NBC

This is the article about the National Broadcasting Company. NBC also stands for nuclear, biological and chemical warfare; see weapons of mass destruction. NBC also stands for the Nagasaki Broadcasting Company, a Japanese company.

File:Nbc-logo.png
The 1986 Peacock logo, designed by Steff Geissbuhler. The feathers now represent the network's 6 divisions

The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American television broadcasting and cable company based in New York's Rockefeller Center, including the NBC television network, the Telemundo Spanish language broadcast television network, the CNBC, MSNBC, and Bravo cable channels, and a group of owned-and-operated television stations.

The network was acquired by the General Electric Company in 1986 with the purchase of NBC's parent company, the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). NBC television supplies programming to more than 210 American affiliated stations. It owns and operates stations in Chicago, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City and Washington, D.C.

Evolution of the NBC logo

In 1943, four years after inaugurating television service, NBC got its first official logo, a microphone surrounded by lightning bolts, a modification of an existing logo used by the NBC radio network. (Lightning bolts were also part of corporate parent RCA's logo).

In 1954, on New Year's Day, to coincide with the start of broadcasting in color, a stylized xylophone and mallet was introduced, accompanied by the three-tone "bing-bong-bing" chimes, first heard on NBC radio in 1927. The tones are the notes "G" "E" and "C".

In 1956 an abstraction of an 11-feathered peacock to indicate richness in color was adopted, due to the increase in color programming. NBC's first color broadcasts showed only a still frame of the colorful peacock, but in 1957 on Your Hit Parade the peacock was gloriously animated, and thereafter appeared at the beginning of every NBC color broadcast until a revamped animation appeared in the 1960's.

Beginning in 1959, an animated logo joined the Peacock, appearing at the end of broadcasts. Beginning with N, each letter would grow from the other, forming a stacked typographic logo ending with C, forming the base. This would be known as the Snake.

On April 16, 1962, on the Laramie series, a second version of the Peacock was introduced in which the bird fanned its bright plumage against a kaleidoscopic color background.

In 1976, the time had come to update NBC's visual identity, and a stylized N was introduced, consisting of two trapezoids. The design was bold, bright and contemporary. NBC was briefly sued by the Nebraska ETV Network, as they were using a similar logo.

The Peacock returned in 1980, married with the N; to create a design called "the Proud N". The Peacock was simplified in keeping with the letter's pared-down design. Although all 11 feathers were intact, the teardrop tips were gone, the feet were gone and the Peacock's body became a simple triangular shape.

In 1986, the arranged marriage of "N" and Peacock ended, and "The Bird" returned to its place as NBC's proud symbol, better and bolder than ever. The peacock was now flipped to the right to suggest it was forward looking, not back. With its six feathers representing the network's six divisions (News, Sports, Entertainment, Stations, Network and Operations), this Peacock remains one of the world's most recognized logos.

History

NBC was founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, RCA, and is today owned by General Electric. The NBC radio network opened with 24 stations on November 15, 1926.

The National Broadcasting Company was created when RCA purchased radio stations WEAF New York, WCAP Washington, DC and the radio programming network from American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) in 1926 and merged those assets with its own WJZ New York, WRC Washington and radio programming network. The WEAF stations and network would become known as the NBC Red network, the WJZ stations and network would be dubbed the NBC Blue network (later to become ABC, the American Broadcasting Company).

The WEAF network was created by the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) to serve as a research and development for technologies involved with transmitting audio over wire and radio. AT&T's Western Electric division manufactured radio transmitters and antennas and needed a real-world environment to test their design and ability to transmit audio. AT&T's long distance and local Bell operating divisions were developing technologies for transmitting voice and music grade audio over short and long distances, via both wireless and wired methods. These effort came together to create radio station WEAF in New York City.

With a radio station broadcasting to the public, programming was needed. WEAF put together a regular schedule of programs of all types, and created some of the first broadcasts to encorporate commercial endorsements or sponsorships by commercial entities. The station met with great success, and with the opening of radio stations across the United States many stations wished to share programming. WEAF's first efforts in what would become known first as "chain broadcasting" and later as "networking" tied together The Outlet Company's WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island with AT&T's WEAF and WCAP in Washington, DC (named for the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company division of AT&T). With the success of this effort and the good audio quality of AT&T's phone line circuits, the WEAF network became a success.

At the same time, RCA was beginning to realize that sharing programming on stations in different cities also made sense. RCA licensed WRC in Washington, DC in 1923 and attempted to transmit audio between cities via low-quality telegraph lines, since AT&T refused outside companies access to their high-quality phone lines. The effort was poor at best, with the uninsulated telegraph lines incapable of good audio transmission quality and very succeptable to both atmospheric and man-made electrical interference.

In 1925 the management of AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were not compatible with AT&T's goal of providing phone service and began looking to sell the station and its network. AT&T found a ready buyer in RCA, whose primary business was radio broadcasting and manufacturing, the a deal was struck where RCA would buy WEAF and gain the rights to rent AT&T's phone lines to transmit radio programs between cities.

In 1926 RCA bought WEAF, closed WCAP, created the wholly-owned division called the National Broadcasting Company and operated the New York stations and the two network efforts side by side for about a year. In 1927 NBC formally created two radio networks, the NBC Red Network with WEAF as its originating station distributing mostly entertainment and music programming; and the NBC Blue Network with WJZ as its originating station and concentrating on news and cultural programming.

Legend has it that the color designations originated from the color of the push pins the engineers at AT&T used to designate the affiliates of WEAF (red push pins) and RCA's WJZ (blue push pins). At various times in the 1930s there were several other color designation, with the NBC White, Gold and Orange networks operating in various configuration of the west coast.

The famous 3-note chimes of NBC came about after several years of trying different musical note combinations. The three note combination (G-E-C; not related at all to RCA's original stockholder General Electric) came from WSB in Atlanta, which used it for its own purposes until one day someone at NBC in New York heard the WSB version of the notes during a networked broadcast of a Georgia Tech football game and asked permission to use it on the national network. NBC started to use the 3 notes in 1933, and it was the first ever audio trademark to be accepted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

NBC became the primary tenant in the brand new Rockefeller Center project in 1936. It would serve to consolidate radio operations, some RCA corporate operations, and the home of the flagship theatres of RCA-owned RKO Radio Pictures in the Radio City Music Hall of the RKO Roxie theatre (since torn down).

From its creation in 1934, the Federal Communications Commission had been studying the monopolistic effects of chain broadcasting (what we now call "networking") on the radio industry, and found that the NBC Red and Blue networks and their owned-and-operated radio stations owned by NBC controlled the majority of radio audiences, radio affiliates and advertising dollars in the American radio industry. In 1939 the FCC ordered RCA to divest itself of one of the two NBC networks and accompanying owned-and-operated stations. RCA fought the divestiture order, but divided NBC into two companies in 1940 in case the appeals were lost. The NBC Blue network became the "NBC Blue Network, Inc." and the NBC Red Network becoming the "NBC Red Network, Inc."

File:Nbcradiocitylosangeles1930s.jpg
NBC Radio City, at Sunset and Vine in Los Angeles, c. 1938

With the loss of the final appeal before the United States Supreme Court, RCA sold the NBC Blue Network, Inc. to Lifesavers magnate Edward J. Noble in 1943. He renamed the company "The Blue Network, Inc." but quickly realized that the name was not appropriate for a major radio network. After acquiring the rights to the name "the American Broadcasting Company" from broadcaster George Storer in 1946, the Blue Network, Inc. become the American Broadcasting Company. The NBC Red Network was renamed the NBC Radio Network after the Blue network was sold.

Since GE's acquisition of RCA, NBC has been owned by General Electric. The NBC Radio Network was sold by General Electric in 1988 to Westwood One. While the chimes and an hourly newscast still appear on radio at certain times on weekdays, the NBC Radio Network as a programming service ceased to exist in 1989 and simply became a marketing brand name for programming produced by Westwood One.

For many years NBC was closely identified with founder David Sarnoff, who viewed it as a means for selling entertainment, and consumer electronics.

While CBS has received more attention from historians discussing broadcast journalism history, NBC's news operation was no slouch. From 1956 through 1970, the television broadcast team of Chet Huntley and David Brinkley consistently exceeded the viewership levels attained by CBS News and its main anchor Walter Cronkite. The dominance ended when Huntley retired, to die a year later from cancer. The loss of Huntley, along with a reluctance of RCA to fund NBC News at the level CBS was funding CBS News, left NBC News in the doldrums. NBC News did not recover viewership levels until after GE acquired RCA.

In the late 1980s NBC began pursuing a strategy of diversification, including the formation of two NBC-owned cable-television networks, CNBC and America's Talking. NBC also has partial ownership of several regional sports channels and other cable channels, such as Court TV and American Movie Classics. NBC Super Channel reaches more than 65 million households in Europe. In 1994 NBC began operating NBC Desktop Video, a financial news service that delivers live video to personal computers. In 1996 the company announced an agreement with the Microsoft Corporation to create MSNBC, an all-news cable television channel, using its subscriber base from its America's Talking network. The joint venture also included establishing a companion news service, MSNBC Online, on the World Wide Web. NBC Desktop Video and America's Talking were phased out. Also in 1996, NBC began broadcasting CNBC Europe, NBC Asia and CNBC Asia and in 1998 in partnership with Dow Jones & Co. they combined their financial news channels outside US. In 1999 NBC took a 32% stake in the Paxson group, operator of the 'seventh' television network. Finally, in 2002, NBC acquired the US Spanish-language broadcaster Telemundo and the cable channel Bravo.

In 2003, as part of the dismantling of the Vivendi Universal conglomerate (described in more detail in a separate profile on this site), GE formed NBC Universal: 80% owned by GE, 20% by Vivendi. The expectation is that Vivendi will ultimately dispose of its interest. The joint venture encompasses Vivendi's US film interests (eg Universal Studios production and distribution units), five theme parks, and cable television channels such as the USA Network and Sci-Fi Channel.

In 2004, NBC broadcast tapes of Diana, Princess of Wales as she described suicide attempts and the collapse of her marriage to Prince Charles.

Related articles

• List of programs broadcast by NBC
• List of United States television networks
• List of NBC affiliates
• List of NBC slogans

External links

• NBC Television official site
• Museum of Broadcast Communications - NBC History