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President Bush had enjoyed high approval ratings after the Gulf War,<ref>{{Citation |last=Oxoby |first=Marc |title=The 1990s |publisher=Greenwood |location=Westport |date=2003 |page=9}}</ref> but by the time the [[United States Presidential election, 1992|1992 Presidential election]] took place, the economy was [[Early 1990s recession|in recession]], and many voters expressed dissatisfaction with Bush, who had pledged earlier [[Read my lips: no new taxes|not to raise taxes]], but reneged.<ref name="NY Times 92 election">{{citation |last=Schmaltz |first=Jeffrey |title=THE 1992 ELECTION: THE NATION'S VOTERS; Clinton Carves a Wide Path Deep Into Reagan Country |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 4, 1992 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/04/nyregion/1992-election-nation-s-voters-clinton-carves-wide-path-deep-into-reagan-country.html}}</ref> [[Arkansas]] [[Governor of Arkansas|Governor]] Bill Clinton defeated Bush and independent challenger [[Ross Perot]] with 43% of the popular vote. Clinton, who positioned himself as a [[Centrism|centrist]] [[New Democrat]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Kelly |first=Michael |title=The 1992 Campaign: The Democrats; Clinton Uses Farm Speech to Begin New Offensive |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 28, 1992}}</ref> made major inroads into previously-Republican territory during the election.<ref name="NY Times 92 election"></ref>
President Bush had enjoyed high approval ratings after the Gulf War,<ref>{{Citation |last=Oxoby |first=Marc |title=The 1990s |publisher=Greenwood |location=Westport |date=2003 |page=9}}</ref> but by the time the [[United States Presidential election, 1992|1992 Presidential election]] took place, the economy was [[Early 1990s recession|in recession]], and many voters expressed dissatisfaction with Bush, who had pledged earlier [[Read my lips: no new taxes|not to raise taxes]], but reneged.<ref name="NY Times 92 election">{{citation |last=Schmaltz |first=Jeffrey |title=THE 1992 ELECTION: THE NATION'S VOTERS; Clinton Carves a Wide Path Deep Into Reagan Country |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 4, 1992 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/04/nyregion/1992-election-nation-s-voters-clinton-carves-wide-path-deep-into-reagan-country.html}}</ref> [[Arkansas]] [[Governor of Arkansas|Governor]] Bill Clinton defeated Bush and independent challenger [[Ross Perot]] with 43% of the popular vote. Clinton, who positioned himself as a [[Centrism|centrist]] [[New Democrat]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Kelly |first=Michael |title=The 1992 Campaign: The Democrats; Clinton Uses Farm Speech to Begin New Offensive |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 28, 1992}}</ref> made major inroads into previously-Republican territory during the election.<ref name="NY Times 92 election"></ref>


[[Conservatism in the United States|Conservative]] discontent with President Clinton, growing over his efforts on issues like [[Brady Bill|gun control]] and [[Clinton health care plan of 1993|health care]], exploded in the [[United States elections, 1994|1994 midterm elections]] when the Republicans were voted into majorities in the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] and [[United States Senate|Senate]], with many voters citing dissatisfaction with the President and the Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Citation |last=Apple, Jr. |first=R. W. |title=THE 1994 ELECTIONS: NEWS ANALYSIS; A Vote Against Clinton |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 9, 1994}}</ref> Deadlock with the new Republican Congress over budgetary issues prompted a [[United States Federal government shutdown of 1995|government shutdown]] in 1995.<ref>{{Citation |last=Devroy |first=Ann |last2=Pianin |first2=Eric |title=Federal Agencies Prepare for Shutdown; Negotiations on Budget Resume After 2 Vetoes |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=November 14, 1995}}</ref>
The President would be faced with several contentious issues in his first years in the [[White House]], passing a [[Brady Bill|gun control bill]], and a failed initiative to [[Clinton health care plan|expand health care insurance]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Oxoby |first=Marc |title=The 1990s |publisher=Greenwood |location=Westport |date=2003 |page=10}}</ref> The [[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)|deaths of American soldiers]] in [[Somalia]] during a peacekeeping mission in October, 1993 added to Clinton's problems, with Congress calling for the withdrawal of troops.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tisdall |first=Simon |title=MOGADISHU OUTRAGE PUTS CLINTON IN FIRING LINE; Pressure grows for US withdrawal as Somalis flaunt corpses and captives |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 5, 1993}}</ref> [[Conservatism in the United States|Conservative]] discontent with President Clinton came to a head in the [[United States elections, 1994|1994 midterm elections]] when the Republicans were voted into majorities in the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] and [[United States Senate|Senate]], with many voters citing dissatisfaction with the President and the Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Citation |last=Apple, Jr. |first=R. W. |title=THE 1994 ELECTIONS: NEWS ANALYSIS; A Vote Against Clinton |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 9, 1994}}</ref> Deadlock with the new Republican Congress over budgetary issues prompted a [[United States Federal government shutdown of 1995|government shutdown]] in 1995.<ref>{{Citation |last=Devroy |first=Ann |last2=Pianin |first2=Eric |title=Federal Agencies Prepare for Shutdown; Negotiations on Budget Resume After 2 Vetoes |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=November 14, 1995}}</ref>


Clinton handily won [[United States Presidential election, 1996|reelection in 1996]] against [[Bob Dole]], but his second term would be dogged by a [[Lewinsky scandal|sex scandal]] involving a former [[White House]] aide named [[Monica Lewinsky]]. In a sworn [[deposition]] on January 17, 1998, Clinton denied having sexual relations with Lewinsky,<ref>{{Citation |title=What Clinton Said |publisher=[[The Washington Post]] |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/whatclintonsaid.htm}}</ref>. He further denied the affair in a press conference with infamous words: "I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky."<ref>{{Citation |title=Response to the Lewinsky Allegations (January 26, 1998) |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs |url=http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3930}}</ref> On August 17, however, Clinton admitted to the affair,<ref>{{Citation |title=Addressing the Nation |publisher=[[PBS]] |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/lewinsky_address/address.html}}</ref> opening himself up to [[Impeachment of Bill Clinton|impeachment hearings]] in Congress for [[perjury]] and [[obstruction of justice]]. After being impeached by the House of Representatives, Clinton was acquitted by the Senate on February 12, 1999.<ref>{{Citation |last=Baker |first=Peter |last2=Dewar |first2=Helen |title=The Senate Acquits President Clinton |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 13, 1999 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/impeach021399.htm}}</ref>
Clinton handily won [[United States Presidential election, 1996|reelection in 1996]] against [[Bob Dole]]. His second term would, however, be largely enveloped by a [[Lewinsky scandal|sex scandal]] involving a former [[White House]] aide named [[Monica Lewinsky]]. In a sworn [[deposition]] on January 17, 1998, Clinton denied having sexual relations with Lewinsky,<ref>{{Citation |title=What Clinton Said |publisher=[[The Washington Post]] |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/whatclintonsaid.htm}}</ref>. He further denied the affair in a press conference with infamous words: "I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky."<ref>{{Citation |title=Response to the Lewinsky Allegations (January 26, 1998) |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs |url=http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3930}}</ref> On August 17, however, Clinton admitted to the affair,<ref>{{Citation |title=Addressing the Nation |publisher=[[PBS]] |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/lewinsky_address/address.html}}</ref> opening himself up to [[Impeachment of Bill Clinton|impeachment hearings]] in Congress for [[perjury]] and [[obstruction of justice]]. After being impeached by the House of Representatives, Clinton was acquitted by the Senate on February 12, 1999.<ref>{{Citation |last=Baker |first=Peter |last2=Dewar |first2=Helen |title=The Senate Acquits President Clinton |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 13, 1999 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/impeach021399.htm}}</ref>

===Foreign conflicts===
====Somalia====
{{main|Operation Restore Hope|Battle of Mogadishu (1993)}}
After [[President of Somalia|President]] [[Mohammed Siad Barre]] of [[Somalia]] was overthrown in January, 1991, the country entered into a period of [[Somali Civil War|civil war]].<ref>{{citation |last=Biles |first=Peter |title=Somalia's leader flees as capital falls to rebels |date=January 28, 1991 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

====The Balkans====


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 03:06, 24 July 2009

Iraq, 1991

Main article: Gulf War
H. Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. and President George H. W. Bush visit US troops in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day, 1990

Low oil prices during the 1980s, coinciding with the Iran-Iraq War, put Saddam Hussein's Iraq in dire financial straits, prompting it to act on accusations of slant drilling and "economic warfare" by neighboring Kuwait by invading it in August, 1990.[1] Fearing an invasion of Saudi Arabia, President George H. W. Bush authorized Operation Desert Shield, a troop buildup in Saudi Arabia along the Iraqi border.[2] On November 29, 1990, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 678, demanding Iraq withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991.[3] On January 12, 1991, Congress authorized President Bush to use military force to liberate Kuwait in accordance with the U.N. resolution.[4]

Coalition forces began an air campaign over Iraq and Kuwait on January 17,[5] and a ground campaign began on February 24.[6] After Iraqi troops were driven out of Kuwait, and with coalition forces in Iraq, a formal cease-fire was declared on April 6,[7] leaving Saddam in power, with Washington officials hoping that an internal coup would occur.[8]

In the aftermath of the war, no-fly zones were established over Iraq, enforced by the U.S., the U.K., and France, citing U.N. Resolution 688, though this interpretation was disputed by Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali.[9] Soldiers returning from Iraq began reporting symptoms of an illness, now labeled Gulf War syndrome, affecting roughly one in four Gulf War veterans.[10]

The L.A. riots

Main article: Los Angeles riots of 1992

On March 3, 1991, four members of the Los Angeles Police Department beat and tasered Rodney King, an African-American motorist, after a high-speed chase, alleging Mr. King to have been under the influence of PCP.[11] The incident was caught on camera by a nearby resident,[12] prompting a trial over the police officers' actions.[13]

The acquittal of the four police officers on April 29, 1992 set off rioting, mostly in and around the South Central region of the city,[14] with the California National Guard, the Army, and the Marines eventually being called in.[15][16] Over the course of five days, 53 people died in the riots, mostly African-Americans and Latinos.[17] Tensions between the African-American and Korean-American communities in particular erupted during the riots, with Koreans arming themselves in response to what they perceived to be a slow police response to violence aimed at their shops.[18]

President Bush, although being "stunned" by the trial's verdict, said of the riots: "What we saw last night and the night before in Los Angeles is not about civil rights. It's not about the great cause of equality that all Americans must uphold. It's not a message of protest. It's been the brutality of a mob, pure and simple."[16] Vice President Dan Quayle pointed blame at "the breakdown of the family structure, personal responsibility and social order in too many areas of our society" and the welfare state.[19] Democratic challenger Bill Clinton also condemned the violence, but blamed a decade of Republican economic policies for the looting.[20]

President Bill Clinton, along with Vice President Al Gore (top left), and Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich (top right) in 1997.

The Clinton administration

Main article: Presidency of Bill Clinton

President Bush had enjoyed high approval ratings after the Gulf War,[21] but by the time the 1992 Presidential election took place, the economy was in recession, and many voters expressed dissatisfaction with Bush, who had pledged earlier not to raise taxes, but reneged.[22] Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton defeated Bush and independent challenger Ross Perot with 43% of the popular vote. Clinton, who positioned himself as a centrist New Democrat,[23] made major inroads into previously-Republican territory during the election.[22]

The President would be faced with several contentious issues in his first years in the White House, passing a gun control bill, and a failed initiative to expand health care insurance.[24] The deaths of American soldiers in Somalia during a peacekeeping mission in October, 1993 added to Clinton's problems, with Congress calling for the withdrawal of troops.[25] Conservative discontent with President Clinton came to a head in the 1994 midterm elections when the Republicans were voted into majorities in the House and Senate, with many voters citing dissatisfaction with the President and the Democratic Congress.[26] Deadlock with the new Republican Congress over budgetary issues prompted a government shutdown in 1995.[27]

Clinton handily won reelection in 1996 against Bob Dole. His second term would, however, be largely enveloped by a sex scandal involving a former White House aide named Monica Lewinsky. In a sworn deposition on January 17, 1998, Clinton denied having sexual relations with Lewinsky,[28]. He further denied the affair in a press conference with infamous words: "I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky."[29] On August 17, however, Clinton admitted to the affair,[30] opening himself up to impeachment hearings in Congress for perjury and obstruction of justice. After being impeached by the House of Representatives, Clinton was acquitted by the Senate on February 12, 1999.[31]

References

  1. ^ Hayes, Thomas C. (September 3, 1990), "Confrontation in the Gulf; The Oilfield Lying Below the Iraq-Kuwait Dispute", The New York Times
  2. ^ Address Before a Joint Session of Congress (September 11, 1990), Miller Center of Public Affairs
  3. ^ Essential Documents: UN Security Council Resolution 678, Council on Foreign Relations
  4. ^ Clymer, Adam (January 13, 1991), "Confrontation in the Gulf; Congress Acts to Authorize War in Gulf; Margins are 5 Votes in Senate, 67 in House", The New York Times {{citation}}: line feed character in |title= at position 27 (help)
  5. ^ Fairhall; et al. (January 17, 1991), "Allied planes bomb Iraq: Kuwait's liberation begun, says US, Bush vows to wreck Saddam's war ability", The Guardian {{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)
  6. ^ Murtagh, Peter (February 25, 1991), "The Gulf War: Allies punch through Kuwait and Iraq - Commanders say objectives of the first day of simultaneous assault by land, sea and air were met within 10 hours", The Guardian
  7. ^ "Iraq accepts ceasefire", Sunday Herald Sun, April 7, 1991
  8. ^ Sciolino, Elaine (April 7, 1991), "Back in Business; Iraq Is Left to the Mercy of Saddam Hussein", The New York Times
  9. ^ Pilger, John (August 7, 2000), Labour claims its actions are lawful while it bombs Iraq, strarves its people and sells arms to corrupt states
  10. ^ Silverleib, Alan (December 9, 2008), Gulf War illness is real, new federal report says
  11. ^ "Sergeant Says King Appeared to Be on Drugs", The New York Times, March 20, 1992
  12. ^ "Brutality in Los Angeles", St. Petersburg Times, March 7, 1991
  13. ^ Mydans, Seth (March 6, 1992), "Police Beating Trial Opens With Replay of Videotape", The New York Times
  14. ^ Campbell, Murray (April 30, 1992), "Officers acquitted in King beating trial Surprising verdict sets off violence", The Globe and Mail
  15. ^ Mydans, Seth (May 1, 1992), "RIOTS IN LOS ANGELES: Overview; 23 DEAD AFTER 2D DAY OF LOS ANGELES RIOTS; FIRES AND LOOTING PERSIST DESPITE CURFEW", The New York Times
  16. ^ a b Bush, George H. W. (May 1, 1992), Address to the Nation on the Civil Disturbances in Los Angeles, California, George Bush Presidential Library and Museum
  17. ^ Crogan, Jim (May 2, 2002), "The L.A. 53", LA Weekly
  18. ^ Mydans, Seth (May 3, 1992), "RIOT IN LOS ANGLES: Pocket of Tension; A Target of Rioters, Koreatown Is Bitter, Armed and Determined", The New York Times
  19. ^ Quayle, Dan (May 19, 1992), The Vice President Speaks
  20. ^ Donne, Jr., E.J.; Schwartz, Maralee (May 3, 1992), "Clinton Issues Plea For Racial Harmony; Candidate Plans to Visit Los Angeles Today", The Washington Post
  21. ^ Oxoby, Marc (2003), The 1990s, Westport: Greenwood, p. 9
  22. ^ a b Schmaltz, Jeffrey (November 4, 1992), "THE 1992 ELECTION: THE NATION'S VOTERS; Clinton Carves a Wide Path Deep Into Reagan Country", The New York Times
  23. ^ Kelly, Michael (September 28, 1992), "The 1992 Campaign: The Democrats; Clinton Uses Farm Speech to Begin New Offensive", The New York Times
  24. ^ Oxoby, Marc (2003), The 1990s, Westport: Greenwood, p. 10
  25. ^ Tisdall, Simon (October 5, 1993), "MOGADISHU OUTRAGE PUTS CLINTON IN FIRING LINE; Pressure grows for US withdrawal as Somalis flaunt corpses and captives", The Guardian
  26. ^ Apple, Jr., R. W. (November 9, 1994), "THE 1994 ELECTIONS: NEWS ANALYSIS; A Vote Against Clinton", The New York Times
  27. ^ Devroy, Ann; Pianin, Eric (November 14, 1995), "Federal Agencies Prepare for Shutdown; Negotiations on Budget Resume After 2 Vetoes", The Washington Post
  28. ^ What Clinton Said, The Washington Post
  29. ^ Response to the Lewinsky Allegations (January 26, 1998), Miller Center of Public Affairs
  30. ^ Addressing the Nation, PBS
  31. ^ Baker, Peter; Dewar, Helen (February 13, 1999), "The Senate Acquits President Clinton", The Washington Post
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