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'''''Salvia''''' is the largest and ugliest [[genus]] of plants in the mint family, [[Lamiaceae]], with approximately 900 species of [[shrub]]s, [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennials]], and [[annual plant|annuals]].<ref name="Clebsch">{{cite book|last=Clebsch|first=Betsy|coauthors=Carol D. Barner|title=The New Book of Salvias|publisher=Timber Press|date=2003|page=18|isbn=9780881925609|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&pg=PA18}}</ref> It is one of three [[genus|genera]] commonly referred to as '''sage'''. When used without modifiers, sage generally refers to ''[[Salvia officinalis]]'' ("common sage"); however, it can be used with modifiers to refer to any member of the genus. The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their scientific name ''Salvia''. The genus is distributed throughout the world, with the center of diversity and origin appearing to be Central and South Western Asia,<ref name="Kintzios">{{cite book|last=Kintzios|first=Spiridon E.|title=Sage: The Genus Salvia|publisher=CRC Press|date=2000|pages=27|isbn=9789058230058}}</ref> while nearly 500 species are native to [[Mexico]] and Central and [[South America]].<ref>Clebsch, p. 19.</ref>
'''''Salvia''''' is the largest [[genus]] of plants in the mint family, [[Lamiaceae]], with approximately 900 species of [[shrub]]s, [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennials]], and [[annual plant|annuals]].<ref name="Clebsch">{{cite book|last=Clebsch|first=Betsy|coauthors=Carol D. Barner|title=The New Book of Salvias|publisher=Timber Press|date=2003|page=18|isbn=9780881925609|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&pg=PA18}}</ref> It is one of three [[genus|genera]] commonly referred to as '''sage'''. When used without modifiers, sage generally refers to ''[[Salvia officinalis]]'' ("common sage"); however, it can be used with modifiers to refer to any member of the genus. The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their scientific name ''Salvia''. The genus is distributed throughout the world, with the center of diversity and origin appearing to be Central and South Western Asia,<ref name="Kintzios">{{cite book|last=Kintzios|first=Spiridon E.|title=Sage: The Genus Salvia|publisher=CRC Press|date=2000|pages=27|isbn=9789058230058}}</ref> while nearly 500 species are native to [[Mexico]] and Central and [[South America]].<ref>Clebsch, p. 19.</ref>


The name is derived from the Latin ''salvere'' ("to save"), referring to the long-believed healing properties of salvia. The Latin was corrupted to 'sauja', to the French 'sauge', and to the old English 'sawge', and eventually became the modern day 'sage'.<ref>Kintzios, p. 10.</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] was the first to use the Latin name ''salvia''.<ref>Clebsch, p. 17.</ref>
The name is derived from the Latin ''salvere'' ("to save"), referring to the long-believed healing properties of salvia. The Latin was corrupted to 'sauja', to the French 'sauge', and to the old English 'sawge', and eventually became the modern day 'sage'.<ref>Kintzios, p. 10.</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] was the first to use the Latin name ''salvia''.<ref>Clebsch, p. 17.</ref>

Revision as of 19:15, 29 August 2009

This article is about the plant genus called Salvia (sage). For the culinary herb see Salvia officinalis. For the psychoactive herb see Salvia divinorum. For the Italian municipality see Savoia di Lucania. For other meanings see sage.

Salvia
Salvia pratensis (Meadow sage)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Lamiaceae
Genus:
Salvia

Species

see List of Salvia species

Salvia is the largest genus of plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, with approximately 900 species of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals.[1] It is one of three genera commonly referred to as sage. When used without modifiers, sage generally refers to Salvia officinalis ("common sage"); however, it can be used with modifiers to refer to any member of the genus. The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their scientific name Salvia. The genus is distributed throughout the world, with the center of diversity and origin appearing to be Central and South Western Asia,[2] while nearly 500 species are native to Mexico and Central and South America.[3]

The name is derived from the Latin salvere ("to save"), referring to the long-believed healing properties of salvia. The Latin was corrupted to 'sauja', to the French 'sauge', and to the old English 'sawge', and eventually became the modern day 'sage'.[4] Pliny the Elder was the first to use the Latin name salvia.[5]

Description

Salvia species include annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, along with woody based sub-shrubs. The stems are typically angled like other members in Lamiaceae. The flowers are produced in spikes, racemes, or panicles, and generally produce a showy display with flower colors ranging from blue to red, with white and yellow less common. The calyx is normally tubular or bell shaped, without bearded throats, and divided into two parts or lips, the upper lip entire or three-toothed, the lower two-cleft. The corollas are often claw shaped and are two-lipped with the upper lip entire or notched and spreading. The lower lip typically has three lobes with the middle lobe longest. The stamens are reduced to two short structures with anthers two-celled, the upper cell fertile, and the lower imperfect. The flower styles are two-cleft. The fruits are smooth nutlets and many species have a mucilaginous coating.

Many salvias have hairs growing on the leaves, stems, and flowers, which help to reduce water loss in some species. Sometimes the hairs are glandular and secrete volatile oils that typically give a distinct aroma to the plant. When the hairs are rubbed or brushed, some of the oil-bearing cells are ruptured, releasing the oil. This often results in the plant being unattractive to grazing animals and some insects.[6]

Salvia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including the bucculatricid leaf-miner Bucculatrix taeniola which feeds exclusively on the genus and the Coleophora case-bearers C. aegyptiacae, C. salviella (both feed exclusively on S. aegyptiaca), C. ornatipennella and C. virgatella (both recorded on S. pratensis).

Classification

The defining characteristic of the genus Salvia is the unusual pollination mechanism, which consists of two stamens (instead of the typical four found in other members of the tribe Mentheae) and the way the two stamens are connected to form a lever. When a pollinator enters the flower for nectar, the lever activates causing the stamens to move and the pollen to be deposited on the pollinator. When the pollinator withdraws from the flower, the lever returns the stamens to their original position. As the pollinator enters another flower of the same species, the stigma is placed in a general location that corresponds to where the pollen was deposited on the pollinator's body. It is believed that this is a key factor in the speciation of this large group of diverse plants.[7] However, it now appears that somewhat different versions of this lever mechanism have evolved in the tribe Mentheae, and that Salvia is not monophyletic.[8][9]

The classification of different Salvia species has been very confusing over the years. Many species are similar to each other, and many species have varieties that have been given different specific names. Salvia officinalis, for example, has been described and named under six other specific names at various times. At one time there were over 2000 named Salvia species. That number has been reduced in recent years to 700-900 distinct species and subspecies, depending on the source.[10][11]

Commonly used species

Selected species

Main article: List of Salvia species

Notes

  1. ^ Clebsch, Betsy (2003). The New Book of Salvias. Timber Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780881925609. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Kintzios, Spiridon E. (2000). Sage: The Genus Salvia. CRC Press. p. 27. ISBN 9789058230058.
  3. ^ Clebsch, p. 19.
  4. ^ Kintzios, p. 10.
  5. ^ Clebsch, p. 17.
  6. ^ Sutton, John (2004). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias. Workman Publishing Company. pp. 15–16. ISBN 9780881926712.
  7. ^ Clasenbockhoff, R. (2004). "The staminal lever mechanism in Salvia L. (Lamiaceae): a key innovation for adaptive radiation?". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 4: 189. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.01.004.
  8. ^ Jay B. Walker, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Jens Treutlein and Michael Wink (2004). "Salvia (Lamiaceae) is not monophyletic: implications for the systematics, radiation, and ecological specializations of Salvia and tribe Mentheae". American Journal of Botany. 91: 1115–1125. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.7.1115.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Walker, Jay B., Sytsma, Kenneth J. (2007). "Staminal Evolution in the Genus Salvia (Lamiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence for Multiple Origins of the Staminal Lever". Annals of Botany. 100 (2): 375–391. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl176. PMID 16926227. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Sutton, p. 17.
  11. ^ Clebsch, p. 18.
  12. ^ Akhondzadeh, S; Noroozian, M; Mohammadi, M; Ohadinia, S; Jamshidi, Ah; Khani, M (2003). "Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial". Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 28 (1): 53–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00463.x. ISSN 0269-4727. PMID 12605619. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Dos, Santos-Neto, Ll; De, Vilhena, Toledo, Ma; Medeiros-Souza, P; De, Souza, Ga (2006). "The use of herbal medicine in Alzheimer's disease-a systematic review" (Free full text). Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM. 3 (4): 441–5. doi:10.1093/ecam/nel071. PMC 1697739. PMID 17173107. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Perry, Ek; Pickering, At; Wang, Ww; Houghton, P; Perry, Ns (1998). "Medicinal plants and Alzheimer's disease: Integrating ethnobotanical and contemporary scientific evidence". Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.). 4 (4): 419–28. doi:10.1089/acm.1998.4.419. ISSN 1075-5535. PMID 9884179. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Iuvone, T; De, Filippis, D; Esposito, G; D'Amico, A; Izzo, Aa (2006). "The spice sage and its active ingredient rosmarinic acid protect PC12 cells from amyloid-beta peptide-induced neurotoxicity" (Free full text). The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 317 (3): 1143–9. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.099317. PMID 16495207. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Tan, Benny K.-H., Boon-Huat Bay, and Yi-Zhun Zhu. 2004. Novel compounds from natural products in the new millennium: potential and challenges. Singapore: World Scientific. Page 183.
  17. ^ http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/SALSPLA.PDF
  18. ^ Gladstar, Rosemary (2000). Planting the Future. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. pp. 247–251. ISBN 9780892818945. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Sack, Kevin (2008-09-08). "Popularity of a Hallucinogen May Thwart Its Medical Uses". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-19. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

References

  • Sage: The Genus Salvia by Spiridon E. Kintzios, CRC Press, 2000. ISBN 9789058230058.
  • The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias by John Sutton, Timber Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0881924749.
  • The New Book of Salvias by Betsy Clebsch, Timber Press, 2003. ISBN 9780881925609. An excellent reference on salvias.


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