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'''Coastal Migration''' is a term sometimes used in modern [[anthropology]] and [[genetics]]<ref name="endicott2007">{{Citation | title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics | author=Phillip Endicott, Mait Metspalu and Toomas Kivisild | date=2007 | publisher=Springer Netherlands | isbn=978-1-4020-5561-4 | url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/x05p66517331h166/fulltext.pdf | quote=''... The concept of a coastal migration was already envisioned in 1962 by the ...''}}</ref><ref name="bartlett2006">{{Citation | title=Around the World in Four Millennia | author=Megan "Awesome" Bartlett | date=Spring 2006 | publisher=Harvard Science Review | url=http://hcs.harvard.edu/~hsr/spring2006/bartlett.pdf | quote=''... Scientists have followed their movements through DNA markers, culminating in what is known as the coastal migration model. ...''}}</ref><ref name="hetherington2007">{{Citation | title=Climate, African and Beringian subaerial continental shelves, and migration of early peoples | author=Renee Hetherington, Edward Wiebe, Andrew J. Weaver, Shannon L. Carto, Michael Eby, Roger MacLeod | date=2007 | publisher=Quaternary International, International Union for Quaternary Research | url=http://www.pcsn.ca/pubs_2008/Hetherington,%20R.,%20E.%20Wiebe,%20A.%20J.%20Weaver,%20S.%20L.%20Carto,%20M.%20Eby,%20R.%20MacLeod,%20Climate,%20African%20and%20Beringian%20subaerial%20continental%20shelves,%20and%20migration%20of%20early%20peoples,%20Quat.%20International,%202008.pdf | quote=''... Alternatively, the coastal migration hypothesis suggests that people migrated along the southern edge of the exposed Beringian shelf and down the Pacific ...''}}</ref> for the concept that, from a [[Recent African origin of modern humans|single origin in Africa]] 100-200 thousand years before present (kybp), [[humanity]] first spread eastwards to areas outside Africa along routes that were predominantly located around [[coast]]lines.<ref>[http://news.softpedia.com/news/Both-Aborigines-and-Europeans-Rooted-in-Africa-54225.shtml Both Australian Aborigines and Europeans Rooted in Africa]</ref><ref name=biomed>[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/2/13/comments/comments A single origin, several dispersal hypothesis]</ref><ref name=sdispersal>[http://www.human-evol.cam.ac.uk/Projects/sdispersal/sdispersal.htm Searching for traces of the Southern Dispersal], by Dr. Marta Mirazón Lahr, et al.</ref> Other terms, such as '''Rapid Coastal Settlement''', '''Coastal Migration Theory''' and '''Coastal Migration Model''', are also used.<ref name="jablonski2002">{{Citation | title=The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World | author=Nina G. Jablonski | date=2002 | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=0940228505 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RI32r548fUwC | quote=''... Recent discoveries and events have breathed new life into the coastal migration theory, which suggests just the opposite of the ice-free corridor hypothesis — that maritime peoples first traveled around the North Pacific Coast then followed river valleys leading inland from the sea. Having a coastal route available, however, does not prove that such a maritime migration took place. Archaeological evidence for early boat use from islands along the western margin of the Pacific may support the idea that such a journey was technologically feasible, but archaeological data from the Pacific coast of North and South America are presently ambiguous about the origins of the earliest coastal occupants. ...''}}</ref><ref name="macaulay2005" />
'''Coastal Migration''' is a term sometimes used in modern [[anthropology]] and [[genetics]]<ref name="endicott2007">{{Citation | title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics | author=Phillip Endicott, Mait Metspalu and Toomas Kivisild | date=2007 | publisher=Springer Netherlands | isbn=978-1-4020-5561-4 | url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/x05p66517331h166/fulltext.pdf | quote=''... The concept of a coastal migration was already envisioned in 1962 by the ...''}}</ref><ref name="bartlett2006">{{Citation | title=Around the World in Four Millennia | author=Megan Bartlett | date=Spring 2006 | publisher=Harvard Science Review | url=http://hcs.harvard.edu/~hsr/spring2006/bartlett.pdf | quote=''... Scientists have followed their movements through DNA markers, culminating in what is known as the coastal migration model. ...''}}</ref><ref name="hetherington2007">{{Citation | title=Climate, African and Beringian subaerial continental shelves, and migration of early peoples | author=Renee Hetherington, Edward Wiebe, Andrew J. Weaver, Shannon L. Carto, Michael Eby, Roger MacLeod | date=2007 | publisher=Quaternary International, International Union for Quaternary Research | url=http://www.pcsn.ca/pubs_2008/Hetherington,%20R.,%20E.%20Wiebe,%20A.%20J.%20Weaver,%20S.%20L.%20Carto,%20M.%20Eby,%20R.%20MacLeod,%20Climate,%20African%20and%20Beringian%20subaerial%20continental%20shelves,%20and%20migration%20of%20early%20peoples,%20Quat.%20International,%202008.pdf | quote=''... Alternatively, the coastal migration hypothesis suggests that people migrated along the southern edge of the exposed Beringian shelf and down the Pacific ...''}}</ref> for the concept that, from a [[Recent African origin of modern humans|single origin in Africa]] 100-200 thousand years before present (kybp), [[humanity]] first spread eastwards to areas outside Africa along routes that were predominantly located around [[coast]]lines.<ref>[http://news.softpedia.com/news/Both-Aborigines-and-Europeans-Rooted-in-Africa-54225.shtml Both Australian Aborigines and Europeans Rooted in Africa]</ref><ref name=biomed>[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/2/13/comments/comments A single origin, several dispersal hypothesis]</ref><ref name=sdispersal>[http://www.human-evol.cam.ac.uk/Projects/sdispersal/sdispersal.htm Searching for traces of the Southern Dispersal], by Dr. Marta Mirazón Lahr, et al.</ref> Other terms, such as '''Rapid Coastal Settlement''', '''Coastal Migration Theory''' and '''Coastal Migration Model''', are also used.<ref name="jablonski2002">{{Citation | title=The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World | author=Nina G. Jablonski | date=2002 | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=0940228505 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RI32r548fUwC | quote=''... Recent discoveries and events have breathed new life into the coastal migration theory, which suggests just the opposite of the ice-free corridor hypothesis — that maritime peoples first traveled around the North Pacific Coast then followed river valleys leading inland from the sea. Having a coastal route available, however, does not prove that such a maritime migration took place. Archaeological evidence for early boat use from islands along the western margin of the Pacific may support the idea that such a journey was technologically feasible, but archaeological data from the Pacific coast of North and South America are presently ambiguous about the origins of the earliest coastal occupants. ...''}}</ref><ref name="macaulay2005" />


==Coastal migration theory in Asia and Oceania==
==Coastal migration theory in Asia and Oceania==

Revision as of 03:56, 18 August 2009

Coastal Migration is a term sometimes used in modern anthropology and genetics[1][2][3] for the concept that, from a single origin in Africa 100-200 thousand years before present (kybp), humanity first spread eastwards to areas outside Africa along routes that were predominantly located around coastlines.[4][5][6] Other terms, such as Rapid Coastal Settlement, Coastal Migration Theory and Coastal Migration Model, are also used.[7][8]

Coastal migration theory in Asia and Oceania

The coastal route is primarily used to describe the initial peopling of the Arabian peninsula, India, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, coastal China and Japan,[9][10] and is linked with the presence and dispersal of mtDNA haplogroup M and haplogroup N, as well as the specific distribution patterns of Y-DNA haplogroup C and haplogroup D, in these regions.[5][6][8] The theory proposes that humans, likely similar to the Negritos or Proto-Australoids of modern times, arrived in the Arabian peninsula from Africa, then on the southern coastal califoria of the Indian mainland, followed by spread to the Andaman Islands and modern-day Indonesia, and thence branching southwards to Australia and northwards towards Japan.[10] National Geographic's Genographic Project uses the term 'Coastal Clan' to describe the initial human groups of Y-DNA haplogroup C who expanded eastwards out from Africa along the coastal route around 50 kybp.[11]

Coastal migration hypothesis in the New World

Sometimes, the theory is extended to cover onwards migration, via the Bering Strait (which is hypothesized to have been a land bridge during the ice age), into North America, and then onwards to Central and South America along the western coast.[12] Findings such as the report that the sediments in the Port Eliza caves on Vancouver Island, which indicated the possibility of survivable climate until 16 kybp in the area, have helped bolster the hypothesis recently.[13] However, despite such research, the postulate is still subject to considerable debate.[7][14]

See also

References

  1. ^ Phillip Endicott, Mait Metspalu and Toomas Kivisild (2007), The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics (PDF), Springer Netherlands, ISBN 978-1-4020-5561-4, ... The concept of a coastal migration was already envisioned in 1962 by the ...
  2. ^ Megan Bartlett (Spring 2006), Around the World in Four Millennia (PDF), Harvard Science Review, ... Scientists have followed their movements through DNA markers, culminating in what is known as the coastal migration model. ...
  3. ^ Renee Hetherington, Edward Wiebe, Andrew J. Weaver, Shannon L. Carto, Michael Eby, Roger MacLeod (2007), Climate, African and Beringian subaerial continental shelves, and migration of early peoples (PDF), Quaternary International, International Union for Quaternary Research, ... Alternatively, the coastal migration hypothesis suggests that people migrated along the southern edge of the exposed Beringian shelf and down the Pacific ...{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Both Australian Aborigines and Europeans Rooted in Africa
  5. ^ a b A single origin, several dispersal hypothesis
  6. ^ a b Searching for traces of the Southern Dispersal, by Dr. Marta Mirazón Lahr, et al.
  7. ^ a b Nina G. Jablonski (2002), The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World, University of California Press, ISBN 0940228505, ... Recent discoveries and events have breathed new life into the coastal migration theory, which suggests just the opposite of the ice-free corridor hypothesis — that maritime peoples first traveled around the North Pacific Coast then followed river valleys leading inland from the sea. Having a coastal route available, however, does not prove that such a maritime migration took place. Archaeological evidence for early boat use from islands along the western margin of the Pacific may support the idea that such a journey was technologically feasible, but archaeological data from the Pacific coast of North and South America are presently ambiguous about the origins of the earliest coastal occupants. ...
  8. ^ a b Vincent Macaulay; et al. (13 May 2005, Vol. 308. no. 5724, pp. 1034 - 1036), "Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes" (PDF), Science Magazine, ... mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa, most likely via a southern coastal route, through India and onward into southeast Asia and Australasia. There was an early offshoot, leading ultimately to the settlement of the Near East and Europe, but the main dispersal from India to Australia 65,000 years ago was rapid, most likely taking only a few thousand years. ... {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  9. ^ Kevin O. Pope and John E. Terrell (9 Oct 2007, Volume 35, Issue 1, Pages 1-21), "Environmental setting of human migrations in the circum-Pacific region", Journal of Biogeography, ... The expansion of modern humans out of Africa, following a coastal route into southern Asia, was initially thwarted by a series of large and abrupt environmental changes. A period of relatively stable climate and sea level from c. 45,000 yr bp to 40,000 yr bp supported a rapid coastal expansion of modern humans throughout much of Southeast Asia, enabling them to reach the coasts of northeast Russia and Japan by 38,000–37,000 yr bp ... {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ a b Spencer Wells (2002), The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, Princeton University Press, ISBN 069111532X, ... the population of south-east Asia prior to 6000 years ago was composed largely of groups of hunter-gatherers very similar to modern Negritos ... So, both the Y-chromosome and the mtDNA paint a clear picture of a coastal leap from Africa to south-east Asia, and onward to Australia ... DNA has given us a glimpse of the voyage, which almost certainly followed a coastal route va India ...
  11. ^ "The Genographic Project: Genetic Markers, Haplogroup D (M174)", National Geographic, 2008, ... Haplogroup D may have accompanied another group, the Coastal Clan (haplogroup C) on the first major wave of migration out of Africa around 50,000 years ago. Taking advantage of the plentiful seaside resources, these intrepid explorers followed the coastline of Africa through the southern Arabian Peninsula, India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. Alternatively, they may have made the trek at a later time, following in the footsteps of the Coastal Clan ...
  12. ^ Todd A. Surovell (Volume 44, Number 4, August/October 2003), Simulating Coastal Migration in New World Colonization, Current Anthropology {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ Majid Al-Suwaidi (2006), A Multi-disciplinary Study of Port Eliza Cave Sediments and Their Implications for Human Coastal Migration, Library and Archives Canada (Bibliothèque et Archives Canada), ISBN 0494032995, ... A multi-disciplinary study at Port Eliza cave on Vancouver Island has refined the timing and character of late Wisconsinan environments and has significant implications for the human Coastal Migration Hypothesis ...
  14. ^ Christy G. Turner (2003, vol. 68, no2, pp. 391-395), "Three ounces of sea shells and one fish bone do not a coastal migration make", American antiquity, Society for American Archaeology {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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