Geocriticism

Geocriticism is a method of literary analysis and literary theory that incorporates the study of geographic space. The term designates a number of different critical practices. In France, Bertrand Westphal has elaborated the concept of géocritique in several works. In the United States, the American literary critic Robert T. Tally Jr. has argued for a geocriticism as a critical practice suited to the analysis of what he has termed literary cartography.

Some of the first expressly geocritical writings emerged from symposia organized by Westphal at the University of Limoges. Westpahl's foundational essay, "Pour une approche géocritique des textes" constitutes a manifesto for geocriticism. But there are also many work that may be said to be geocritical, addressing similar themes and using similare methods, even though the term geocriticism is not used.

Theory

In Westphal's theory, geocriticism is based on three theoretical concepts: spatio-temporality, transgressivity, and referntiality.

The idea that space and time form a continuum (space-time) is a tenet of modern physics. La conduire dans le domaine de la théorie littéraire permet de proposer une méthode d'analyse littéraire interdisciplinaire. In the field of literary theory, geocriticism is an interdiciplinary method of literary analysis that focuses not only on such temporal data as relations between the life and times of the author (as in biographical criticism), the history of the text (as in textual criticism), or the story (as studied by narratology), but also on spatial data. Geocriticism therefore has affinities with geography, architecture, urban studies, and so on; it also correlates to philosophical concepts such as deterritorialization.

Following the work Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Henri Lefebvre and Mikhail Bakhtin, among others, a geocritical approach to literature recognizes that representations of space are often transgressive, crossing the boundaries of established norms while also reestablishing new relations among people, places, and things. Cartography is no longer seen as the exclusive province of the state or the government; rather, various agents or groups may be respeonsible for representing the geographic spaces at the same time and with different effects. In practice, therefore, geocriticism is multifocal, examining a variety of topics at once, thus differentiating itself from practices that focus on the singular point of view of the traveler or protagonist.

Geocriticism also assumes a literary referentiality between world and text, or, in other words, between the referent and its representation. By questioning the relations between a given space's nature and its actually existing condition, the geocritical approach allows for a study of fiction that points also to the theory of possible worlds, as seen in the work on third space by the American geographer Edward Soja (Thirdspace).

Critical Practices

Geocriticism frequently involves the study of places described in the literature by various authors, but it can also study the effects of literary representations of a given space.

Geocriticism derives some of its practices from precursors whose theoretical work helped establish space as a valid topic for literary analsysi. For example, in The Poetics of Space and elsewhere Gaston Bachelard studied literary works to develop a typology of places according to their connotations. Maurice Blanchot's writings have legitimized the idea of literary space, an imaginary place for the creation of the work of literature. Dans son Atlas du roman européen , Franco Moretti a étudié la diffusion de ce genre en Europe et les rapports noués entre le texte et l'espace. More recently, in The Atlas of European Novel, 1800-1900, Franco Moretti has examined the diffusion of literary spaces in Europe, focusing on the complex relationship between the text and space.

Further Reading

• Bachelard, Gaston. The Poetics of Space. Trans. Maria Jolas. Boston: Beacon Press, 1969.
• Blanchot, Maurice. The Space of Literature. Trans. Ann Smock. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1989.
• Foucault, Michel. "Of Other Spaces".
• Harvey, David. The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.
• Jameson, Fredric. Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 1991.
• Jameson, Fredric. The Geopolitical Aesthetic: Cinema and Space in the World System. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1992.
• Said, Edward. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Knopf, 1993.
• Soja, Edward. Postmodern Geographies. London: Verso, 1989.
• Soja, Edward. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
• Tally, Robert T., Jr. [http://ecommons.txstate.edu/englfacp/14/ "Geocriticism and Classic American Literature."
• Tally, Robert T., Jr. Melville, Mapping and Globalization: Literary Cartography in the American Baroque Writer. London: Continuum Books, 2009.
• Westphal, Bertrand. La Géocritique, Réel, Fiction, Espace, Paris, Éditions de Minuit, 2007.
• Westphal, Bertrand. Bertrand Westphal, Pour une approche géocritique des textes. Vox Poetica, 2005.