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In 1187 Alexander Neckam reported the use of a magnetic compass for the region of the English Channel.^[1] Yusuf al-Khuri al-Qass, who translated Archemides lost work on triangles from a Syriac version. He also made an Arabic of Galen's De Simplicibus temperamentis et facultatibus. Qusta Ibn Luqa al-Ba'lbakki, a Syriac Christian, who translated Hypsicles, Theodosius' Sphaerica, Heron's Mechanics, Autolycus Theophrastus' Meteora, Galen's catalog of his books, John Philoponus on the Phsyics of Aristotle and several other works. He also revised the existing translation of Euclid. Abu Bishr Matta Ibn Yunus al-Qanna'i, who translated Aristotle's Poetica. Abu Zakariya Yahya Ibn 'Adi al-Mantiqi, a monophysite, who translated medical and logical works, including the Prolegomena of Ammonius, an introduction to Porphyry's Isagoge. Al-Hunayn Ibn Ipahim Ibn al-Hasan Ibn Khurshid at-Tabari an-Natili, and the monophysite Abu 'Ali 'Isa Ibn Ishaq Ibn Zer'a. Yuhanna Ibn Batriq, an Assyrian, who produced the Sirr al-asrar. 'Abd al-Masih Ibn 'Aballah Wa'ima al-Himse, also an Assyrian, who translated the Theology of Aristotle (but this was an apidged paraphrase of the Enneads by Plotinus). Abu Yahya al-Batriq, another Assyrian, who translated Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos. Jipa'il II, son of Bukhtyishu' II, of the prominent Assyrian medical family mentioned above, Abu Zakariah Yahya Ibn Masawaih, an Assyrian Nestorian. He authored a textbook on Ophthalmology, Daghal al-'ayn (The Disease of the eye). Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, an Assyrian. Sergius of Rashayn, "a celepated physician and philosopher, skilled in Greek and translator into Syriac of various works on medicine, philosophy, astronomy, and theology". Other Monopysite translators were Ya'qub of Surug, Aksenaya (Philoxenos), an alumnus of the school of Edessa, Mara, bishop of Amid.

reflist

Any study of this period should not ignore the contribution of John Philoponus (ca. 490 - ca 566) of Alexandria, described by one writer as "not only the greatest theoretical physicist in antiquity, but the greatest before Isaac Newton." (Harold Turner "The Roots of Science" 1998).

He was a Greek Christian in Alexandria, a city that later "was captured by the Persians in 616, and then by the Arabs in 646. Through them its literary treasures were transported east, away from Europe to the Arab centres of learning, the ancient Damascus and later the new Baghdad; here they were translated from the Greek, first into Syriac and then into Arabic, and so lost to the Latin scholars of the West for some seven centuries. [...]

"[Philoponus] exhibited the method of scientific experiment and observation that would have corrected much Greek science had he not been lost for nearly a thousand years.

"First of all, he was one of the greatest exponents of Aristotle in antiquity, with commentaries on almost all of his works, and he adopted much of Aristotle's system for the orderly classification of nature. Although there were other and pagan critics of Aristotle, Philoponus was the first to mount such a devastating critique of the deductive method and much of the content of Aristotle's physics and cosmology - there was no rival to its thoroughness until Galileo...Much of his work amounted to the sort of basic 'paradigm change' that T S Kuhn finds at critical points in the history of science."

He has been portrayed as representing "the value of philosophical and scientific thought freely pursuing truth without explicit theological controls, whether Christian or Greek, although the basic implicit assumptions of a Christian worldview are still fruitfully at work."

More can be found via google though ignore the trivial wikipedia entry. These few comments and quotes here do not undermine Fjordman's main points, but rather buttress and extend them, and should make us increasingly cynical of the Islamic claim to have saved so much ancient knowledge for later mankind.

title

stuff under title^[2]

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this is ^[3] my practice page^[4]here is more stuff^[5]and even more^[6]this is fun^[7]I have learned^[8] more ^[9]about foot noteing ^[10] Wikipedia:template

An Introduction to the History of Medicine: With Medical Chronology, Suggestions for Study and Bibliographic Data By Fielding Hudson Garrison Edition: 3 Published by Saunders, 1921 942 pages

notes

^ The magnetic needle is mentioned in his De utensilibus, and further in his De naturis rerum, probably written at the end of the twelfth century (see Sarton, Introduction, 1927–1948, 2, pp. 385f.; Mitchell, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospherical Electricity 37, 1932, p. 125, and Bromehead, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospherical Electricity 50, 1945, pp. 139ff.; Schück, Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften 13, 1914, pp. 335f., with the two short Latin texts). On Alexander Neckam see Düchting, article “Alexander Neckam” in LexMA, who ignores the mentioning of the magnetic needle in Neckam’s treatises. For an overview of the European sources on the magnetic compass see, for example, Mitchell, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospherical Electricity 37, 1932, pp. 123ff.; Schnall, article “Kompaß” in LexMA; Klaproth, Lettre, 1834, pp. 40f.
^ this is a referance
^ change all numbers
^ foot note data
^ an other foot note
^ not to self
^ more
^ what does this do ?
^ more
^ at last

afterthought

better save^{[citation needed]} this in case I forget.^[who?]

^[1]

History of Analytical Chemistry By Ferenc Szabadváry, Gyula Svehla Translated by Gyula Svehla Published by Taylor & Francis, 1993 ISBN 2881245692, 9782881245695
Pliny the Elder on science and technology

By John F. Healy Edition: illustrated Published by Oxford University Press, 1999 ISBN 0198146876, 9780198146872 467 pages

The Jewish alchemists: a history and source book

By Raphael Patai Edition: reprint, illustrated Published by Princeton University Press, 1995 ISBN 0691006423, 9780691006420 617 pages

Drug Discovery: A History

By Walter Sneader Contributor Walter Sneader Edition: illustrated, revised, reprint Published by John Wiley and Sons, 2005 ISBN 0471899801, 9780471899808 468 pages

The First and thirty-third books of Pliny's Natural History; A specimen of a proposed translation of the whole work with notes, etc. By J. Bostock

By Pliny, John Bostock Translated by John Bostock Published by Baldwin and Cradock, 1828 Original from Oxford University Digitized Jun 21, 2007 80 pages

more notes

^ holms, fredric l (2000). Instruments and Experimentation in the History of Chemistry. MIT press. p. 91. ISBN 0262082829. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan and his Kitab Al-Ahjar(Book of Stones) Jabir and Haq ISBN 0792325877
The Summa Perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber: a Critical Edition, Translation and Study Geber and Newman ISBN 9004094664
A Short History of Chemistry Partington ISBN 0486659771
Story of Alchemy and Early Chemistry Stillman ISBN 0766132307
Creation of Fire: Chemistry's Lively History from Alchemy to the Atomic Age Cobb ISBN 073820594X
Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries Lucas ISBN 0766151417

Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence By Peter Roger Stuart Moorey Published by EISENBRAUNS, 1999 ISBN 1575060426, 9781575060422

Greek Science of the Hellenistic Era: A Sourcebook By Georgia Lynette Irby-Massie, Paul T. Keyser Published by Routledge, 2002 ISBN 0415238471, 9780415238472
From Alchemy to Chemistry Read ISBN 0486286908
The Dictionary of Alchemy Fernando ISBN 1843336189
Alchemy and Early Modern Chemistry: Papers from Ambix Debus ISBN 0954648412
The Chemical Tree; A History of Chemistry Brock ISBN 0393302685
Alchemy Holmyard ISBN 0486262987
A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder Partington ISBN 0801859549
Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521822742
A Short History of the Art of Distillation from the Beginnings Up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal Forbs ISBN 9004006176
Glasss: a World History Macfarlane and Martin ISBN 0226500284
The Science and Archaeology of Materials: An Investigation of Inorganic Materials By Julian Henderson Published by Routledge, 2000 ISBN 0415199336, 9780415199339
Sasanian and Post-Sasnian Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass Whitehouse and Brill ISBN 0872901580
Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic By William T. Frankenberger Contributor William T. Frankenberger Published by CRC Press, 2002 ISBN 0824706765, 9780824706760

Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting: The History of a Technology By John Peter Oleson Published by Springer, 1984 ISBN 9027716935, 9789027716934

A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times: Irrigation and water supply ; Dams ; Bridges ; Roads ; Building construction ; Surveying Part two, Mechanical engineering : Water-raising machines ; Power from water and wind Part three, Fine technology : Instruments ; Automata ; Clocks ... By Donald Routledge Hill Published by Routledge, 1996 ISBN 0415152917, 9780415152914
Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages By Andre Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Adrian Walford, Michael Lapidge Translated by Adrian Walford Published by Routledge, 2000 ISBN 1579582826, 9781579582821
Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, and at the Period of the Renaissance By P. L. Jacob Published by Bickers and Son, 1878 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized Nov 23, 2005 (Down load at google books)
Early Physics and Astronomy: A Historical Introduction By Olaf Pedersen Published by CUP Archive, 1993 ISBN 0521408997, 9780521408998
Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia By Thomas F. Glick, Steven John Livesey, Faith Wallis Published by Routledge, 2005 ISBN 0415969301, 9780415969307
Theories of Vision from Al-Kindi to Kepler By David C. Lindberg Published by University of Chicago Press, 1981 ISBN 0226482359, 9780226482354

Labour in the Medieval Islamic World By Maya Shatzmiller Published by BRILL, 1994 ISBN 9004098968,
The Making of Humanity By Robert Briffault Published by G. Allen & Unwin ltd., 1919 Original from the University of California Digitized Oct 18, 2007 371 pages available in its entirety here: http://books.google.com/books?id=usdCAAAAIAAJ please see part II chapter V
How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs By De Lacy O'Leary D.D. First published in Great Britain in 1949 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. Reprinted three times. This edition first published in 1979 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 39 Store Street, London WC1E7DD, Broadway House, Newtown Road, Henley-on-Thames, Oxon RG91EN and 9 Park Street, Boston, Mass. 02108, USA Printed in Great Britain by Caledonian Graphics Cumbernauld, Scotland ISBN 0 7100 1903 3 Assyrian International News Agency Books Online read it here: http://www.aina.org/books/hgsptta.htm#ch13

[1] The magnetic needle is mentioned in his De utensilibus, and further in his De naturis rerum, probably written at the end of the twelfth century (see Sarton, Introduction, 1927–1948, 2, pp. 385f.; Mitchell, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospherical Electricity 37, 1932, p. 125, and Bromehead, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospherical Electricity 50, 1945, pp. 139ff.; Schück, Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften 13, 1914, pp. 335f., with the two short Latin texts). On Alexander Neckam see Düchting, article “Alexander Neckam” in LexMA, who ignores the mentioning of the magnetic needle in Neckam’s treatises. For an overview of the European sources on the magnetic compass see, for example, Mitchell, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospherical Electricity 37, 1932, pp. 123ff.; Schnall, article “Kompaß” in LexMA; Klaproth, Lettre, 1834, pp. 40f.

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[11] s, fredric l (2000). Instruments and Experimentation in the History of Chemistry. MIT press. p. 91. ISBN 0262082829. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

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