Geography of Karnataka

Topographic map of Karnataka. Western Ghats are parallel to the cost.

The Indian State of Karnataka is located within 11°30' North and 18°30' North latitudes and 74° East and 78°30' East longitude. It is situated on a tableland where the Western and Eastern Ghat ranges converge into the Nilgiri hill complex, in the western part of the Deccan Peninsular region of India. The State is bounded by Maharastra and Goa States in the north and northwest; by the Arabian Sea in the west; by Kerala and Tamil Nadu States in the south and by the States of Andhra Pradesh in the east. Karnataka extends to about 750 km from north to south and about 400 km from east to west.

Karnataka is situated in the Deccan Plateau and is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the east and southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. It is situated at the angle where the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats of South India converge into the Nilgiri hills. The highest point in Karnataka is the Mullayanagiri hill in Chikkamagaluru district which has an altitude of 1,929 metres (6,329 ft) above sea level.

Landforms of Karnataka

The state has three principal physical zones;

• The coastal strip, between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, which is lowland, with moderate to high rainfall levels. This strip is around 320 km in length and 48-64 km wide.
• The Western Ghats, a mountain range inland from the Arabian Sea, rising to about 1200 m average height, and with moderate to high rainfall levels.
• The Deccan Plateau, comprising the main inland region of the state, which is drier and verging on the semi-arid. The humidity in these plains or maidans never exceeds 50%.

Karnataka has one of the highest average elevations of Indian states at 2,500 feet. The highest recorded temperature was 45.6 °C (114.08 °F) at Raichur on May 23, 1928. The lowest recorded temperature was -10 °C (10.2 °F) at Bidar on December 16, 1918.

Area and population

Karnataka has a total land area of 1,91,791 km² and accounts for 5.83% of the total area of the country (measured at 3,288,000 km²). This puts it in eighth place in terms of size. With a population of 52,700,000, it occupies ninth place in terms of population. The population density which stands at 275 persons per km² is considerably lower than the all-India average of 324.

Mineral resources

Karnataka is rich in its mineral wealth which is distributed fairly evenly across the state. Karnataka's Geological Survey department started in 1880 is one of the oldest in the country. Rich deposits of asbestos, bauxite, chromite, dolomite, gold, iron ore, kaolin, limestone, magnesite, Manganese, ochre, quartz and silica sand are found in the state. Karnataka is also a major producer of felsite, moulding sand (63%) and fuchsite quartzite (57%) in the country.

Karnataka has two major centers of gold mining in the state at Kolar and Raichur. These mines produce about 3000 kg of gold per annum which accounts for almost 84% of the country's production. Karnataka has very rich deposits of high grade iron and manganese ores to the tune of 1,000 million tonnes. Most of the iron ores are concentrated around the Bellary-Hospet region. Karnataka with a granite rock spread of over 4200 km² is also famous for its Ornamental Granites with different hues.

Geology

According to Radhakrishnan and Vaidyanadhan (1997), there are four main types of geological formations in Karnataka:

• The Archean complex made up of Dharwad schists and granitic gneisses: These cover around 60% of the area of the state and consist of gneisses, granites and charnockite rocks. Some of the minerals found in this region are dolomite, limestone, gabbro, quartzite, pyroxenite, manganese and iron ores and metabasalt.
• The Proterozoic non-fossiliferous sedimentary formations of the Kaladgi and Bhima series: The Kaladgi series has horizontal rocks that run for 160 km in the districts of Belgaum, Raichur, Dharwad and Bijapur districts. The Bhima series that is present on either side of the Bhima River consists of rocks containing sandstone, limestone and shale and this is present in the Gulbarga and Bijapur districts.
• The Deccan trappean and intertrappean deposits: This is a part of the Deccan traps which were formed by the accumulation of basaltic lava. This is made up of greyish to black augite-basalt.
• The tertiary and recent laterites and alluvial deposits: Laterite capping are found over the Deccan Traps and were formed after the cessation of volcanic activity in the early tertiary period. These are found in many districts in the Deccan plateau and also in the coast.

Soil types

Eleven groups of soil orders are found in Karnataka viz. Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Spodosols, Alfisols, Ultisols, Oxisols, Aridisols, Vertisols, Andisols and Histosols. Depending on the agricultural capability of the soil, the soil types are divided into six types viz., Red, lateritic, black, alluvio-colluvial, forest and coastal soils. The common types of soil groups found in Karnataka are:

• Red soils: Red gravelly loam soil, Red loam soil, Red gravelly clay soil, Red clay soil
• Lateritic soils: Lateritic gravelly soil, Lateritic soil
• Black soils: Deep black soil, Medium deep black soil, Shallow black soil
• Alluvio-Colluvial Soils: Non-saline, saline and sodic
• Forest soils: Brown forest soil
• Coastal soils: Coastal laterite soil, Coastal alluvial soil

Water Resources

See also: Category:Rivers of Karnataka

With a surface water potential of about 102 cubic kilometers, Karnataka accounts for about six percent of the country's surface water resources. Around 60% of this is provided by the west flowing rivers while the remaining comes from the east flowing rivers. There are seven river basins in all formed by the Godavari, Cauvery, Krishna, the west-flowing rivers, South Pennar, and Palar.

Climate

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Bangalore
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     30     17 6     20     20 9     60     22 12     110     24 14     150     25 15     212     26 16     249     25 16     279     23 15     314     21 13     290     20 10     210     18 8     139     16 6 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: Weather Underground
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.2     63 43     0.8     68 48     2.4     72 54     4.3     75 57     5.9     77 59     8.3     79 61     9.8     77 61     11     73 59     12     70 55     11     68 50     8.3     64 46     5.5     61 43 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

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Bidar
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     0     23 7     2     25 11     6     28 14     10     32 18     50     35 20     82     39 21     149     40 22     139     36 19     174     31 17     90     29 14     70     25 11     13     24 8 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: Weather Underground
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0     73 45     0.1     77 52     0.2     82 57     0.4     90 64     2     95 68     3.2     102 70     5.9     104 72     5.5     97 66     6.9     88 63     3.5     84 57     2.8     77 52     0.5     75 46 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

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Karnataka has the following four seasons in the year:

• The winter season from January to February
• The summer season from March to May
• The monsoon season from June to September
• The post-monsoon season from October to December.

The post-monsoon and winter seasons are generally pleasant over the entire state. The months April and May are hot, very dry and generally uncomfortable. Weather tends to be oppressive during June due to high humidity and temperature. The next three months (July, August and September) are somewhat comfortable due to reduced day temperature although the humidity's continue to be very high. The highest recorded temperature was 45.6 °C (114 °F) at Raichur on May 23, 1928. The lowest recorded temperature was −10.2 °C (14 °F) C at Bidar on December 16, 1918.

Karnataka is divided into three meteorological zones:

• Coastal Karnataka: This zone comprises the districts of Uttara Kannada, Udupi and Dakshina Kannada. It is a region of heavy rainfall and receives an average rainfall of 3638.5 mm per annum. far in excess of rest of state.
• North Interior Karnataka: This zone comprises the districts of Belgaum, Bidar, Bijapur, Bagalkot, Haveri, Gadag, Dharwad, Gulbarga, Koppal, Bellary and Raichur Districts. This is an arid zone and receives only 711.5 mm of average rainfall per annum.
• South Interior Karnataka: The rest of the districts of Karnataka falls into this zone. This zone receives 1964.8 mm of average rainfall per annum.

Rainfall

Main article: Rainfall in Karnataka

The southwest monsoon accounts for almost 80% of the rainfall that the state receives. The annual rainfall across the state ranges from low 50 cm to copious 350 cm. The districts of Bijapur, Raichur, Bellary and Southern half of Gulbarga experience the lowest rainfall ranging from 50 to 60 cm while the west coastal region and Malenadu enjoy the highest rainfall. Agumbe in the Western Ghats experiences the heaviest rainfall in the country next only to Cherrapunji.

Forests

About 38724 km² (or 20% of Karnataka's geographic) are covered by forests. The forests are classified as reserved (28.611 km²) protected (3,932 km²), unclosed (5,748 km²), village (124 km²) and private (309 km²) forests. The percentage of forests area to Geographical area in the State is less than the all-India average of about 23%, and 33% prescribed in the National Forest Policy. The area under forests in the neighboring States is as follows: Andhra Pradesh 62,000 km² (9% of the total area of the country), Maharastra 54,000 km² (8%), Tamilnadu 22,000 km² (3%) and Kerala 11,000 km² (2%).

Karnataka is known for its valuable timbers from the evergreen forests in the Western Ghat region, notably Teak and Rosewood, the richly ornate panels of which adorn the beautiful chambers of the Two Houses of Karnataka Legislature.