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'''Great Awakenings''' are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought. |
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The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. |
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There are three generally accepted Great Awakenings in American history: |
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* The [[First Great Awakening]] ([[1730s]] - [[1740s]]) |
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* The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1820s]] - [[1830s]]) |
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* The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]]) |
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In addition, [[Strauss and Howe]], projecting the cycle backwards through time, list two additional Great Awakenings in British history: |
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* The [[Protestant Reformation]] ([[1510s]] - [[1540s]]) |
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* The [[Puritan Awakening]] ([[1620s]] - [[1650s]]) |
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Projecting the cycle forward, [[Strauss and Howe]] list a [[Consciousness Revolution]], which lasted from [[1964]] to [[1984]]. |
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Some scholars accept a [[Fourth Great Awakening]] which occurred during the [[1960s]] and [[1970s|70s]], corresponding to a rise in the [[charismatic]]/[[Pentecostal]] movement in the United States. |
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==The Pattern of Great Awakenings== |
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For a recent analysis of the causes and effects of Great Awakenings, see [[Generations (book)]]. |
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A Great Awakening happens when social change renders traditional religion (or the ''thesis'' in Hegel's terminology) unable to answer questions posed by contemporary life. A certain disconnect occurs between religion and the real world. New belief systems attempt to fill the gap, eventually leading to a full Great Awakening. Examples of such precursors to a Great Awakening are the [[Spiritualism]] movement, which preceded the [[Third Great Awakening]], and the [[Beatnik]] movement, which preceded the [[Fourth Great Awakening|Fourth]]. |
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A Great Awakening consists of the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s. In addition to completely new belief systems, existing belief systems gain new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to do an end-run around tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and usually fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as innovations. This is why Great Awakenings are often referred to as revivals. |
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In response to this new ''antithesis'', [[fundamentalist]] sects form, which oppose some of the new ideas (while quietly accepting others). |
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Over the course of roughly the next 40 years, a form of [[natural selection]] takes place, as the more [[extremism|radical]] sects on both sides are either defeated or merge into a new ''synthesis'' of belief. A crucial step is the coming-of-age of a generation raised in the beliefs of the newest Great Awakening. For them, the beliefs, even if not their own, are a fact of life, and not dangerously radical. |
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But this new synthesis eventually ossifies, becoming the new ''thesis'', starting the cycle over. |
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==American Great Awakenings== |
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Although the Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appear unique to the United States. This could be because the United States is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia the pressure for new ideas build into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution. |
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Since religion has often been used to dictate or justify morality, the Great Awakenings have exerted influence on the politics of the United States. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phemonenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the War of Independence. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the [[American Civil War]]. |
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{{Great awakenings}} |
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==Other meanings== |
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In the [[fiction|fictional]] ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the '''Great Awakening''' was a period of [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] history when [[Surak]]'s teachings about [[logic]] were espoused. |
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==Further reading== |
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*Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution'';Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966 |
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*Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening & the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626 |
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*William Strauss and Neil Howe, ''The Fourth Turning'', New York: Broadway Books, 1997. |
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*Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842. |
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*Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991 |
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*Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994 |
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*James Tanis; ''Dutch Calvinistic Pietism in the Middle Colonies: A Study in the Life and Theology of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen'';The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967 |
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ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967 |
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[[Category:Religious history of the United States]] |
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[[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]] |
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