Jump to content

Electronic voting by country: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Undid revision 300670738 by 122.169.167.57 (talk) rm OR? copy of a newspaper article? unreferenced info.
Ogbn (talk | contribs)
99 edits
Line 35: Line 35:
In January 2007 France's [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]] party held a national presidential primary using both remote electronic voting and with 750 polling stations using touch screen electronic voting over the Internet. The election resulted in over 230,000 votes representing a near 70% turnout.<ref>[http://www.election-europe.com/PressReleaseUMP.pdf E-VOTING: French Political Party UMP Makes History!]</ref>
In January 2007 France's [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]] party held a national presidential primary using both remote electronic voting and with 750 polling stations using touch screen electronic voting over the Internet. The election resulted in over 230,000 votes representing a near 70% turnout.<ref>[http://www.election-europe.com/PressReleaseUMP.pdf E-VOTING: French Political Party UMP Makes History!]</ref>


[[Elections in France]] utilized remote Internet voting for the first time in 2003 when French citizens living in the United States elected their representatives to the Assembly of the French Citizens Abroad. Over 60% of voters chose to vote using the Internet rather than paper. The [http://www.foruminternet.org/ Forum des droits sur l'Internet] (Internet rights forum), published a recommendation on the future of electronic voting in France, stating that French citizens abroad should be able to use Internet voting for Assembly of the French Citizens Abroad elections.<ref>[http://www.foruminternet.org/telechargement/documents/reco-evote-en-20030926.pdf WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF ELECTRONIC VOTING IN FRANCE?], The Internet rights forum 26 September 2003</ref>
[[Elections in France]] utilized remote Internet voting for the first time in 2003 when French citizens living in the United States elected their representatives to the Assembly of the French Citizens Abroad. Over 60% of voters chose to vote using the Internet rather than paper. The [http://www.foruminternet.org/ Forum des droits sur l'Internet] (Internet rights forum), published a recommendation on the future of electronic voting in France, stating that French citizens abroad should be able to use Internet voting for Assembly of the French Citizens Abroad elections.<ref>[http://www.foruminternet.org/telechargement/documents/reco-evote-en-20030926.pdf WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF ELECTRONIC VOTING IN FRANCE?], The Internet rights forum 26 September 2003</ref> This recommendation became reality in 2009, with 6000 French citizens choosing to make use of the system.<ref>[http://www.edemocracy-forum.com/2009/07/frencevoting2009.html#more], e-Democracy Forum article on French Internet voting from abroad 10 July 2009</ref>


==Germany==
==Germany==

Revision as of 20:04, 14 July 2009

Main article: electronic voting
Part of a series on
Election technology
Technology
Terminology
Testing
Manufacturers
Related aspects

The following is a list of examples of electronic voting from elections around the world. Examples include polling place voting electronic voting and Internet voting.

Australia

Origin

The first known use of the term CyberVote was by Midac in 1995 when they ran a web based vote regarding the French nuclear testing in the Pacific region. The resulting petition was delivered to the French government on a Syquest removable hard disk. [1]

In October 2001 electronic voting was used for the first time in an Australian parliamentary election. In that election, 16,559 voters (8.3% of all votes counted) cast their votes electronically at polling stations in four places. [2] The Victorian State Government introduced electronic voting on a trial basis for the 2006 State election. [3]

Accessibility

Approximately 300,000 impaired Australians will vote independently for the first time in the 2007 elections. The Australian Electoral Commission has decided to implement voting machines in 29 locations.[4]

Internet voting

In 2007 Australian Defence Force and Defence civilian personnel deployed on operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, Timor Leste and the Solomon Islands had the opportunity to vote via the Defence Restricted Network with an Australian Electoral Commission and Defence Department joint pilot project. [5] After votes were recorded, they were encrypted and transmitted from a Citrix server to the REV database A total of 2012 personnel registered for and 1511 votes were successfully cast in the pilot,[6] costing an estimated $521 per vote.[7] Electronically submitted votes were printed following polling day, and dispatched to the relevant Divisions for counting.[7]

Belgium

Electronic voting in Belgium started in 1991. It is widely used in Belgium for general and municipal elections and has been since 1999.

Brazil

Electronic voting in Brazil was introduced in 1996, when the first tests were carried in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Since 2000, all Brazilian elections have been fully electronic. By the 2000 and 2002 elections more than 400 thousand electronic voting machines were used nationwide in Brazil and the results were tallied electronically within minutes after the polls closed.[2] Joao Abud Jr. who was with the original Brazilian company and has served as president of Diebold Procom Industria Electronica since April 2003, has been promoted to vice president of the company's Latin American Division.

Canada

Main article: Electronic voting in Canada

It is a common misconception that there is no electronic voting in Canada. While the federal elections still use paper ballots, electronic voting technology has been used since at least the 1990s at the municipal level in some cities, and there are increasing efforts in a few areas to introduce it at a provincial level. Today optical scan voting systems and Internet voting are common.

Estonia

Electronic voting in Estonia began in October 2005 local elections when Estonia became the first country to have legally binding general elections using the Internet as a means of casting the vote and was declared a success by the Estonian election officials.

In 2007 Estonia held its and the world's first National Internet election. Voting was available from February 26 to 28.[8] A total of 30,275 citizens used Internet voting.[9]

EU CyberVote Project

In September 2000, the European Commission launched the CyberVote project with the aim of demonstrating "fully verifiable on-line elections guaranteeing absolute privacy of the votes and using fixed and mobile Internet terminals".[2] Trials were performed in Sweden, France, and Germany.[10]

Finland

Internet-enabled DRE machines, supplied by the company Scytl,[11] were piloted in the October 2008 municipal elections in three municipalities (Karkkila, Kauniainen and Vihti). While the government still considers the pilot program a success[12], 232 voters encountered a usability flaw resulting in their votes not being registered.[12] Because of the uncounted votes, the Supreme Administrative Court of Finland ordered new elections in these municipalities.[13]

France

In January 2007 France's UMP party held a national presidential primary using both remote electronic voting and with 750 polling stations using touch screen electronic voting over the Internet. The election resulted in over 230,000 votes representing a near 70% turnout.[14]

Elections in France utilized remote Internet voting for the first time in 2003 when French citizens living in the United States elected their representatives to the Assembly of the French Citizens Abroad. Over 60% of voters chose to vote using the Internet rather than paper. The Forum des droits sur l'Internet (Internet rights forum), published a recommendation on the future of electronic voting in France, stating that French citizens abroad should be able to use Internet voting for Assembly of the French Citizens Abroad elections.[15] This recommendation became reality in 2009, with 6000 French citizens choosing to make use of the system.[16]

Germany

In Germany the only accredited voting machines after testing by the PTB for national and local elections are the ESD1 and ESD2 from the Dutch company Nedap. About 2000 of them have been used in the 2005 Bundestag elections covering approximately 2 million voters.[17] These machines differ only in certain details due to different voting systems from the ES3B hacked by a Dutch citizen group and the Chaos Computer Club on October 5, 2006.[18][19] Because of this, additional security measures have been applied in the municipality elections on 22. October 2006 in Cottbus, including reading the software from the EPROM to compare it with the source and sealing the machines afterwards.[20] The city of Cottbus ultimately decided not to purchase the Nedap voting system it had previously been leasing.[21]

At the moment there are several lawsuits in court against the use of electronic voting machines in Germany.[22][23] One of these reached the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany in February 2007.[24] Critics cite a lack transparency when recording the votes as intended by the voter and concerns relating to recounts. The certified Nedap machines are DRE systems which do not produce any paper records.

Following a 2005 pilot study during the national elections, wide public support and a unianimous decision by the Senate launched a plan for the implementation of an optical scan voting system based on digital paper in the 2008 state elections of Hamburg.[25][26] After unsubstantiated public claims is September 2007 by the Fraktion der Grünen/GAL and the Chaos Computer Club that the system vulnerable, the National Election Office (Landeswahlamtes) found in public surveys that while the systems usability was widely accepted, public distrust of the system was evident. Due to concerns over public confidence plans for use of the new voting system have been canceled. However, the Federal Office for Security in Information Technology (Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik) will continue the certification process of the Digital Pen.[27]

India

Main article: Indian voting machines

No other country in the world has used electronic voting in as large a scale as India has. Since India is currently the second largest population in the world and therefore by default becomes the largest national population to vote in a democratic process, any use of electronic voting machines on a pan Indian scale would make it the largest instance of electronic voting.

Electronic voting was first introduced in 1982 and was used on an experimental basis in the North Parur assembly constituency in the State of Kerala. However the Supreme Court of India struck down this election as against the law in A C Jose v. Sivan Pillai case. Amendments were made to the Representation of Peoples Act to legalise elections using Electronic Voting Machines. In 2003, all state elections and by-elections were held using EVMs.[2].

The EVMs were also used during the national elections held for the Indian Parliament in 2004 and 2009. According to the statistics available through the mainstream media, more than 400 million voters (about 60% of India's eligible voters) exercised their franchise through EVMs in 2009 elections. Tallying such a large number of votes took just a few hours. This illustrates the advantage of electronic voting machines over the conventional means.

Ireland

Further information: Electronic voting in Ireland

Ireland bought voting machines from the Dutch company Nedap for about 50 million euro. The machines were used on a 'pilot' basis in some constituencies in two elections in 2002. Following a public report by the Commission on Electronic Voting, Minister for the Environment and Local Government, Martin Cullen again delayed the use of the machines [28]

On 23 April, 2009,Minister for the environment Mr John Gormley announced that the electronic voting system was to be scrapped by an as of yet undetermined method, due to cost and the public's satisfaction with the current system.[29]

Italy

On the 9th and 10th of April 2006 the Italian municipality of Cremona used Nedap Voting machines during the national elections. The pilot involved 3000 electors and 4 polling stations were equipped with Nedap systems. The electoral participation was very high and the pilot was successful.[30]

During the same elections (April 2006) the Ministry of New Technologies in cooperation with two big American companies organized a pilot only concerning e-counting. The experiment involved four regions and it cost 34 million of euro.[citation needed]

Netherlands

Since the late nineties, voting machines are used extensively during elections. Most areas in the Netherlands use electronic voting in polling places. The most widely used voting machines are produced by the company Nedap.[31] In the parliamentary elections of 2006, 21,000 persons will be using the[32] to cast their vote.

On 5. October 2006 the group "Wij vertrouwen stemcomputers niet" ("We do not trust voting machines") demonstrated on Dutch television how the Nedap ES3B machines could be manipulated in 5 minutes. The exchange of the software would not be recognisable by voters or election officials. [18] [33]

Apparently there was a case of an election official misinforming voters of when their vote is recorded and later recording it himself during municipality elections in Landerd, Netherlands in 2006. A candidate was also an election official and got the unusual amount of 181 votes in the polling place where he was working. In the other three polling places together he got 11 votes. [34] Only circumstantial evidence could be found because the voting machine was a direct-recording electronic voting machine, in a poll by a local newspaper the results were totally different. The case is still under prosecution.[35]

Van Eck phreaking might also compromise the secrecy of the votes in an election using electronic voting. This made the Dutch government ban the use of computer voting machines manufactured by SDU in the 2006 national elections, fearing that secret ballots may not be kept secret. [36]

See also: Dutch general election, 2006: Voting machine controversy

In September 2007 a committee chaired by Korthals Altes reported for the government that it would be better to return to paper voting. The deputy minister for interior Bijleveld said in a first response she would accept the committee's advice, and ban electronic voting. The committee also concluded that the time wasn't ready for voting over Internet.[37] State secretary Ank Bijleveld responded by announcing a return to paper voting.[citation needed]. It was reported in September 2007 that "a Dutch judge has declared the use of Nedap e-voting machines in recent Dutch elections unlawful." [38]

Norway

The Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development of Norway carried out pilots in three municipalities at local elections in 2003 on voting machines in the polling stations using touch screens.[2]

Romania

Romania first implemented electronic voting systems in 2003[39], on a limited basis, to extend voting capabilities to soldiers and others serving in Iraq, and other theaters of war. Despite the publicly stated goal of fighting corruption, the equipment was procured and deployed in less than 30 days[40] after the government edict passed.

Switzerland

Several cantons (Geneva, Neuchâtel and Zürich) have developed Internet voting test projects to allow citizens to vote via the Internet [41].

In 2009 and 2011, the 110,000 Swiss voters living abroad will have the option of voting using the Internet through a new pilot project introduced in September 2008.[42]

United Kingdom

England

Voting pilots have taken place in May 2006,[43] June 2004,[44] May 2003,[45] May 2002, and May 2000.

In 2000, the London Mayoral and Assembly elections were counted using an optical scan voting system with software provided by DRS plc of Milton Keynes. In 2004, the London Mayoral, Assembly and European Parliamentary elections were scanned and processed using optical character recognition from the same company. Both elections required some editing of the ballot design to facilitate electronic tabulation, though they differed only slightly from the previous 'mark with an X' style ballots.[citation needed]

Scotland

An optical scan voting system was be used to electronically count paper ballots in the Scottish Parliament general election and Scottish council elections in 2007.[46][47] A report commissioned by the UK Electoral Commission found significant errors in ballot design produced more than 150,000 spoilt votes.[48]

United States

2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary Internet election

In March 2000 the Arizona Democratic Party ran its Presidential Primary over the internet using the private company election.com.[49] The announcement received significant press coverage around the world, covered in virtually every country and medium as a test of whether internet voting could actually work in a statewide election.[50]

Voting Rights Act lawsuits

Several attempts were made to stop the election, including a lawsuit instigated by the Virginia based Voting Integrity Project[51], which claimed that internet voting would disadvantage African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans, all protected classes under the Voting Rights Act. The Voting Integrity Project, along with two African-American and two Hispanic plaintiff's, claimed that by allowing internet voting, minority groups, which at that time had less access to the internet, would be have their collective voting power proportionately reduced.[52] The plaintiff's sought an injunction to stop the election. [53] The lawsuit, along with other factors, was depleting the resources of the Arizona Democratic Party. The court had to determine if the voting rights act applied, since this election was being conducted by the Democratic Party itself, not the state or country government; the plaintiff's argued it was. The court also had to decide if the election was unfairly dilluting the minority vote, given the plaintiff's claims that white's were more likely to vote over the internet than non-whites. Several organizations filed Amicus briefs in support of the Democratic Party and the internet election, including the Benjamin E. Mayes National Education Resource Center, the Center of Government Studies, and Professor Charles Nesson of Harvard Law School. [54] On March 2, 2000 Judge Paul G. Rosenblatt, of the United States District Court in Phoenix, issued its decision. While the court agreed with the plaintiff's that this was a public election, [55] it also noted in its decision that there other ways to vote, including absentee ballot by mail, and voting at polling places, and thus there was no basis to stop the election. The court denied the request for an injunction to stop the election.[56][57]

Civil rights concerns

Serious concerns about internet were also raised by civil rights organizations around the United States. [58][59] Native American support is particularly important in Arizona, where they numbered more than 250,000[60]. The states two most prominent leaders were Apache leader John Lewis, president of the Inter-Tribal Counsel, and Kelsey A. Begaye President of the Navajo Nation. The outreach efforts by Mohen and the Arizona to native Americans were particularly successful, such that the Voting Integrity Project was unable to recruit even one native American to be a plaintiff in their case, and The Navajo leadership, including President Kelsey Begaye, prominent native American leaders posed for Television Cameras when they later voted over the internet.[61]

On February 24, 2000, the Department of Justice granted pre-clearance for the election.[62][63]

Security threats

Many public threats by hackers were made that they would bring down the election. These threats ranged from to denial of service attacks[64] and voter identity theft. The election software was audited by KPMG.[65] While the original plan was to use VeriSign digital certificates,[66] though ultimately PINs were mailed to each voter and a challenge-response authentication system (such as birth date, place of birth, or social security number) was used as well.[67] One magazine columnist, Howard Mortman, even hired a computer hacker to attempt to disrupt the election the election.[68]

Voting period

The week of the election, online voting was allowed beginning Tuesday March 7 through Friday March 10. [69] The following Saturday March 11, voting would be allowed at Polling Places only, through personal computers.[70] There were some minor problems, in that a few polling places did not open on schedule, and some users with older browsers could not vote.[71] The election went off successfully, with voter turnout increasing more than 500%[72] over the 1996 Primary.[73] Contrary to expectations, Native American turnout also increased more than 500% and African American and Latino turnout both went up more than 800%,[citation needed] defying those who claimed that minorities would not use the internet to cast votes. The results were certified by the State Board of Elections. [74] There were many other "firsts"; news footage showing a middle-aged quadriplegic man in Arizona who cast his first unassisted, secret ballot using the Internet. [75] election.com reported no hacking during the election.[76][77] Shortly after, Mohen was featured on the cover of the Industry Standard Magazine.[78]

Ongoing debate

The Arizona Democratic primary has been called the "first legally binding public election to offer internet voting". [79][80] However, the Arizona Democratic Party and the private company administering the election argued in federal court that it was a private election outside of federal jurisdiction.[81] Still others, such as the Internet Policy Institute, have classified the primary, as a "hybrid between public and private elections... not run by state election officials, but were still subject to some aspects of state and federal election law."[82] And there were some glitches such as that certain Macintosh browsers did not work. [83] Nonetheless, the 2000 Arizona Internet vote was hailed worldwide as a landmark case of using the Internet at a major election.[84]

References

  1. ^ The Age, Melbourne; September 5, 1995 ref International Internet NewsClips
  2. ^ a b c d e ACE Electoral Knowledge Network
  3. ^ Victorian Electoral Commission Electronic Voting Pilot
  4. ^ Blind and visually impaired will be able to cast secret ballots, Macey, Jennifer. ABC's The World Today
  5. ^ Electronic Voting Trial for Deployed Defence Personnel from the Australian Electoral Commission
  6. ^ Evaluation of the remote electronic voting trial for overseas based ADF personnel electors at the 2007 Federal Election, Australian Electoral Commission. March 2008
  7. ^ a b Remote Electronic Voting at the 2007 Federal Election for Overseas Australian Defence Force Personnel, a joint report between the AEC’s E-voting Team and Defence.
  8. ^ Estonia to hold first national Internet election, News.com, February 21, 2007
  9. ^ Estonia Scores World Web First In National Polls, InformationWeek February 28, 2007
  10. ^ EU CyberVote project
  11. ^ Scytl News/events
  12. ^ a b The electronic voting experiment in positive feedback - about 200 votes, however, was interrupted by mistake
  13. ^ Helsingin Sanomat International Edition (9.4.2009): Supreme Administrative court orders new municipal elections for Vihti, Karkkila, and Kauniainen
  14. ^ E-VOTING: French Political Party UMP Makes History!
  15. ^ WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF ELECTRONIC VOTING IN FRANCE?, The Internet rights forum 26 September 2003
  16. ^ [1], e-Democracy Forum article on French Internet voting from abroad 10 July 2009
  17. ^ efve.eu: Voting computer situation in Germany
  18. ^ a b Nedap/Groenendaal ES3B voting computer, a security analysis
  19. ^ CCC Information on voting computers Template:De icon
  20. ^ Wahlcomputer in Cottbus geprüft und versiegelt Template:De icon
  21. ^ Cottbus verabschiedet sich von Wahlcomputern heise.de, 29 January 2007 Template:De icon
  22. ^ Misstrauen gegen Wahlgeräte: Wahleinspruch in Cottbus (Template:De icon
  23. ^ Informations on Electronic Voting lawsuit by Ulrich Wiesner
  24. ^ Verfassungsklage gegen Wahlcomputer (Heise Hintergrund, February 21, 2007, German)
  25. ^ New Generation of Voting Machines in Germany
  26. ^ Pilotstudie zum Digitalen Wahlstift (Pilot study on the digital dial pen )(Template:De icon
  27. ^ Das Digitale Wahlstift-System(Template:De icon
  28. ^ Cullen rules out use of e-voting in June
  29. ^ RTÉ News - Electronic voting system to be scrapped (23/04/2009)
  30. ^ Prima sperimentazione voto elettronico con NEDAP in Italia: CREMONA Template:It icon
  31. ^ Security of Systems Group of the Nijmegen Institute for Computing and Information Sciences
  32. ^ RIES Internet voting system
  33. ^ Dutch citizens group cracks Nedap's voting computer
  34. ^ Statement of voting machine manufacturer Nedap Template:De icon
  35. ^ Raadslid Landerd is stuk minder populair in schaduwverkiezing (dutch)
  36. ^ Dutch government scraps plans to use voting computers in 35 cities including Amsterdam (Herald tribune, 30. October 2006)
  37. ^ Template:Nl icon Rapport adviescommissie inrichting verkiezingsproces, Adviescommissie inrichting verkiezingsproces, September 27, 2007
  38. ^ Dutch pull the plug on e-voting
  39. ^ Romanian General Inspectorate for Communications and Information Technology
  40. ^ European Commission finding on Romania 2003
  41. ^ E-Voting - Home
  42. ^ eVoting goes national ... and international, ePractice.eu
  43. ^ May 2006 pilot schemes from the UK Electoral Commission
  44. ^ EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTARY AND LOCAL ELECTIONS (ALL-POSTAL) PILOT ORDER 2004 from the UK Electoral Commission
  45. ^ 2003 election reports archive from the UK Electoral Commission
  46. ^ "Electronic counting to take over from tellers at elections", The Scotsman, 19 April, 2006
  47. ^ "Green light for DRS & ERS to deliver e-Count for 2007 Scottish Elections", press release, DRS Data Services Limited
  48. ^ Scottish Elections Review from the UK Electoral Commission, October 23, 2007
  49. ^ "Arizona Democratic Party Selects Votation.com to Hold World's First Legally-Binding Public Election Over the Internet". BUSINESS WIRE. December 16, 1999. Retrieved 2009-05-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  50. ^ Berman, Dennis (February 28, 2000). "We the E-People". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2009-05-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  51. ^ FAIRLEY RANEY, REBECCA (January 22, 2000). "Suit Seeks to Block Net Vote in Arizona". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  52. ^ "Online voting debate rages in run-up to election". Reuters. CNN. November 1, 2000. Retrieved 2009-05-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  53. ^ U.S. Department of State Web Site Report to Congress
  54. ^ Memorandum and Order by Judge Paul Rosenblatt, March 2, 2000, Voting Integrity Project, Lucious Bain, et al, vs. Mark Fleisher and the Arizona Democratic Party, US District Court, District of Arizona, Page 17
  55. ^ Memorandum and Order by Judge Paul Rosenblatt, March 2, 2000, Voting Integrity Project, Lucious Bain, et al, vs. Mark Fleisher and the Arizona Democratic Party, US District Court, District of Arizona
  56. ^ FAIRLEY RANEY, REBECCA (March 1, 2000). "Judge Lets Internet Primary in Arizona Proceed". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  57. ^ [Memorandum and Order by Judge Paul Rosenblatt, March 2, 2000, Voting Integrity Project, Lucious Bain, et al, vs. Mark Fleisher and the Arizona Democratic Party, US District Court, District of Arizona]
  58. ^ [Wilhelm, Anthony, Digital Nation: Towards and Inclusive Society, MIT Press, 2004, pages 67-73]
  59. ^ De la Garza, Rodolfo, and DeSipio, Louis, Muted Voices, Latinos and the 2000 Elections, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, pages 151-153
  60. ^ References 2000 Census
  61. ^ Jones, Jeff (March 10 2000). "Photo". Gallup Independent. Retrieved 2009-05-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  62. ^ Jacobus, Patricia (February 25, 2000). "DOJ gives OK to Arizona online primary vote". CNET Networks. Retrieved 2009-05-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  63. ^ Letter from Joseph Rich, Chief of the Voting Section of the Department of Justice, to Joseph Sandler, Sandler and Reiff, and the Arizona Democratic Party, dated February 24,2 2000
  64. ^ PBS News Hour
  65. ^ Anderiesz, Mike (June 7, 2001). "Click here for your candidate". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-05-22. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  66. ^ Jack, Jack (December 16, 1999). "Arizona Democrats Will Vote Online". Jack. PC World. Retrieved 2009-05-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  67. ^ Mohen, Joe. "The Fine Points of Online Voting". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2009-05-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  68. ^ Ledbetter, James (03.10.2000). "Arizona Democrats and Online Voting Just Click". The Industry Standard. Retrieved 2009-05-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  69. ^ [Wilhelm, Anthony, Digital Nation: Toward and Inclusive Information Society, MIT Press 2004, pages 67-73]
  70. ^ Neal, Neal (Nova Publishers). [Nova Publishers The Election Process Revisited]. Nova Publishers. ISBN 1594540543. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  71. ^ Slate
  72. ^ BNET Australia
  73. ^ Lee, Lydia (March 20, 2000). "Vote naked in the privacy of your own home!". Salon.com. Retrieved 2009-05-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  74. ^ Garson, David, Handbook of Public Information Systems, CRC Press, 2005 Page 266
  75. ^ Info Sentry
  76. ^ University of Vermont Legislative Research
  77. ^ Mohen, Joe (January 2001). "The case for internet voting" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 44 (1): 72. Retrieved 2009-05-22. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  78. ^ Ledbetter, James (2000-03-27). "Net Out the Vote". The Industry Standard. Retrieved 2009-05-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  79. ^ Thinking Outside the Ballot Box, Lippert and Ojumu, Journal of Organizational and End User Computing page 60
  80. ^ World Almanac for Kids
  81. ^ Voting Integrity Project v Fleisher, cv 00-109-PHX
  82. ^ "election.com"+minority+arizona+democratic+party+2000&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us Report of the National Workshop for Internet Voting, sponsored by the National Science Foundation
  83. ^ [http://www.unc.edu/courses/2008spring/law/357c/001/onlinevotingsite/inpractice.html Internet Voting in Practice ] University of North Carolina
  84. ^ Australian Electoral Commission
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_by_country&oldid=302101166"