Starship Troopers

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Juan Rico flies his powered suit into battle with the Skinnies.

Starship Troopers is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein first published in October and November 1959 as a serial called Starship Soldier in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. The book was released by G.P. Putnam's Sons in December.[1] It received a Hugo Award in 1960, and remains one of the most controversial science fiction novels in history. It is the only science fiction novel that is on the reading list of all four United States military academies,[2] as well as the official reading lists of the United States Army[3] and the United States Marine Corps.[4] [5][6] Starship Troopers has been made into several films and computer games, most famously the 1997 film of the same name by Paul Verhoeven.

Plot synopsis

Starship Soldiers

The novel is narrated by Juan Rico, a young cap trooper in the the Terran Federation Army's Mobile Infantry, a 22nd-century unit that is a combination of the Marine Corps, Airborne forces, and the French Foreign Legion. The book opens with a quick strike mission on a world of the Skinnies, the humanoid allies of the Federation's main foe, the insect-like Arachnids. The story then flashes back to Rico's graduation from high school, and his decision to sign up for Federal Service over the objections of his wealthy industrialist father. After some aptitude testing and preliminary screening, Rico finds himself at a boot camp so rigorous only one percent of the recruits finish basic training. He survives, is assigned to a unit, takes part in a few operations, almost gets killed, goes career, attends Officer Candidate School, is commisioned, and eventually commands his own unit.

Interspersed throughout the book are flashbacks to his high school History and Moral Philosophy course. These flashbacks are in many ways they are the core of the book. In the flashbacks we learn that in the Terran Federation of Rico's day, the rights of a full Citizen (to vote, and hold public office) must be earned through some form of volunteer "military" service. Those residents who have not exercised their right to perform this Federal Service retain the other rights generally associated with a modern democracy (free speech, assembly, etc.), but they cannot vote. This structure arose ad hoc after the collapse of the 20th century western democracies, brought on by both social failures at home and defeat by the Chinese Hegemony overseas.[7]

Background

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Starship Troopers cover (1959)

In 1958, President Dwight Eisenhower was considering a unilateral cessation of nuclear weapon testing, based on a Soviet promise to make it joint. The Heinleins were adamantly opposed, given the Soviet Union’s poor record of promise-keeping, and created the "Patrick Henry League" to drum up support for the U.S. nuclear testing program. Eisenhower suspended nuclear testing. Shortly thereafter, the Soviet Union ignored its promise and resumed testing with some of the largest and “dirtiest” weapons ever detonated. Heinlein was infuriated. He stopped work on the novel that would become Stranger in a Strange Land and wrote Starship Troopers in a white-hot fury. Like most of his novels, it was completed in a few weeks. Although written as a juvenile novel for Scribner’s, following his other immensely successful novels in that series, it was rejected and was eventually published as an adult novel by G.P. Putnam’s Sons. [8]

Characters

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Starship Troopers cover (1961)

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Starship Troopers cover (1968)

From the Heinlein Concordance

Major Characters

• Juan "Johnnie" Rico - Son of a wealthy Filipino family who joined the Mobile Infantry almost on impulse and over his parents' objections. After achieving a rank of corporal and surviving several battles, he entered Officer Candidate School at his commander's urging. He eventually became a captain, commanding a battalion on his original ship, with his father a sergeant under him.

• Sergeant Zim - Career ship's sergeant, Juan Rico's boot camp instructor and platoon leader at Camp Arthur Currie. He became the company commander at Camp Sergeant Spooky Smith. He was Johnnie's platoon sergeant during Operation Royalty, and was given a field commission of brevet captain with the permanent rank of first lieutenant.

• Colonel Dubois - Rico's high school instructor in History and Moral Philosophy. He retired as a lieutenant colonel in the Mobile Infantry after he lost an arm.

• Sergeant Jelal - Career ship's sergeant, Juan Rico's platoon sergeant aboard the Rodger Young and de facto platoon leader after Lt. Rasczak's death. He eventually made captain, but lost his legs. Nicknamed "Jelly", and anyone who had made one combat drop could call him that to his face.

• Ted Hendrick - Mobile Infantry recruit who questioned the need to learn knife-throwing. Because of later offenses, he was court-martialed for disobeying orders and striking a superior, and was sentenced to ten lashes and a Bad Conduct Discharge.

• Lieutenant Rasczak - Juan Rico's platoon leader In the Rodger Young. His platoon always called him "the Lieutenant", in tones of awe. He died in a drop after rescuing two of his soldiers; he was the only one in that raid who didn't make the retrieval boat. His platoon, kept the name Rasczak's Roughnecks after his death.

Minor Characters

• N. L. Dillinger - Mobile Infantry recruit who deserted service. He was hanged for murdering a baby girl after kidnapping her for ransom. The trial was handled by the Infantry rather than the civil judiciary.

• Fleet Sergeant Ho - Federal Service recruiting officer who swore in Juan Rico and Carl. He was "on display" with legs and right arm missing. Johnnie met him after hours and learned that he wore prosthetics except when on duty, the missing limbs being intended to impress prospective recruits with the seriousness of their decision.

• Emilio Rico - Juan Rico's father, a wealthy Filipino businessman. He opposed Johnnie's plans to join the Mobile Infantry, but after the Bug War began and his wife died, he himself joined and eventually became a platoon sergeant.

• Major Reid - Juan Rico's History & Moral Philosophy teacher at Officer Candidate School.

Politics

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Starship Troopers cover (1980s)

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Starship Troopers cover (1999)

Politics is a significant subject in the novel, taking up a greater part of the story than the scientific or technical aspects. "Johnnie" Rico argues political points in his narration and quotes his teachers (a military officer and a veteran). The novel presents a very favorable view of the purposefulness and order of military life and disgust with the slack, individualistic, and purposeless life of "civilians". Many fans regard the book as one of the best literary descriptions of the positive aspects of military service (notably the strong bonds between soldiers).

In the future world of the novel, most or all of humanity is united under a single federal government. Only those who have volunteered for federal service (in the military or otherwise) are permitted to vote, hold political office, and hold certain jobs, such as police work. (Heinlein later denied that military service was the only way to earn the franchise and claimed that the novel made this point explicitly, several times. However, this issue is still controversial among even the book's defenders, and some commentators have declared, based on a careful reading of the text, that Heinlein is simply wrong on this point.)

Volunteering is open to anyone who has reached his or her eighteenth birthday and is competent to understand the oath. The text states several times that "non-citizens" are neither oppressed nor shorted on rights, aside from those mentioned above. It should also be noted that a person does not gain the right to vote while in the federal service, only afterward — active-duty military members cannot vote, but veterans can. The point of this hypothetical form of Meritocracy is that only those who have bled or suffered for the right to vote should be allowed to vote. ("That which is earned through blood sweat and tears will always be cherished over that which is given")

Starship Troopers also takes other strongly disputed positions. It glorifies the military. The society portrayed uses corporal punishment in childrearing, school, civilian criminal matters, and enforcement of military discipline. Capital punishment applies to more crimes than in the United States at the book's period. These aspects of the novel make it highly controversial, with numerous detractors comparing the society to fascism and even interpreting the book as thinly disguised, expertly written fascist propaganda.

But the political system described in the book is unlike fascism in many ways. The society (and army) described are multiracial, multi-religious (except presumably for pacifistic religions in the military), and multi-ethnic — the protagonist Juan Rico is Filipino (a fact which is not explicitly shown until the very end of the book), while others in his training group are American, Armenian, Japanese, German, and Turkish or Arab, and one or two have recognizably Jewish last names (though the "our people" aspect of fascism could be viewed at the level of humanity, with the Bugs serving as the subhuman 'other'). The government is not totalitarian. There is freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of conscience. There is no visible melding of the interests of government and capital.

Whatever may be read into Heinlein's opinions on these points, his express claim is that the novel is an exploration of the question "why men fight" and that it leaves many unanswered questions. Probably the single most important political subject explicitly explored in the novel (and defended by at least the characters doing the exploring, if not by Heinlein himself) is the idea that authority and responsibility must be equal and coordinated, the alternative being that their imbalance throws a society into disequilibrium and chaos.

Heinlein also expresses his views on communism in the novel, written during one of the most frigid points in the Cold War. He blasts notable views of Karl Marx, such as the labor theory of value, through speeches by a "History and Moral Philosophy" teacher. (Heinlein's views were closest to what came to be known as libertarianism: he loathed communism and fascism in equal measure, and indeed considered them two sides of the same coin.) However, he does concede that communism fails only because of human nature. The Bugs are a purely communist society, and indeed for the insectoid drones, communism is the ideal way of life. Heinlein repeatedly makes the point in the book that (in the words of one of the characters): "correct morality can only be derived from what man is—not from what do-gooders and well-meaning Aunt Nellies would like him to be". Indeed, Johnnie's history teacher criticizes as unrealistic the famous passage of the U.S. Declaration of Independence about "unalienable rights".

Controversy

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Image from Dark Horse Comics Starship Troopers: Dominant Species which brought back the power suits and canine corps.

As mentioned above, many critics have attacked Starship Troopers as promoting fascism. In the book, the historical origins of the militaristic government are given as follows:

"With national governments in collapse at the end of the XXth century, something had to fill the vacuum, and in many cases it was the returned veterans. They had lost a war, most of them had no jobs, many were sore as could be over the terms of the Treaty of New Delhi, especially the P.O.W. foul-up - and they knew how to fight. But it wasn't revolution; it was more like what happened in Russia in 1917 - the system collapsed; somebody else moved in.

"The first known case, in Aberdeen, Scotland, was typical. Some veterans got together as vigilantes to stop rioting and looting, hanged a few people (including two veterans) and decided not to let anyone but veterans on their committee. Just arbitrary at first - they trusted each other a bit, they didn't trust anyone else. What started as an emergency measure became constitutional practice in a generation or two." (Heinlein, Starship Troopers, 1959)

The situation and response described above has some parallels with the development of the Freikorps after World War I, which fought the Poles as portions of the former German Empire were handed over to the new Republic of Poland. Veterans of these military units later contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler. The fictional "Treaty of New Delhi" might be compared to the Treaty of Versailles. However, this situation also has parallels with the United States prior to the constitutional convention of 1787 (see also Shay's Rebellion and the Society of the Cincinnati).

However, Heinlein's supporters note that the society is extremely tolerant of other cultures, religions, and even the handicapped. It does not have any of the defining characteristics of fascism, such as totalitarian restrictions on personal freedom, or a close partnership between government and capital. It is run not by a fuehrer or a duce but through a democracy, albeit one with a restricted franchise.

Nonetheless, even if Heinlein was ignorant of history, other critics are not so sparing, considering the large audiences his books reached, and the fact that these readers may be equally ignorant of history. In particular, the sci-fi author Michael Moorcock went so far as to write an essay in which he takes Heinlein (along with many other writers) to task for this. As he writes:

If I were sitting in a tube train and all the people opposite me were reading Mein Kampf with obvious enjoyment and approval it probably wouldn't disturb me much more than if they were reading Heinlein...In Starship Troopers we find a slightly rebellious cadet gradually learning that wars are inevitable, that the army is always right, that his duty is to obey the rules and protect the human race against the alien menace. It is pure debased Ford out of Kipling and it set the pattern for Heinlein's more ambitious paternalistic, xenophobic (but equally sentimental) stories which became for me steadily more hilarious until I realised with some surprise that people were taking them as seriously as they had taken, say, Atlas Shrugged a generation before -- in hundreds of thousands!" (Moorcock, Starship Stormtroopers, Cienfuegos Press Anarchist Review, 1978).

So many commentators on Starship Troopers have used the Nazi analogy that two of the corollaries of Godwin's Law sarcastically state that once Heinlein is brought up during online debates, it is inevitable that someone will compare the book's society to Nazi Germany.

Military Aspects

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Command Suit-A and Jumpsuit with Flamethrower from Uchû no Senshi (1988).

For science fiction fans, the novel popularized the concept of the powered armor exoskeleton in the form of the powered armor suits of the Mobile Infantry soldiers. These suits were manipulated by the wearer's own movements but also powered to augment the actions. The soldier could, for example, jump upwards, and the powered leg joints would launch him off the ground while rockets kicked in for further propulsion. Dropped from orbit in individual egg-shaped heat shields, the troopers would parachute into enemy territory for quick hit-and-run operations. Armed with a significant arsenal including high-explosive rocket launchers and flame throwers (and occasionally nuclear weapons), the Mobile Infantry soldier had an arsenal that made him a one-man tank, but skills comparable to a modern-day fighter pilot.

In many fans' opinion, the book's major creative feat is the rigorous and coherent invention and depiction of the use of heavy infantry delivered to planetary surfaces for operations designed not only to serve diplomatic purposes (i.e. terror operations) but also to take and hold positions for intelligence gathering. The concept of Mobile Infantry, whose basic element is the single trooper, highly trained, encased in an armored suit, and delivered to the area of operations in a disposable re-entry pod, is unprecedented in literature, both military and otherwise.

The weapons systems, tactics, training, and all other aspects of this futuristic elite force are completely envisioned, from the function of the armored suits to the training of personnel to the operational use of the suits in combat. Tactics are described in detail, and the weapons systems are tailored to the operational imperatives laid down by the plot.

Film and animated series

Main articles: Starship Troopers (film), Starship Troopers 2: Hero of the Federation, and Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles

Cover of Uchû no Senshi

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Starship Troopers movie poster

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Starship Troopers 2: Hero of the Federation movie poster

DVD cover of Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles

The first visual adaptation of Starship Troopers was a Japanese three-volume OVA series made in 1988 called Uchû no Senshi. Despite the fact that many liberties were taken with characters and events -- Juan Rico was designed as a blonde in a manner similar to Char Aznable from Gundam -- plotwise, it is considered the most accurate adaptation of the novel.[9]

Paul Verhoeven's 1997 film Starship Troopers was not originally intended to be a Starship Troopers film at all but a film known as Bug Hunt. A friend of Verhoeven pointed out the similiarities between his script and the book however so the license was bought and the script edited to fit more in line with the book. The film takes up the political themes by satirizing the book's attitudes mercilessly, using references from propaganda films such as Triumph of the Will and wartime news broadcasts. However, this satire was embedded in slickly produced action sequences with clever special effects in such a way that the satire went unnoticed by the audience who treated the movie as a simple gung-ho action movie.

The movie did not perform well at the box office: despite its lavish $95-million-plus production budget, it earned only $54 million in the United States on its theatrical release (with $65 million in takings from the non-US market), though its subsequent release on video helped to earn its costs back. Critical reaction to the film was largely negative, and the film was criticized for having characters who were mindless and one-dimensional. (Though it was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects).

The animated series Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles (released in 2000) was closer to the events of the book, such as including the war with the Skinnies, and included more of the characters. However, it focused mostly on combat, and didn't address the political aspects at all. Verhoeven was also a producer for the series, and it used the creature designs from the 1997 movie.

In 2004 a sequel, Starship Troopers 2: Hero of the Federation, directed by Phil Tippett was released—straight to DVD. It had a $7 million dollar budget as opposed to the $95 million of the original. None of the characters from the first movie appear in the second, although actress Brenda Strong portrayed unrelated characters in each.

Interestingly, Verhoeven has unofficially expressed interested in making a "true sequel" to Starship Troopers, although he has not made any announcement or concrete commitment to doing so.[10]

Controversy over Verhoeven's Starship Troopers

A report in an American Cinematographer article contemporaneous with the film's release stated that the Heinlein novel was optioned well into the pre-production period of the film, which had a working title of Bug Hunt at Outpost Nine; most of the writing team reportedly were unaware of the novel at the time. According to the Internet Movie Database, Paul Verhoeven has admitted to never even finishing the novel, claiming he read through the first few chapters and becoming both bored and depressed.[11] This explains both the vast divergence between the two, and the volume of the uproar amongst Heinlein's fans (on Usenet and in other places) when the movie was released. At its premiere in Chicago, Illinois, several viewers sarcastically referred to the film as "Head of the Class Goes to War."

The film was also characterized by a conspicuous absence of anything resembling Heinlein's mechanized Mobile Infantry; troopers wore an unpowered ensemble which seemed to differ only slightly from modern-day SWAT gear. A substantial portion of the soldiers' anatomy was left unprotected, and what little armor was present seemed to be of little use. (Rumor has it that the special effects budget earmarked for the armor had to be diverted to improving the CGI aliens.)

The MI's onscreen military tactics were also found questionable by many. While the majority of the bugs could only pose a threat at extremely close range (a limitation most assuredly not shared by the troopers), the movie's troopers invariably tried to get as close as possible to the bugs, for no other apparent purpose than to allow the bugs' jaws to kill them. The troopers lacked appropriate weapons: The bugs could not have fought an army equipped with tanks, flame throwers, napalm, anti-personnel mines, or rapid-fire chain-guns.Further more they did not make effective use of the weapons they did have, since they could easily have wiped out the bugs with a single mini-nuke, while they were massing. Troop movement was disorganized: soldiers ran as a loose crowd, failed to form defensive lines, and ran at the first anonymous cry of retreat. When attacking Bugs, soldiers didn't kneel or go prone for greater stability when firing, nor do they ever seem to aim before shooting, possibly because sights are conspicuously absent on their rifles. Overall military discipline was not in evidence. The logical necessity of the Mobile Infantry in most of the movie's sequences is also questionable, since the Federation had the capability to strike without landing ground forces.

The bugs were also altered to be less an alien civilization and more "monsters". Fans of the book were deeply offended by these changes; indeed, they were on the whole deeply offended by the entire movie. This was probably because fans either did not realize Verhoeven's alleged intentions (to parody the society of the story), or, in other cases realized his intentions and were infuriated by them.

Computer and board games

• Starship Troopers was made into a strategy/simulation board game by Avalon Hill in 1976. The design was a straight-forward attempt to bring to life the political-military system described in the book.[12][13]

• In 2005, Starship Troopers, a miniatures wargame explicitly based on the movies and television show, was released by Mongoose Publishing.

Influences

Books

Starship Troopers clearly influenced many later science fiction stories, setting a tone for the military in space, a type of story referred to as military science fiction.

• Peter F. Hamilton's novel Fallen Dragon continues the traditions of exoskeleton-wearing military camaraderie, but in confrontations with human rather than alien societies.

• David Weber and Steve White's In Death Ground and its sequel The Shiva Option describe an interstellar war between an alliance headed by humans and felinoid Orions, and an arachnid species with a caste-like structure like Heinlein's, with the additional diabolical feature that it regards other intelligent life forms as mere food sources. Interestingly enough, this universe also incorporates a number of other facets which are already reminiscent of Starship Troopers: the human government is called the Terran Federation, as it was in Heinlein's novel, and its military is headed by a Sky Marshal, as in Heinlein's novel. Also, the Marines wear powered combat armor.

• John Steakley's novel Armor was, according to the author, born out of frustration with the small amount of actual combat in Starship Troopers and because he wanted this aspect developed further. The themes are similar, it also contains exoskeletons and insect-like aliens.

• John Scalzi's novel Old Man's War is, according to the author (in comments to this blog post), explicitly patterned after Starship Troopers; in the book's acknowledgments, he thanks Heinlein for "debts that have become obvious."

Conversely, Joe Haldeman's antiwar novel The Forever War is popularly thought to be a direct reply to Starship Troopers, though Haldeman has stated that it is rather a result of his personal experiences in the Vietnam War (1998 SciFi.com interview). Haldeman, a twice-wounded combat engineer, has implied that certain perspective differences could be attributed to the fact that Heinlein never served in active combat, having been an Annapolis graduate who was medically discharged from the Navy in the 1930s for a tuberculosis infection and served out WWII doing R&D at the Philadelphia Navy Yard.

One of the most striking commonalities of the two novels is the degree to which military veteran characters in both find themselves estranged from their own culture, alien strangers in a strange land that they paradoxically are willing to die to defend, no matter how much their society looks upon them as oddities. The protagonists of both novels learn to build their own societies amongst their comrades, their brothers in arms.

Harry Harrison's book Bill, the Galactic Hero is often considered a criticism of Heinlein's book, though his other parodies, like Star Smashers of the Galaxy Rangers (1973) also lampooned the military SF typical of Starship Troopers.

Films

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Colonial Marines in Aliens.

• James Cameron's Aliens movie incorporated themes and phrases right out of the novel such as the terms "the drop" and "bug hunt" as well as the cargo-loader exoskeleton. The actors playing the Colonial Marines were required to read Starship Troopers as part of their training prior to filming.
• A large number of works of Japanese anime, such as Mobile Suit Gundam and The Super Dimension Fortress Macross, feature giant human-controlled robots which are deeply influenced by the Mobile Infantry Suits. The anime Blue Gender could be influenced by Starship Troopers as well as the show consists of giant insectoid monsters (the Blue) and mecha similar to the Mobile Infantry Suits called Armored Shrikes.

Computer Games

• Sierra Games' Tribes series of first-person shooter computer games is influenced by the book, most notably in the core gameplay element of rocket-assisted powered armor that allows the combatants to bound over the terrain in giant, arcing leaps. During a training mission in Tribes 2, the training voice uses the phrase "on the bounce", from the novel.

• In the Command & Conquer: Tiberian series, the Global Defense Initiative (GDI) uses drop pods to deliver elite troops from the orbiting command station Philadelphia. The GDI also uses mechanized units, one of which is a powered infantry armor called the "Wolverine".

• In the 1996 Looking Glass Studios computer game Terra Nova: Strike Force Centauri, soldiers use Powered Battle Armor, which behaves much like the suits in Starship Troopers. Various classes of suit exist, used by friendly and enemy forces. A notable difference is that the soldiers are not dropped from orbit, but instead jump from fast low-flying dropships (which may themselves be dropped from orbit from inter-planet transports). There are rumours that Looking Glass originally intended to base the game on Starship Troopers, but could not secure the license, and so developed a new plot.

• Power Armour appears in the Fallout RPG games. The Enclave troopers encountered late in the second game sometimes sing a line from the refrain to the Ballad of Rodger Young, which is prominently featured in Heinlein's novel.
• empire games first person shooter based on the film

Board Games

• Fans of the tabletop wargame Warhammer 40,000 often acknowledge the novel as a major influence. The Space Marine army, with their powered armor and drop pods, are similar to the human marines in the novel. The hierarchical, insectoid Tyranid race closely resembles the novel's "Bugs". The Tyranids, like the "Bugs", have near-mindless footsoldiers and are controlled by a mysterious hive mind. Some fans of the game claim that the Eldar were derived from the "Skinnies", but this connection is tentative considering the "Skinnies" weren't well described by Heinlein, and many of the races from Warhammer 40,000 are obvious correlations to races from Warhammer Fantasy. A pair of Mobile Infantry cosplayers were photographed in Games Workshop's White Dwarf magazine reading up on Imperial Guard tactics for fighting Tyranids.

Editions

• June 1, 1960, Putnam Publishing Group, hardcover, ISBN 0-399-20209-9
• May, 1968, Berkley Medallion Edition, paperback, ISBN 425-02945-X
• January 1984, Berkley Publishing Group, paperback, ISBN 0-425-07158-8
• November 1985, Berkley Publishing Group, paperback, ISBN 0-425-09144-9
• November 1986, Berkley Publishing Group, paperback, ISBN 0-425-09926-1
• May 1, 1987, Ace Books, paperback, 263 pages, ISBN 0-441-78358-9
• October 1, 1995, Buccaneer Books, hardcover, ISBN 1-56849-287-1
• December 1, 1997, Blackstone Audiobooks, cassette audiobook, ISBN 0-7861-1231-X
• July 1, 1998, G. K. Hall & Company, large print hardcover, 362 pages, ISBN 0-7838-0118-1
• October 1, 1999, Sagebrush, library binding, ISBN 0-7857-8728-3
• January 1, 2000, Blackstone Audiobooks, CD audiobook, ISBN 0-7861-9946-6

References

• . ISBN 0-7434-7159-8. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Title= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help) Contains Heinlein's comments on the writing and the politics of Starship Troopers, as well as the polemical speech "The Pragmatics of Patriotism" on the moral basis of the military.

See also

• Militarism
• Mobile Infantry (Starship Troopers)
• Powered armor
• Rodger Young
• Starship Troopers (film)
• Terran Federation

External links

• Starship Troopers title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• The Nature of Federal Service in Starship Troopers by James Gifford. Lists every relevant passage from the book, and assembles a definitive answer to the question.
• Militarism and Utopia in 'Starship Troopers' by Robert Peterson. Argues that Heinlein's Federation is a fascist government.
• Starship Trooperization by James Pinkerton. Discusses the effect of Starship Troopers on the United States military.
• Thoughts on Starship Troopers by Chris Weuve. Examines some of the issues surrounding Heinlein's version and Verhoeven's version.
• SciFi.Com book review by Craig E. Engler.
• Gotterdammerung.Org book review by Branislav L. Slantchev.
• SFReviews.Net book review by T. M. Wagner.