.[86]

Both pro- and anti-Zelaya demonstrations continued throughout the country. The largest anti-Zelaya rally occurred in Choluteca, which received heavy coverage by the Honduran press. The pro-Zelaya protests were largely ignored by the same media outlets.[87] Pro-Zelaya protesters claim that the authorities are trying to prevent them from converging to protest, while allowing pro-coup demonstrators easy access to popular places for demonstrations.[87]

The pro-Zelaya protesters have been targeting a Burger King franchise in central Tegucigalpa that is owned by Micheletti supporters. The restaurant has been looted several times.[87] Also, several hundred pro-Zelaya student activists erected barricades of boulders, signposts and metal sheeting near the presidential palace. They covered their faces with bandanas and carried bats, branches and gasoline-filled bottles. Eventually however the activists removed the barricades and joined a larger, peaceful protest.[87]

Also on July first, the National Congress issued an order (decreto ejecutivo N° 011-2009) at the request of Micheletti suspending four constitutional guarantees during the hours the curfew is in effect.[40] These include articles 69, 71, 78, and 81 of the constitution. Article 69 guarantees the right of personal freedom. Article 71 requires being brought before a judge within 24 hours of being arrested. Article 78 provides for the freedom to associate with others, and article 81 provides for freedom of movement and the right to remain in the country.

July 2

The new Honduran government clamped down on street protests and news organizations Wednesday as lawmakers passed an emergency decree that limits public gatherings following Zelaya's arrest.[88]

More marches against Zelaya and in favor of the new government were carried out in Tegucigalpa. The anti-Zelaya demonstrators, numbering over 10,000 according to the anti-Zelaya newspaper La Prensa, chanted against Zelaya, Hugo Chávez, and foreign interference in Honduran affairs. [89]

In San Pedro Sula, 350 police and military broke up the thousands of pro-Zelaya protesters who where demonstrating in the center of the city with tear gas and water canons and chased protesters for blocks. During the pursuit, some protesters committed acts of vandalism. Xinhua reports at least 2 deaths, 60 injuries, and 270 arrests.[90] El Tiempo notes that among the arrested were bystanders not involved in the demonstration.[91] Police are now stationed in the center of the city to prevent demonstrators from recongregating.

The police announced the arrest of Marcelo Chimirri, ex-manager of the phone company Hondutel, who they accused of corruption. Marcelo Chimirri was appointed head of Hondutel by Zelaya.[92]

The Committee of Relatives of Detained and Disappeared in Honduras (COFADEH), an association for civil rights, said that on Wednesday 1 July, police and military were flattening homes and sequestering people in the communities of Olancho, which is the birthplace of the president in exile, Manuel Zelaya Rosales. The military operations have occurred in communities Guacoca, San Francisco de la Paz, and Salamá Guarizama. The association denounced that the Armed Forces and the Police have unleashed repression against the people of Honduras and all liability for the violations being committed against social leaders, against whom there are arrest warrants, residents, rural communities, students, peasants and workers.[93]

Zelaya, meanwhile, announced to a press conference that he would pardon those involved in the coup when he returns as President of Honduras. "I am a Christian and know how to forgive and pardon. The people of Honduras will not forgive, but from me, in my heart, there is no ill-will towards anyone," he said.[94]

Micheletti's government stated that it is willing to hold this year's presidential election early, and that it might hold a referendum on allowing Zelaya to serve the remainder of his term, although holding such a referendum immediately would be "difficult."[95]

July 3

A video showing the army shooting out pro-Zelaya protestors' bus tires was released on CNN.[96]

There were protests for and against Zelaya in Tegucigalpa. About 100 000[97] people marched asking for the return of Zelaya according to Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias. The pro-Zelaya protesters marched from Universidad Pedagógica Francisco Morazán down the Boulevard Juan Pablo II to Toncontin airport. The protesters against Zelaya concentrated in Plaza La Libertad and the interior of the Casa Presidencial and were organized by Comisión Cívica Democrática.[98][99][100][101][102][103]

Radio Globo Honduras said that when Zelaya was giving a interview to the radio on Wednesday 1 July, the radio was switched off by military forces. There was said also that the military forces are keeping guard on the transmissors of the radio since Sunday 28 June.[104]

The de facto interim government withdraws from the OAS, saying that there is no longer space for Honduras there. New deputy foreign minister Martha Lorena Alvarado said that her government "repudiates" the "unilateral measures" and "unworthy unilateral resolutions".[105]

The Supreme Court of Honduras has rejected a demand by the Organization of American States to reinstate the ousted President, Manuel Zelaya. OAS chief Jose Miguel Insulza was told the court's position was "irreversible" when he met its president for two hours in the capital Tegulcigalpa. Danilo Izaguirre, spokesman for the Supreme Court, confirmed that it had rejected the OAS secretary general's demand. "Insulza asked Honduras to reinstate Zelaya but the president of the court Jorge Rivera categorically answered that there is an arrest warrant for him," he said.[106]

Of the 128 National Congress deputies, 19 have refused to recognize Michelletti as the president of Honduras, with 13 Zelaya deputies of the Liberal Party of Honduras and 6 deputies from Democratic Unification Party.[98][107]

July 4

Archbishop Cardinal Oscar Rodriguez Maradiaga asked Zelaya not to return to Honduras because his return could cause a bloodbath.[108] The Archbishop also read from Article 102 of the Constitution stating that no Honduran can be expatriated or handed over to a foreign State and that he believed that everyone merited an explication of what happened on June 28 and called for dialogue.[109][110] Later that day Zelaya announced he would return to Tegucigalpa on Sunday, accompanied by various presidents and other international representatives, [111] calling on supporters to remain peaceful: "Do not bring weapons. Practice what I have always preached, which is nonviolence. Let them be the ones who use violence, weapons and repression." [112]

In Honduras the protests for and against Zelaya continued. One source reported 200,000 gathered around Toncontin airport in Tegucigalpa awaiting Zelaya's return tomorrow promising not to allow him to be arrested. [113] Another source estimated the crowd at 10,000.[114] There were reports and photos of an elite unit of the police, the Cobras, stationed as sharpshooters in the Toncontin airport tower.[115][116]

OAS Secretary General Jose Miguel Insulza went to Honduras to seek Zelaya’s reinstatement.[117] On receiving the OAS resolution, Honduras' interim president said "the OAS is a political organization, not a court." OAS Secretary Insulza said "there is no disposition of the de facto government ... to modify their position. On the contrary, the Supreme Court version of the facts aims to show a pattern of illegalities in the previous behavior of President Zelaya.” Insulza also noted that despite the claims of the de-facto government to have filed an arrest warrant for Zelaya with Interpol, as of Friday, July 3, no such order had been received by Interpol.[118] The Organization of American States suspended Honduras on Saturday (July 4) after the caretaker government refused to reinstate President Manuel Zelaya.[119]

Nicaraguan representative to the OAS Denis Moncada, noted in an address to the OAS, that the de-facto government of Honduras was developing plans to accuse Nicaragua, Cuba, and Venezuela, of selling arms to the pro-Zelaya faction, and planning to declare followers of Zelaya responsible for the bloodshed they are planning. [120] In a related note, Daniel Ortega, president of Nicaragua, claimed that the de-facto government of Honduras was supporting paramilitary groups infiltrating the existing pro-Zelaya demonstration at Toncontin airport for the purpose of starting a firefight between the protesters and those guarding the airport.[121] Ortega called on the Honduran military to reflect, to not commit a crime against the population because if they do it, the same bloodshed will bury them.[121]

July 5

The Chancellor of the de facto government of Honduras, Enrique Ortez Colindres, announced on local radio that he had given orders that Zelaya's plane not be allowed to enter Honduran airspace.[122] TACA and American airlines suspended flights in and out of Toncontin airport on Sunday, stranding hundreds of passengers.[123] An estimated 20,000 soldiers are guarding the airport.

Radio Globo is quoted as reporting that entities from the highest levels of business, including ex-presidents Carlos Flores Facusee (PLH) and Ricardo Maduro (PNH) have withdrawn their support from Micheletti.[124][125]

According to the Associated Press, Zelaya, accompanied by several ambassadors and the United Nations General Assembly president, departed Washington's Dulles Airport on a small Venezuelan jet, hoping to land in the Honduran capital.[126] Further Associated Press have quoted Zelaya as saying "No one can obligate me to turn around. The constitution prohibits expelling Hondurans from the country. I am returning with all of my constitutional guarantees." But with their safety in the air not guaranteed, Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa pleaded with the Honduran military forces to avoid bloodshed. "If there is violence the whole world must clearly know who is responsible," he said.[127]

After attempting to land without a flight plan filed, Zelaya’s plane was turned back by Honduras' air force.[128] According to Zelaya in an interview with teleSur, the Honduran military blocked his entry by placing obstacles over the airstrip. This was confirmed by television images from CNN, showing military vehicles in the middle of the airstrip. According CNN, Zelaya will land in El Salvador. A pro-Zelaya protest, including some people throwing stones, was able to break through various security cordons to an area near the airport. Stephen Ferry, an international press photographer at the scene, reported seeing government forces attack the protest. "I saw a kid being shot in the head, I think he is dead... There are lots of injured — I don’t know how many. They just opened fire — it was completely unprovoked." [129][130]

New cabinet

The new cabinet so far[131][132][133]

  • Enrique Ortez Colindres, Foreign Minister. He has been Honduran ambassador to the United Nations.
  • Gabriela Núñez, Minister of Finance
  • Desiré Rosales, Minister of Science and Technology
  • Adolfo Lionel Sevilla, Minister of Defense
  • Nicolás Gacía, Minister of Labor
  • Norman Ochoa, Secretary of Natural Resources
  • René Zepeda, Press Relations
  • Germain Leitzelar, Minister without portfolio for Social Affairs and to organize a national dialog
  • Mario Noe VillaFranca, Minister of Health
  • Norman Ochoa, Viceminister of Natural Resources and the Environment (SERNA)
  • Desiree Rosales, Director of Honduran Council of Science and Technology (COHCIT)
  • Sandra Midence, President of Central Bank of Honduras
  • Karen Zelaya, Secretary of International Cooperation (SETCO)
  • Jorge Alberto Rodas Gamero, continues as Security Minister
  • Martha Lorena Alvarado, Vicechanellor
  • Cesar Quezada, Director of Transportation
  • Mirna Castro, Minister of Culture
  • Nelson Willy Mejía, Director de Migración
  • Hernán Banegas, Minister of the Social Investment Fund (FHIS)
  • Rosario Carías, Viceminister of Education
  • Ana Abarca Uclés, Minister of Tourism
  • José Alfredo San Martín, Director of Civil Aviation
  • Justo César Miranda, Minister of Ethnic Groups
  • Jorge Alberto Palma, Director of Institute for Forestry Conservation
  • Miguel Ángel Rodas, Director of the National Telecommunications Commision (CONATEL)
  • Alma Rodas de Fiallos, Director of the National Statistics Institute (INE)

Reactions

From other countries or international bodies

Main article: International reaction to the 2009 Honduran coup d'état

All Latin American nations (with the exception of Honduras), as well as the United States, Spain, France, and others, have publicly condemned the forced removal of Zelaya as undemocratic and most have labelled it as a coup d'état. President Barack Obama of the United States said "We believe that the coup was not legal and that President Zelaya remains the President of Honduras."[52][134] Amongst the stronger reactions, President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez, pledged to "bring down" any replacement government.[135] Americas-based international organizations such as the Organization of American States, Mercosur, and the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas have also condemned the events. Over ten Latin American countries, as well as all European Union countries,[136] agreed to withdraw their ambassadors from Honduras until Zelaya is returned to power.[137] No nation has publicly declared support for the Honduran military's actions or for the new acting President Roberto Micheletti, with the exception of Honduras itself, though Micheletti's government claims to have received support from Israel and Taiwan.[138]

Venezuela has said it would suspend oil shipments, and Honduras's neighbors — El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua—stopped overland trade for 48 hours.[139]

  •  United Nations: A one-page resolution, passed by acclamation in the 192-member body, condemned the removal of Zelaya as a coup and demanded his “immediate and unconditional restoration” as president.[73] The resolution calls "firmly and categorically on all states to recognize no government other than that" of Zelaya.[140]
  •  Americas: The OAS called for an emergency meeting on Sunday,[3][141] where it approved a resolution demanding "the immediate, safe and unconditional return of the constitutional president, Manuel Zelaya."[142] Secretary General José Miguel Insulza called the situation "a military coup."[143] On July 1, 2009, the OAS gave a three-day deadline for the new government to step down and put Zelaya back in power, and threatened to suspend Honduras from the organization if it refused.[144] On July 4, the OAS unanimously suspended Honduras.[145]
  •  Caribbean: In a press release, CARICOM denounced the coup and voiced its concern over the treatment of Honduran and diplomatic officials during the coup. "The Caribbean Community condemns the military action which has interrupted the democratic process in Honduras and which contravenes the principles of the Inter-American Democratic Charter. The Community therefore calls for the immediate reinstatement of President Zelaya."[147]
  • The Association of Caribbean States condemned the coup in a statement and called for Zelaya's reinstatement. Additionally it stated, "we highlight our condemnation of the brutal treatment that Honduras military personnel gave to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Patricia Rodas as well as the Ambassadors of Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela. This situation is a serious violation of International law, and the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations."[148]
  •  Mercosur and  Paraguay: President of Paraguay and current president pro tempore of Mercosur Fernando Lugo condemned the coup and said that no member state of Mercosur will recognize a Honduran government that is not led by Manuel Zelaya. Lugo also called for those behind the coup to be punished by serving prison sentences.[149]
  •  European Union: The European Union called on the Honduran military to release the president and restore constitutional order.[3] The EU decided on July 2 to remove all ambassadors from Honduras.[136]
  • The World Bank: World Bank President Robert Zoellick stated that the World Bank has "paused" all lending for development programs to Honduras, said to be around $80 million for the next fiscal year. Asked under what conditions the World Bank would consider resuming lending to Honduras, Zoellick replied: "It is a situation that is in flux and fluid and in this case we are trying to play a supportive role with the region and its overall goals to restore democracy."[151]
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Analytical theories

Comments by Álvaro Vargas Llosa

Álvaro Vargas Llosa, senior fellow at the Independent Institute, hypothesized in a June 30, 2009 New York Times editorial that the winner in Honduras was Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez. Vargas Llosa remarked that Chávez helped Zelaya "set a trap for the military" and that they "fell for it", in effect "turning an unpopular president who was nearing the end of his term into an international cause célèbre." This fact according to Vargas Llosa now allows the "caudillo" Chávez "to claim the moral high ground", and exploit the situation to make himself the "unlikely champion of Jeffersonian democracy in Latin America."[153]

Preventing Continuismo

Under this theory, the critical issue underlying the removal of President Zelaya is that of continuismo, the propensity of Latin America’s autocratic rulers to perpetuate or continue their power. "The gravest threat to liberty comes from elected populists who are seeking to subject the institutions of the law to their megalomaniac whims."[154] Former Honduran Minister of Culture and lawyer Octavio Sánchez opined: "Continuismo – the tendency of heads of state to extend their rule indefinitely – has been the lifeblood of Latin America's authoritarian tradition."[155] To prevent continuismo and preserve the democratic rule of law, every Latin American country has implemented a strict presidential term limit, though some allow running again after waiting out a term.[156] To prevent continuismo, Honduras’ Constitution Article 239 prescribes:

"No citizen who has already served as head of the Executive Branch can be President or Vice-President. Whoever violates this law or proposes its reform, as well as those that support such violation directly or indirectly, will immediately cease in their functions and will be unable to hold any public office for a period of 10 years."[24][155] (emphasis added)

Sánchez observed: "Zelaya triggered a constitutional provision that automatically removed him from office. [...] Notice that the article speaks about intent and that it also says "immediately" [...] as in "no impeachment needed" [...] The Constitution's provision of instant sanction might sound draconian, but every Latin American democrat knows how much of a threat to our fragile democracies continuismo presents.. . .The instant sanction of the supreme law has successfully prevented the possibility of a new Honduran continuismo.”[155]

It is argued by some observers that this is irrelevant for the wholesale replacement of the constitution through a constitutional assembly.[20]

Socioeconomic inequality

Miguel Tinker Salas, a Latin America specialist at Pomona College, opined in The Christian Science Monitor that the crisis over use of the referendum has its roots in Honduras's cold war era constitution, which he describes as written by the country's "liberal elites," and thus does not provide for referendums. Tinker Salas went on to state, "The referendum is the primary vehicle through which change has occurred in countries like Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia, and the elites know it. They wanted to nip this thing in the bud."[157]

But not only the elites. In 2005 Oswaldo Payá collected over 10,000 signatures required by Cuba's constitution to be able to ask for a Constitutional amendment, in what was known as the Varela Project. The Cuban National Assembly amended the Constitution causing the above mentioned clause to be retired, thus closing the doors to any future amendment[[2]]. This was followed by a massive crackdown of dissidents[[3]].

United States interventionism

Other observers have made note of the fact that Army chief Romeo Vásquez Velásquez and head of the Honduran Air Force General Luis Javier Prince Suazo, are graduates of the U.S. Army School of the Americas, which has raised concerns of possible CIA involvement.[158] Analyst Roberto Lovato expressed this concern to NPR remarking:

"the fact that Vasquez and other coup leaders were trained at the WHINSEC (School of the Americas), which also trained ... other military dictators responsible for the deaths, disappearances, and tortures of hundreds of thousands in Latin America, sends profound chills throughout a region still trying to overcome decades of U.S.-backed militarism."[12]

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  120. ^ "icaragua advierte en la OEA sobre planes macabros de golpistas en Honduras". TeleSUR TV. 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  121. ^ a b "Daniel Ortega: militares buscarán "justificar un baño de sangre" en Honduras". TeleSUR TV. 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  122. ^ "Prohíben entrada a Honduras de avión donde llegará Zelaya". TeleSUR TV. 2009-07-05. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
  123. ^ "Miles de personas se preparan para recibir a Zelaya en su regreso a Honduras". TeleSUR TV. 2009-07-05. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
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  129. ^ "Deadly clash at Honduran airport". www.news.bbc.co.uk. BBC. 2009-07-05. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
  130. ^ Ousted Honduran President Manuel Zelaya prevented from returning
  131. ^ "Asume nuevo Gabinete de Gobierno de Honduras". 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  132. ^ "Juramentado casi todo el gabinete". 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
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  135. ^ "World leaders condemn Zelaya's ouster". France 24. 2009-06-28. Retrieved 2009-06-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  136. ^ a b "EU ambassadors leave Honduras". CBC.ca. 2009-07-02. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
  137. ^ New Honduras Leader Faces Backlash From Coup
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  145. ^ [1]
  146. ^ Chavez threatens military action over Honduras coup by Frank Jack Daniel and Enrique Andres Pretel, Reuters (reprinted by the National Post), June 28, 2009.
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  152. ^ "IADB says pausing loans to Honduras over coup". Reuters. 2009-07-01. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
  153. ^ The Winner in Honduras: Chávez by Álvaro Vargas Llosa, The New York Times, June 30 2009
  154. ^ Llosa, Alvaro Vargas (2009-07-01). "Honduras's Coup Is President Zelaya's Fault". The Washington Post.
  155. ^ a b c Sánchez, Octavio (July 2, 2009). "A 'coup' in Honduras? Nonsense. Don't believe the myth. The arrest of President Zelaya represents the triumph of the rule of law". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  156. ^ Lemos, Charles (2009-07-03). "The Threat of Continuismo". MyDD Direct Democracy. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  157. ^ Honduran Coup Tests Waning US Clout in Latin America by Howard LaFranchi, The Christian Science Monitor, June 29, 2009.
  158. ^ Honduran Coup Leader a Two-Time SOA Graduate by Linda Cooper and James Hodge, National Catholic Reporter, June 29, 2009.

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Analysis

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