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'''Star anise''', '''star aniseed''', '''badiane''' or '''Chinese star anise''', ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: [[wiktionary:八角|八角]], [[pinyin]]: ''bājiǎo'', lit. "eight-horn"; [[Malayalam]]: തക്കോലം) is a [[spice]] that closely resembles [[anise]] in flavor, obtained from the star-shaped [[fruit|pericarp]] of ''Illicium verum'', a small native [[evergreen]] tree of southwest [[China]]. The star shaped fruits are harvested just before ripening. It is widely used in [[Chinese cuisine]], in [[Indian cuisine]] where it is a major component of [[garam masala]], and in [[Malaysian cuisine|Malay]]–[[Indonesian cuisine]]. It is widely grown for commercial use in [[China]], [[India]], and most other countries in Asia. Star anise is an ingredient of the traditional [[five-spice powder]] of Chinese cooking. It is also a major ingredient in the making of ''[[phở]]'', a [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]] noodle soup. It is used as a spice in preparation of Biryani in [[Andhra Pradesh]], a state of southern [[India]]. |
'''Star anise''', '''star aniseed''', '''badiane''' or '''Chinese star anise''', ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: [[wiktionary:八角|八角]], [[pinyin]]: ''bājiǎo'', lit. "eight-horn"; [[Malayalam]]: തക്കോലം) is a [[spice]] that closely resembles [[anise]] in flavor, obtained from the star-shaped [[fruit|pericarp]] of ''Illicium verum'', a small native [[evergreen]] tree of southwest [[China]]. The star shaped fruits are harvested just before ripening. It is widely used in [[Chinese cuisine]], in [[Indian cuisine]] where it is a major component of [[garam masala]], and in [[Malaysian cuisine|Malay]]–[[Indonesian cuisine]]. It is widely grown for commercial use in [[China]], [[India]], and most other countries in Asia. Star anise is an ingredient of the traditional [[five-spice powder]] of Chinese cooking. It is also a major ingredient in the making of ''[[phở]]'', a [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]] noodle soup. It is used as a spice in preparation of Biryani in [[Andhra Pradesh]], a state of southern [[India]]. In[[Marathi]], it is called ''BarDan (बारदान)'' which literally means "spice with twelve seeds". |
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== Nomenclature and taxonomy == |
== Nomenclature and taxonomy == |
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Revision as of 17:55, 18 August 2009
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| Star anise fruits (Illicium verum) | |
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| Species: | I. verum
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| Illicium verum | |
Star anise, star aniseed, badiane or Chinese star anise, (Chinese: 八角, pinyin: bājiǎo, lit. "eight-horn"; Malayalam: തക്കോലം) is a spice that closely resembles anise in flavor, obtained from the star-shaped pericarp of Illicium verum, a small native evergreen tree of southwest China. The star shaped fruits are harvested just before ripening. It is widely used in Chinese cuisine, in Indian cuisine where it is a major component of garam masala, and in Malay–Indonesian cuisine. It is widely grown for commercial use in China, India, and most other countries in Asia. Star anise is an ingredient of the traditional five-spice powder of Chinese cooking. It is also a major ingredient in the making of phở, a Vietnamese noodle soup. It is used as a spice in preparation of Biryani in Andhra Pradesh, a state of southern India. InMarathi, it is called BarDan (बारदान) which literally means "spice with twelve seeds".
Nomenclature and taxonomy
Refer to the section of 4.0 for the information of the plant nomenclatures
![[icon]](/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2009) |
List of the cultivars
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2009) |
Usages
Culinary uses
Star anise contains anethole, the same ingredient which gives the unrelated anise its flavor. Recently, star anise has come into use in the West as a less expensive substitute for anise in baking as well as in liquor production, most distinctively in the production of the liquor Galliano. It is also used in the production of Sambuca, pastis, and many types of absinthe.
Medicinal uses
Star anise has been used in a tea as a remedy for rheumatism, and the seeds are sometimes chewed after meals to aid digestion. As a warm and moving herb, Ba Jiao is used to assist in relieving cold-stagnation in the middle jiao, according to TCM.
Shikimic acid, a primary feedstock used to create the anti-flu drug Tamiflu, is produced by most autotrophic organisms, but star anise is the industrial source. In 2005, there was a temporary shortage of star anise due to its use in making Tamiflu. Late in that year, a way was found of making shikimic acid artificially. Roche now derives some of the raw material it needs from fermenting E. coli bacteria. The 2009 swine flu outbreak led to another series of shortages as stocks of Tamiflu were built up around the world, sending prices soaring.[1]
Star anise is grown in four provinces in China and harvested between March and May. Its also found in the south of New South Wales. The shikimic acid is extracted from the seeds in a ten-stage manufacturing process which takes a year. Reports say 90% of the harvest is already used by the Swiss pharmaceutical manufacturer Roche in making Tamiflu, but other reports say there is an abundance of the spice in the main regions - Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan.
Japanese star anise (Illicium anisatum), a similar tree, is not edible because it is highly toxic (due to containing sikimitoxin); instead, it has been burned as incense in Japan. Cases of illness, including "serious neurological effects, such as seizures", reported after using star anise tea may be a result of using this species. Japanese star anise contains anisatin, which causes severe inflammation of the kidneys, urinary tract and digestive organs.
Toxicology
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2009) |
Standardization of its products and services
Identification
- Refer to the 4th edition of the European Pharmacopoeia [1153].
Differentiation with other species
Joshi et al. have tried the techniques of fluorescent microscopy and gas chromatography[3] to distinguished the species, while Lederer et al. employed the state of the art which combines the technology of TLC with HPLC-MS/MS.[4]
Specifications
- ISO 11178:1995 - a specification for its dried fruits[5]
- GB/T 7652:2006 - a Chinese standard of the product[6]
Notes & References
- ^ Louisa Lim, "Swine Flu Bumps Up Price Of Chinese Spice", NPR, 18 May 2009
- ^ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 676:1995 Spices and condiments -- Botanical nomenclature". Retrieved 8 June.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - ^ Joshi, Vaishali C.; et al. (2005). "Rapid and Easy Identification of Illicium verum Hook. f. and Its Adulterant Illicium anisatum Linn. by Fluorescent Microscopy and Gas Chromatography". Journal of AOAC International. 88 (3). AOAC International: 703–706. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0058. PMID 15492355. Retrieved 10 November.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Explicit use of et al. in:|first=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - ^ Lederer, Ines; et al. (2006). "Combination of TLC and HPLC-MS/MS Methods. Approach to a Rational Quality Control of Chinese Star Anise". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (6). American Chemical Society: 1970–1974. doi:10.1021/jf058156b.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Explicit use of et al. in:|first=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - ^ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 11178:1995 Star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) -- Specification". Retrieved 8 June.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - ^ 供销总杜南京野生植物综合利用研究院. "GB/T 7652-2006 八角". Retrieved 8 June.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help)
Bibliography
See also
