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Revision as of 00:33, 3 September 2009
Sydney New South Wales | |||||||||
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Coordinates | 33°51′35.9″S 151°12′40″E / 33.859972°S 151.21111°E | ||||||||
Population | 4,399,722[1] (1st) | ||||||||
• Density | 2,058/km2 (5,330/sq mi) (2006)[2] | ||||||||
Established | 26 January 1788 | ||||||||
Area | 12,144.6 km2 (4,689.1 sq mi) | ||||||||
Time zone | AEST (UTC+10) | ||||||||
• Summer (DST) | AEDT (UTC+11) | ||||||||
Location | |||||||||
LGA(s) | various (38) | ||||||||
County | Cumberland[3] | ||||||||
State electorate(s) | various (49) | ||||||||
Federal division(s) | various (22) | ||||||||
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Sydney (Template:Pron-en[4]) is the largest city in Australia, and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney has a metropolitan area population of approximately 4.34 million[5] and an area of approximately 12,000 square kilometres. Its inhabitants are called Sydneysiders, and Sydney is often called "the Harbour City". It is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, reflected in its role as a major destination for immigrants to Australia.[6]
The site of the first British colony in Australia, Sydney was established[7] in 1788 at Sydney Cove by Arthur Phillip, commodore of the First Fleet. The city is built on low hills surrounding Sydney Harbour - an inlet of the Tasman Sea on Australia's south-east coast. It is home to the iconic Sydney Opera House, Harbour Bridge and its beaches. The metropolitan area is surrounded by national parks, and contains many bays, rivers and inlets. Sydney has hosted major international sporting events, including the 1938 British Empire Games, 2000 Summer Olympics and the final of the 2003 Rugby World Cup. The main airport serving Sydney is Sydney Airport.
Sydney is considered an alpha+ world city, listed by the Loughborough University group's 2008 inventory[8] and ranked 16th among global cities by Foreign Policy's 2008 Global Cities Index.[9] According to the Mercer cost of living survey, Sydney is Australia’s most expensive city, and the 66th most expensive in the world.[10] Sydney also ranks among the top 10 most livable cities in the world according to Mercer Human Resource Consulting and The Economist.[11][12]
History
Radio carbon dating suggests that the Sydney region has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years.[13] The traditional Indigenous inhabitants of Sydney Cove are the Cadigal people, whose land once stretched from south of Port Jackson to Petersham.[14] While estimates of the population numbers prior to the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 remains contentious, approximately 4,000 to 8,000 Aboriginal people lived in the Sydney region prior to contact with British settlers. The British called the Indigenous people the "Eora",[15] because being asked where they came from, these people would answer: "Eora", meaning "here", or "from this place" in their language.[14] There were three language groups in the Sydney region, which were divided into dialects spoken by smaller clans. The principal languages were Darug (the Cadigal, original inhabitants of the City of Sydney, spoke a coastal dialect of Darug), Dharawal and Guringai. Each clan had a territory, the location of that territory determined the resources available. Although urbanization has destroyed much evidence of these settlements (such as shell middens), a number of Sydney rock engravings, carvings and rock art remain visible in the Hawkesbury sandstone of the Sydney basin.[16]
In 1770, British sea Captain Lieutenant James Cook landed in Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. It is here that James Cook made first contact with an Aboriginal community known as the Gweagal[17]. Under instruction from the British government, a convict settlement was founded by Arthur Phillip, who arrived at Botany Bay with a fleet of 11 ships on 18 January 1788. This site was soon determined to be unsuitable for habitation, owing to poor soil and a lack of reliable fresh water. Phillip subsequently founded the colony further up the coast, at Sydney Cove on Port Jackson on 26 January 1788. He named it after the British Home Secretary, Thomas Townshend, Lord Sydney, in recognition of Sydney's role in issuing the charter authorising Phillip to establish a colony. The original name was intended to be Albion until Phillip decided upon Sydney.[18]
In April 1789 a disease, thought to be smallpox, killed an estimated 500 to 1000 Aboriginal people between Broken Bay and Botany Bay.[15] There was violent resistance to British settlement, notably by the warrior Pemulwuy in the area around Botany Bay, and conflicts were common in the area surrounding the Hawkesbury River. By 1820 there were only a few hundred Aborigines and Governor Macquarie had begun initiatives to 'civilize, Christianize and educate' the Aborigines by removing them from their clans.[15] Macquarie's tenure as Governor of New South Wales was a period when Sydney was improved from its basic beginnings. Roads, bridges, wharves and public buildings were constructed by British and Irish convicts, and by 1822 the town had banks, markets, well-established thoroughfares and an organised constabulary. The 1830s and 1840s were periods of urban development, including the development of the first suburbs, as the town grew rapidly when ships began arriving from Britain and Ireland with immigrants looking to start a new life in a new country. On 20 July 1842 the municipal council of Sydney was incorporated and the town was declared the first city in Australia, with John Hosking the first elected mayor.[19] The first of several gold rushes started in 1851, and the port of Sydney has since seen many waves of people arriving from around the world.
Rapid suburban development began in the last quarter of the 19th century with the advent of steam powered tramways and railways. With industrialisation Sydney expanded rapidly, and by the early 20th century it had a population well in excess of one million. The Great Depression hit Sydney badly. One of the highlights of the Depression era, however, was the completion of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932.[20] A rivalry has traditionally existed between Sydney and Melbourne since the gold rushes of the 1850s grew the capital of Victoria into Australia's largest and richest city.[21] Sydney overtook Melbourne in population in the early years of the 20th century,[22] and has remained the largest city in Australia since this time. During the 1970s and 1980s Sydney's CBD with the Reserve Bank and Australian Stock Exchange clearly surpassed Melbourne as the nation's financial capital.[23] Throughout the 20th century, especially in the decades immediately following World War II, Sydney continued to expand as large numbers of European and later Asian immigrants populated the metropolitan area. The culture brought about by immigrants was a major factor in the city's diverse and highly cosmopolitan atmosphere.
Geography
Topography
Sydney's urban area is in a coastal basin, which is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the East, the Blue Mountains to the West, the Hawkesbury River to the North and the Royal National Park to the South. It lies on a submergent coastline, where the ocean level has risen to flood deep river valleys (ria) carved in the hawkesbury sandstone. Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbour, is one such ria and is the largest natural harbour in the world.[24] The Sydney area is not affected by significant earthquakes.
The urban area has around 70 harbour and ocean beaches, including the famous Bondi Beach. Sydney's urban area covers 1,687 km2 (651 sq mi) as at 2001.[25] The Sydney Statistical Division, used for census data, is the unofficial metropolitan area [26] and covers 12,145 km2 (4,689 sq mi).[27] This area includes the Central Coast, the Blue Mountains, and national parks and other unurbanised land. This makes Sydney the third largest urban agglomeration in the world (with a population of over 3 million) behind Brasília (14,400 km²) and Tokyo (13,500 km²).[28]
Geographically, Sydney lies over two regions: the Cumberland Plain, a relatively flat region lying to the south and west of the harbour, and the Hornsby Plateau, a sandstone plateau lying mainly to the north of the harbour and dissected by steep valleys. The parts of the city with the oldest European development are located in the flat areas south of the harbour. The North Shore was slower to develop because of its hilly topography and lack of access across the harbour. The Sydney Harbour Bridge was opened in 1932 and linked the North Shore to the rest of the city.[29]
Climate
Sydney has a temperate climate with warm summers and cool winters, and rainfall spread throughout the year.[30][31][32][33] The weather is moderated by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs. The warmest month is January, with an average air temperature range at Observatory Hill of 18.6-25.8 °C (65.5-78.4 °F). There is an average of 14.6 days a year over 30 °C (86.0 °F). The maximum recorded temperature was 45.3 °C (113.5 °F) on 14 January 1939 at the end of a 4-day heat wave across Australia.[34]
The winter is mildly cool, with temperatures rarely dropping below 5 °C (41 °F) in coastal areas. The coldest month is July, with an average range of 8-16.2 °C (46.4-61.2 °F). The lowest recorded minimum at Observatory Hill was 2.1 °C (35.8 °F). Rainfall is fairly evenly divided between summer and winter, but is slightly higher during the first half of the year, when easterly winds dominate.
The average annual rainfall, with moderate to low variability, is 1,217 mm (48 in), falling on an average 138 days a year.[35] Snowfall was last reported in the Sydney City area in 1836.[36] However, a July 2008 fall of graupel, or soft hail, mistaken by many for snow, has raised the possibility that the 1836 event was not snow, either.[37]
The city is not affected by cyclones. The El Niño Southern Oscillation plays an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: drought and bushfire on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite phases of the oscillation. Many areas of the city bordering bushland have experienced bushfires, notably in 1994 and 2001–02 — these tend to occur during the spring and summer. The city is also prone to severe hail storms and wind storms. One such storm was the 1999 hailstorm, which severely damaged Sydney's eastern and city suburbs. The storm produced massive hailstones of at least 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter and resulting in insurance losses of around AUD $1.7 billion in less than five hours.[38]
The city is also prone to flash flooding from enormous amounts of rain caused by East Coast Lows (a low pressure depression which deepens off the state usually in winter and early spring which can bring significant damage by heavy rain, cyclonic winds and huge swells). The most notable event was the great Sydney flood which occurred on 6 August 1986 and dumped a record 327.6 mm (12.9 in) on the city in 24 hours. This caused major traffic problems and damage in many parts of the metropolitan area.[39]
The Bureau of Meteorology has reported that 2002 through 2005 were the warmest summers in Sydney since records began in 1859. 2004 had an average daily maximum temperature of 23.39 °C, 2005 - 23.35 °C, 2002 - 22.91 °C and 2003 - 22.65 °C. The average daily maximum between 1859 and 2004 was 21.6 °C (70.9 °F). For the first nine months of 2006 the mean temperature was 18.41 °C (65.1 °F); the warmest year previously was 2004 with 18.51 °C (65.32 °F). Since November 2003, there have been only two months in which the average daily maximum was below average: March 2005 (about 1 °C below average)[40] and June 2006 (0.7 °C below average).[41]
The summer of 2007-08 proved to be one of the coolest on record. The Bureau of Meteorology reported that it was the coolest summer in 11 years, the wettest summer in six years, and one of only three summers in recorded history to lack a maximum temperature above 31 °C (88 °F).[42]
Climate data for Sydney | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Source: [43] |
Urban structure
Template:Sydney Urban Areas Labelled Map
Sydney's central business district (CBD) extends southwards for about 3 kilometres (2 mi) from Sydney Cove to the area around Central station. The Sydney CBD is bounded on the east side by a chain of parkland, and the west by Darling Harbour, a tourist and nightlife precinct.
Although the CBD dominated the city's business and cultural life in the early days, other business/cultural districts have developed in a radial pattern since World War II. As a result, the proportion of white-collar jobs located in the CBD declined from more than 60 per cent at the end of World War II to less than 30 per cent in 2004.[citation needed]
Together with the commercial district of North Sydney, joined to the CBD by the Harbour Bridge, the most significant outer business districts are Parramatta[44] in the central-west, Penrith[45] in the west, Bondi Junction in the east, Liverpool[46] in the southwest, Chatswood to the north, and Hurstville to the south. Sydney's skyline has been ranked as the best in Australia and the 25th best in the world (ahead of such cities as Los Angeles and São Paulo).[47]
The extensive area covered by urban Sydney is formally divided into 642 [48] suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as 40 [49] local government areas. There is no city-wide government, but the Government of New South Wales and its agencies have extensive responsibilities in providing metropolitan services.[50]
The City of Sydney itself covers a fairly small area comprising the central business district and its neighbouring inner-city suburbs. In addition, regional descriptions are used informally to conveniently describe larger sections of the urban area. These include Eastern Suburbs, Hills District, Inner West, Canterbury-Bankstown, Northern Beaches, Northern Suburbs, North Shore, St George, Southern Sydney, South-eastern Sydney, South-western Sydney, Sutherland Shire and Western Sydney. However, many suburbs are not conveniently covered by any of these categories.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Sydney
The largest economic sectors in Sydney, as measured by the number of people employed, include property and business services, retail, manufacturing, and health and community services.[51] Since the 1980s, jobs have moved from manufacturing to the services and information sectors. Sydney provides approximately 25 percent of the country's total GDP.[52]
The Australian Securities Exchange and the Reserve Bank of Australia are located in Sydney, as are the headquarters of 90 banks and more than half of Australia's top companies, and the regional headquarters for around 500 multinational corporations.[52] Of the ten largest corporations in Australia by revenue,[53] four have headquarters in Sydney: Caltex Australia, the Commonwealth Bank, Westpac, and Woolworths. Of the 54 authorised deposit-taking banks in Australia, 44 are based in Sydney including nine of the 11 foreign subsidiary banks in Australia and all of the 29 local branches of foreign banks. Major authorised foreign banks in Sydney include Citigroup, UBS Australia, Mizuho Corporate Bank, HSBC Bank Australia and Deutsche Bank.
Shopping locations in the central business district include the Queen Victoria Building, the pedestrian mall on Pitt Street, and international luxury boutiques in the quieter, northern end of Castlereagh St. Oxford Street in Paddington and Crown Street, Woollahra are home to boutiques selling more niche products, and the main streets of Newtown and Enmore cater more towards students and alternative lifestyles.
Sydney received 7.8 million domestic visitors and 2.5 million international visitors in 2004.[54] In 2007, the (then) Premier of New South Wales, Morris Iemma established Events New South Wales to "market Sydney and NSW as a leading global events destination". Fox Studios Australia has large movie studios in the city.
The city has the highest median household income of any major city in Australia (US$42,559 PPP). As of 2004, the unemployment rate in Sydney was 4.9 percent.[55] According to The Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide cost of living survey, Sydney is the sixteenth most expensive city in the world, while a UBS survey ranks Sydney as 15th in the world in terms of net earnings.[56] As of 20 September 2007, Sydney has the highest median house price of any Australian capital city at $559,000.[57] Sydney also has the highest median rent prices of any Australian city at $450 a week.
The Sydney Region accounts for 12 percent (approximately AU$1 billion per annum) of the total agricultural production, by value, of NSW.[58] Sydney provides 55% of NSW's flower production and 58% of its turf production, as well as 44% of state's nurseries.[59] In 1994-1995 Sydney produced 44 % of New South Wales' poultry meat and 48 % of the state's eggs.[60]
Demographics
The 10 largest overseas born populations[61] | |
Country of Birth | Population (2006) |
---|---|
United Kingdom | 175,166 |
People's Republic of China | 109,142 |
New Zealand | 81,064 |
Vietnam | 62,144 |
Lebanon | 54,502 |
India | 52,975 |
Philippines | 52,087 |
Italy | 44,563 |
Hong Kong | 36,866 |
South Korea | 32,124 |
The 2006 census reported 4,119,190 residents in the Sydney Statistical Division,[62] of which 3,641,422 lived in Sydney's urban area.[63] Inner Sydney was the most densely populated place in Australia with 4,023 persons per square kilometre.[64]
In the 2006 census, the most common self-described ancestries identified for Sydney residents were Australian, English, Irish, Scottish and Chinese. The Census also recorded that two per cent of Sydney's population identified as being of indigenous origin and 31.7 per cent[62] were born overseas. The Asian population was 16.9 per cent.[65] The three major sources of immigrants are the United Kingdom, China and New Zealand, followed by Vietnam, Lebanon, India, Italy and the Philippines.[62] Most residents are native speakers of English; many have a second language, the most common being Arabic (predominately Lebanese), Chinese languages (mostly Mandarin, Shanghainese or Cantonese), and Italian.[62] Sydney has the seventh largest percentage of a foreign born population in the world.[66] Immigrants account for 75 percent of Sydney's annual population growth.[67]
The median age of a Sydney resident is 34, with 12 per cent of the population over 65 years.[55] 15.2 per cent of Sydney residents have educational attainment equal to at least a bachelor's degree,[68] In the 2006 census, 64 per cent of the Sydney residents identified themselves as Christians, 14.1 per cent had no religion, 10.4 per cent left the question blank, 3.9 per cent were Muslims, 3.7 per cent were Buddhists, 1.7 per cent were Hindus and 0.9 per cent were Jewish.[61]
Culture
Sydney hosts many different festivals and some of Australia's largest social and cultural events. These include the Sydney Festival, Australia's largest arts festival which is a celebration involving both indoor and free outdoor performances throughout January; the Biennale of Sydney, established in 1973; the Big Day Out, a travelling rock music festival which originated in Sydney; the Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras along Oxford Street; the Sydney Film Festival and many other smaller film festivals such as the short film Tropfest and Flickerfest.
Australia's premier prize for portraiture, the Archibald Prize is organised by the Art Gallery of New South Wales. The Sydney Royal Easter Show is held every year at Sydney Olympic Park, the final of Australian Idol takes place on the steps of the Opera House, and Australian Fashion Week takes place in April/May. Also, Sydney's New Years Eve and Australia Day celebrations are the largest in Australia.
Entertainment and performing arts
Sydney has a wide variety of cultural institutions. Sydney's iconic Opera House has five theatres capable of hosting a range of performance styles; it is the home of Opera Australia—the third busiest opera company in the world, and the Sydney Symphony.[69] Other venues include the Sydney Town Hall, City Recital Hall, the State Theatre, the Theatre Royal, Sydney, the Sydney Theatre and the Wharf Theatre.
The Sydney Dance Company under the leadership of Graeme Murphy during the late 20th century has also gained acclaim. The Sydney Theatre Company has a regular roster of local plays, such as noted playwright David Williamson, classics and international playwrights.
In 2007, New Theatre (Newtown) celebrated 75 years of continuous production in Sydney. Other important theatre companies in Sydney include Company B and Griffin Theatre Company. From the 1940s through to the 1970s the Sydney Push, a group of authors and political activists whose members included Germaine Greer, influenced the city's cultural life.
The National Institute of Dramatic Art, based in Kensington, boasts internationally famous alumni such as Mel Gibson, Judy Davis, Baz Luhrmann and Cate Blanchett. Sydney's role in the film industry has increased since the opening of Fox Studios Australia in 1998.
Prominent films which have been filmed in the city include Moulin Rouge!, Mission: Impossible II, Star Wars episodes II and III, Superman Returns, Dark City, Son of the Mask, Stealth, Dil Chahta Hai, Happy Feet, Australia and The Matrix. Films using Sydney as a setting include Finding Nemo, Strictly Ballroom, Muriel's Wedding, Our Lips Are Sealed, Independence Day and Dirty Deeds. Many Bollywood movies have also been filmed in Sydney including Singh Is Kinng, Bachna Ae Haseeno, Chak De India, Heyy Babyy. As of 2006, over 229 films have been set in, or featured Sydney.[70]
Sydney's most popular nightspots include Kings Cross, Oxford Street, Darling Harbour, Circular Quay and The Rocks which all contain various bars, nightclubs and restaurants. Star City Casino, is Sydney's only casino and is situated around Darling Harbour. There are also many traditional pubs, cafes and restaurants in inner city areas such as Newtown, Balmain and Leichhardt. Sydney's main live music hubs include areas such as Newtown and Annandale, which nurtured acts such as AC/DC, Midnight Oil and INXS. Other popular nightspots tend to be spread throughout the city in areas such as Bondi, Manly, Cronulla and Parramatta.
Tourism
In the year ending March 2008, Sydney received 2.7 million international visitors.[71] The most well known attractions include the Sydney Opera House, and the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Other attractions include Royal Botanical Gardens, Luna Park, the beaches and Sydney Tower. [72]
Sydney also has several popular museums such as, the Australian Museum (natural history and anthropology), the Powerhouse Museum (science, technology and design), the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Museum of Contemporary Art and the Australian National Maritime Museum. [73]
Sport and outdoor activities
Sydney is well endowed with open spaces and access to waterways, and has many natural areas even within the city centre. Within the Sydney central business district are the Chinese Garden of Friendship, Hyde Park, The Domain and the Royal Botanic Gardens. The metropolitan area contains several national parks, including the Royal National Park, the second oldest national park in the world and several parks in Sydney's far west which are part of the World Heritage listed Greater Blue Mountains Area.[74]
Sport is an important part of Sydney's culture. The most popular sport in Sydney is rugby league. It was brought to the city from Northern England before spreading to other parts of Australia. The NSWRFL (today known as the NRL) began in Sydney in 1908 and today is the largest and most prestigious domestic rugby league competition in the Southern Hemisphere.[75] The city is home to nine of the sixteen teams currently in the National Rugby League competition. They are the: Canterbury Bulldogs, Cronulla Sharks, Manly Sea Eagles, Penrith Panthers, Parramatta Eels, South Sydney Rabbitohs, St George Illawarra Dragons, Sydney Roosters and Wests Tigers.
Sydney is the only city other than Brisbane to have an elite presence in the 4 major football codes of Australia - rugby league, football (soccer), rugby union and AFL. Football is represented by Sydney FC in the A-League, whilst the second tier competitions NSWPL and NSW Super League provide many players to the A-League.
Sydney also hosts major football events of the national team, the Socceroos, most notably the World Cup Qualifier against Uruguay in 2005. Rugby Union is represented by the NSW Waratahs in the elite Southern Hemisphere Super 14 competition. The Suburban rugby competition is the Shute Shield which provides many Super 14 players. High profile Wallabies games are held in Sydney such as the Bledisloe Cup, Tri-Nations matches, British and Irish Lions games, and most notably the final of the 2003 Rugby World Cup against England.
Sydney also has an AFL team called the Sydney Swans, a Woman's netball team (Swifts), a baseball team (Patriots), a field hockey team (Waratahs), 2 ice hockey teams (Penrith Bears & Sydney Ice Dogs) and a WNBL team (Sydney Uni Flames).
As the state capital, Sydney is the home of the NSW Blues cricket team in the Sheffield Shield cricket competition, and the NSW Blues rugby league team in the annual Rugby League State of Origin series. Large sporting events such as the NRL Grand Final and Bledisloe Cup games are regularly held at the ANZ Stadium, the main stadium for the 2000 Summer Olympics.
Other events in Sydney include the start of the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, the Golden Slipper horse race, and the City to Surf race. Prominent sporting venues in Sydney include the SCG, ANZ Stadium, The Sydney Football Stadium, Eastern Creek Raceway, Royal Randwick and Rosehill Gardens Racecourse.
Media
Sydney has two main daily newspapers. The Sydney Morning Herald is a broadsheet, and is Sydney's newspaper of record with extensive coverage of domestic and international news, culture and business. It is also the oldest extant newspaper in Australia, having been published regularly since 1831. The Herald's competitor, The Daily Telegraph, is a News Corporation-owned tabloid. Both papers have tabloid counterparts published on Sunday, The Sun-Herald and the Sunday Telegraph, respectively.
The three commercial television networks (Seven, Nine, Ten), as well as the government national broadcast services (ABC and SBS) are headquartered in Sydney. Also a community television station, TVS, broadcasts in the Sydney area. Historically, the networks have been based in the northern suburbs, but the last decade has seen several move to the inner city. Nine has kept its headquarters north of the harbour, in Willoughby. Ten has its studios in a redeveloped section of the inner-city suburb of Pyrmont, and Seven also has headquarters in Pyrmont, production studios at Epping as well as a purpose-built news studio in Martin Place in the CBD.
The ABC has a large headquarters and production facility in the inner-city suburb of Ultimo and SBS has its studios at Artarmon. Foxtel and Optus both supply pay-TV over their cable services to most parts of the urban area. [76][77]
The five free-to-air networks have provided digital television transmissions in Sydney since January 2000. Additional services recently introduced include the ABC's second channel ABC2 (Channel 22), SBS's world news service SBS2 (Channel 33), an on-air program guide (Channel 4), a news, sport, and weather items channel (Channel 41), ChannelNSW: Government and Public Information (Channel 45),[78] Australian Christian Channel (Channel 46), MacquarieBank TV (Channel 47), SportsTAB (Channel 48), Expo Home Shopping (Channel 49), and Federal parliamentary broadcasts (Channel 401 to 408).
Many AM and FM government, commercial and community radio services broadcast in the Sydney area. The local ABC radio station is 702 ABC Sydney (formerly 2BL)[79]. The talkback radio genre is dominated by the perennial rivals 2GB and 2UE. Popular music stations include Triple M, 2Day FM and Nova 96.9, which generally targets people under 40. In the older end of the music radio market, Vega and MIX 106.5 target the 25 to 54 age group, while WS-FM targets the 40 to 54 age group with their Classic Hits format mostly focusing on the 70s & 80s. Triple J (national), 2SER and FBi Radio provide a more independent, local and alternative sound. There are also a number of community stations broadcasting to a particular language group or local area. [80]
On 1 July 2009 DAB+ Digital Radio officially started. ABC and commercial radios provide full programing.[81]
Governance
Apart from the limited role of the Cumberland County Council from 1945–1964, there has never been an overall governing body for the Sydney metropolitan area; instead, the metropolitan area is divided into local government areas (LGAs). These areas have elected councils which are responsible for functions delegated to them by the New South Wales State Government, such as planning and garbage collection.
The City of Sydney includes the central business area and some adjoining inner suburbs, and has in recent years been expanded through amalgamation with adjoining local government areas, such as South Sydney. It is led by the elected Lord Mayor of Sydney and a council. The Lord Mayor, however, is sometimes treated as a representative of the whole city, for example during the Olympics.
Most citywide government activities are controlled by the state government. These include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, and planning of major infrastructure projects. Because a large proportion of New South Wales' population lives in Sydney, state governments have traditionally been reluctant to allow the development of citywide governmental bodies, which would tend to rival the state government. For this reason, Sydney has always been a focus for the politics of both State and Federal Parliaments. For example, the boundaries of the City of Sydney LGA have been significantly altered by state governments on at least four occasions since 1945, with expected advantageous effect to the governing party in the New South Wales Parliament at the time.[82]
The 38 LGAs commonly described as making up Sydney are[83]:
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Different organisations have varying definitions of which councils make up Sydney. The Local Government Association of New South Wales considers all LGAs lying entirely in Cumberland County as part of its 'Metro' group, which excludes Camden (classed in its 'Country' group).[84] The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines a Sydney Statistical Division (the population figures of which are used in this article) that includes all of the above councils as well as Wollondilly, the Blue Mountains, Hawkesbury, Gosford and Wyong.[85]
Education
Sydney is home to some of Australia's most prominent educational institutions.[86] The University of Sydney was established in 1850 and is Australia's oldest university. There are five other public universities located in Sydney: the University of Technology, Sydney, Macquarie University, the University of New South Wales, the University of Western Sydney and the Australian Catholic University (two out of six campuses). Other universities which operate secondary campuses in Sydney include the University of Notre Dame Australia and the University of Wollongong.
There are four multi-campus government-funded Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutes in Sydney, which provide vocational training at a tertiary level: the Sydney Institute of Technology, Northern Sydney Institute of TAFE, Western Sydney Institute of TAFE and South Western Sydney Institute of TAFE.
Sydney has public, denominational and independent schools. Public schools, including pre-schools, primary and secondary schools, and special schools are administered by the New South Wales Department of Education and Training. There are four state-administered education areas in Sydney, that together co-ordinate 919 schools.[citation needed] Of the 30 selective high schools in the state, 25 are in Sydney.[87]
Infrastructure
Health systems
The Government of New South Wales operates the public hospitals in the Sydney metropolitan region. Management of these hospitals and other specialist health facilities is coordinated by 4 Area Health Services: Sydney South West (SSWAHS), Sydney West (SWAHS), Northern Sydney and Central Coast (NSCCAHS) and the South Eastern Sydney and Illawarra (SESIAHS) Area Health Services. There are also a number of private hospitals in the city, many of which are aligned with religious organisations.
Transport
Most Sydney residents travel by car through the system of roads and motorways. The most important trunk routes in the urban area are the nine Metroads, which include the 110 km (68 mi) Sydney Orbital Network. Sydney is also served by extensive train, taxi, bus and ferry networks.
Sydney trains are run by CityRail, a corporation of the New South Wales State Government. Trains run as suburban commuter rail services in the outer suburbs, then converge in an underground city loop service in the central business district. In the years following the 2000 Olympics, CityRail's performance declined significantly.[88] In 2005, CityRail introduced a revised timetable and employed more drivers.[89] A large infrastructure project, the Clearways project, is scheduled to be completed by 2010.[90][91][92] In 2007 a report found Cityrail performed poorly compared to many metro services from other world cities.[93]
Sydney has one privately operated light rail line, Metro Light Rail, running from Central Station to Lilyfield along a former goods train line. There is also the Metro Monorail, which runs in a loop around the main shopping district and Darling Harbour. Sydney was once served by an extensive tram network, which was progressively closed in the 1950s and 1960s.
Most parts of the metropolitan area are served by buses, many of which follow the pre-1961 tram routes. In the city and inner suburbs the state-owned Sydney Buses has a monopoly. In the outer suburbs, service is contracted to many private bus companies. Construction of a network of rapid bus transitways in areas not previously well served by public transport began in 1999, and the first of these, the Liverpool-Parramatta Rapid Bus Transitway, opened in February 2003. State government-owned Sydney Ferries runs numerous commuter and tourist ferry services on Sydney Harbour and the Parramatta River.[94]
Sydney Airport, in the suburb of Mascot, is Sydney's main airport, and is one of the oldest continually operated airports in the world [95]. The smaller Bankstown Airport mainly serves private and general aviation. There is a light aviation airfield at Camden. RAAF Base Richmond lies to the north-west of the city.
The question of the need for a Second Sydney Airport has raised much controversy. A 2003 study found that Sydney Airport can manage as Sydney's sole international airport for 20 years, with a significant increase in airport traffic predicted.[96] The resulting expansion of the airport would have a substantial impact on the community, including additional aircraft noise affecting residents. Land has been acquired at Badgerys Creek for a second airport, the site acting as a focal point of political argument.[97]
Utilities
Water storage and supply for Sydney is managed by the Sydney Catchment Authority, which is an agency of the NSW Government that sells bulk water to Sydney Water and other agencies. Water in the Sydney catchment is chiefly stored in dams in the Upper Nepean Scheme, the Blue Mountains, Woronora Dam, Warragamba Dam and the Shoalhaven Scheme.[98] Historically low water levels in the catchment have led to water use restrictions and the NSW government is investigating alternative water supply options, including grey water recycling and the construction of a seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant at Kurnell.[99] As of May 2009, the plant was 80% completed, and was due to start suppling fresh water to Sydney at the end of the year. [100] Sydney Water also collects the wastewater and sewage produced by the city.
Four companies supply natural gas and electricity to Sydney: Energy Australia, AGL, Integral Energy and Origin Energy. The natural gas supply for the city is sourced from the cooper basin in South Australia. Numerous telecommunications companies operate in Sydney providing terrestrial and mobile telecommunications services.
See also
References
- ^ "Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2007-08". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2008. 2009-04-23.
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (17 March 2008). "Explore Your City Through the 2006 Census Social Atlas Series". Retrieved 2008-05-19.
- ^ Note: Counties are seldom used in Australia except for some land valuation purposes. Most residents do not know that counties exist.
- ^ Macquarie ABC Dictionary. The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. 2003. p. 1000. ISBN 0 876429 37 2.
{{cite book}}
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value: checksum (help) - ^ "Year Book Australia, 2008". Australian Bureau of Statistics. pp. p 194. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
{{cite web}}
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has extra text (help) - ^ "Designing for Diversity: the Multicultural City". 1995 Global Cultural Diversity Conference Proceedings, Sydney. Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship.
- ^ >Arthur Phillip. "The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay".
- ^ Beaverstock, J.V. "The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities.
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Kearney, Inc., A.T. "The 2008 Global Cities Index". Foreign Policy.
- ^ "Cost of living — The world's most expensive cities". City Mayors.
- ^ Mercer's Quality of Living Survey 2008, www.mercer.com. Retrieved on 2 March 2009.
- ^ The Economist's World's Most Livable Cities 2008, www.economist.com. Retrieved on 2 March 2009.
- ^ Macey, Richard (2007-09-15). "Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ a b City of Sydney. City of Sydney Indigenous History of Sydney Cove
- ^ a b c Kohen, J. L. 2000. First and last peoples: Aboriginal Sydney. In J. Connell (Ed.). Sydney the emergence of a global city. pp 76-95. Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-550748-7, pp 76-78, 81-82, 83
- ^ Elder, Bruce (2007-09-07). "History set in stone". The Age. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
- ^ "Once were warriors". Fairfax Media. Sydney Morning Herald. 2002-11-11. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ "The 10 people Who Shaped Sydney". Fairfax Media. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ Australian Encyclopaedia Volume 2, p 524, Angus and Robertson Limited, 1926
- ^ Harbour Bridge Views (2007). "Brief History of the Sydney Harbour Bridge". Retrieved 2006-10-08.
- ^ Farrelly, Elizabeth How could Sydney get it so wrong? Sydney Morning Herald, 4 November 2006
- ^ Lee, Robert (2003). "Linking a Nation: Australia's Transport and Communications 1788 - 1970". Australian Government. Australian Heritage Council. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ Elias, David Tell Melbourne it's over, we won Sydney Morning Herald, 31 December 2003
- ^ Latta, David (January 2006). "Showcase Destinations Sydney, Australia: The Harbour City". Meeting Professionals International. The Meeting Professional. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ "2016.0 Census of Population and Housing: Selected Characteristics for Urban Centres, Australia". Government of Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2003-03-26. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ "1217.0.55.001 - Glossary of Statistical Geography Terminology, 2003". Government of Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ "2032.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Australia in Profile – A Regional Analysis, 2001". Government of Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2004-01-16. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ sort the list in the linked article by Area to see the rankings
- ^ The Sydney Harbour Bridge
- ^ "CLIMATE AND THE SYDNEY 2000 OLYMPIC GAMES". Australian Government. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2007-09-24. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ "Sydney Basin - climate". New South Wales Government. Department of Environment and Climate Change. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ "Australian climatic zones". Australian Government. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ "Living in Sydney". Sydney Institute of Business & Technology. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ Bureau of Meteorology. 2006. Climate summary for Sydney, January 2006
- ^ Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2005. Climate averages; Ellyard, D. 1994. Droughts and Flooding Rains. Angus & Robertson ISBN 0-207-18557-3
- ^ MacDonnell, Freda. Thomas Nelson (Australia) Limited, 1967. Before King’s Cross
- ^ "Sydney weather hail, not snow". AAP. 27 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
- ^ "The Sydney Hailstorm - 14 April 1999". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2006-10-05.
- ^ Rain in Sydney, 1986 in Australian Climate Extremes, Bureau of Meteorology, accessed 9 September 2006.
- ^ Cool, cloudy and rainy end to March in Sydney in Sydney Climate Summary — NSW Regional Office, Bureau of Meteorology, accessed 21 October 2007.
- ^ Sydney has coldest June in 24 years in Sydney Monthly Climate Summary — NSW Regional Office, Bureau of Meteorology, accessed 21 October 2007.
- ^ Sydney has coolest summer in 11 years in Sydney Climate Summary — NSW Regional Office, Bureau of Meteorology, accessed 25 March 2008.
- ^ "Climate statistics for Sydney". Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
{{cite web}}
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and|accessmonthday=
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(help) - ^ "Parramatta City Centre". Department of Planning. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
- ^ "Penrith City Centre". Department of Planning. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
- ^ "Liverpool City Centre". Department of Planning. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
- ^ The World's Best Skylines Skyscraper Cities Ranking List by Egbert Gramsbergen and Paul Kazmierczak
- ^ "List of Official Sydney Suburbs". 2008-08-02. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
- ^ "List of Official Sydney Local Government Areas". 2008-08-02. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
- ^ Department of Local Government. Local Council Boundaries Sydney Outer (SO)
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2002. Sydney - Basic Community Profile and Snapshot - 2001 Census
- ^ a b City Commerce - City of Sydney Media Centre. Accessed 21 July 2006.
- ^ Australia's Top 10 Largest Companies 2007/08/
- ^ Tourism NSW. 2004.Tourism Data Card - Forecasts, Economic Impacts and selected Regional Data - 2004
- ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2005.Sydney Statistical Division.
- ^ "London is the most expensive city in the world while Swiss cities are home to highest earners". Economics. City Mayors. 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
- ^ Real Estate Institute of Australia. Still strong confidence in the housing market, Press Release
- ^ Gillespie, P; Mason, D (2003), NSW Agriculture Environmental Planning and Management Sub-program: The Value of Agriculture in the Sydney Region, Sydney: NSW Agriculture
- ^ Sinclair, I (1996). "A view from the edge: issues in rural and metropolitan fringe planning - Sydney's Agricultural land". New Planner (27): 24–25.
- ^ McManus, Phil (2005). Vortex Cities to Sustainable Cities: Australia's Urban Challenge. Sydney: UNSW Press. p. 231. doi:711.40994. ISBN 9780868407012.
{{cite book}}
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value (help) - ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "Community Profile Series: Sydney (Statistical Division)". 2006 Census of Population and Housing. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
- ^ a b c d Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "Sydney (Statistical Division)". 2006 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "Sydney (Urban Centre/Locality)". 2006 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 2007-11-02.
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2005. National Regional Profile: Inner Sydney
- ^ Australian Census 2006, Ancestry by Region
- ^ When diversity means cultural richness - Webdiary
- ^ Australia steers immigrants beyond Sydney. Csmonitor.com. January 29, 2003.
- ^ The City of Sydney Community Profile — Sydney Statistical Division. 2006. What are our qualifications?, profile.id
- ^ "Autumn Opera Season". Tourism Victoria. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
- ^ Based on IMBd search
- ^ "Travel to Sydney" (PDF). Tourism NSW. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
- ^ Showcase Destinations Sydney;Australia: The Harbour City
- ^ Museum's & Art Galleries in Sydney Australia - sydney.com.au
- ^ NPWS website, Royal National Park
- ^ http://www.canbet.com/sport/rugby-league-betting.aspx
- ^ Foxtel Official Website
- ^ Austar Official Website
- ^ "ChannelNSW". Government of New South Wales. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
- ^ 702 ABC Sydney website
- ^ Radio Stations Sydney NSW
- ^ Digital Radio Plus Official Site
- ^ Golder, Hilary, Sacked: Removing and Remaking the Sydney City Council, Sydney, 2004.
- ^ Sydney New South Wales NSW Australia | Region Research & Property Develoopments Retrieved 2009-06-20
- ^ ""About the Local Government Association of NSW"". "Local Government and Shires Associations of New South Wales".
- ^ "1216.0 - Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC), Jul 2007". Australian Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22246554-12332,00.html
- ^ New South Wales Department of Education and Training (2005). "List of selective and agricultural high schools". Retrieved 2007-08-08.
- ^ "Yearly On-Time Running". CityRail. 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
- ^ CityRail (2005). Times are changing at CityRail
- ^ CityRail (2002). Rail Clearways Plan
- ^ Kerr, J. (2004-07-22). "Panic stations over CityRail driver exodus". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
{{cite news}}
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Kerr, J. (2004-12-04). "Terminal dilemma". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
- ^ "Aussie train services 'among world's worst'". News.com.au. 2007-03-21. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
- ^ Official Sydney Ferries Website
- ^ "Fact Sheet - Airport History" (PDF). Sydney Airport. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
- ^ Finding of "The Sydney Airport Master Plan (2003)" referred to in: "Sydney (Kingsford Smith) Airport (Question No. 421)". Hansard. Parliament of Australia. 2005-05-10. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ Dickens, Jim (2007-08-19). "Airport row to lift off again". The Sunday Telegraph. News Corporation.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Sydney Catchment Authority. History of Sydney's Water Supply System
- ^ Sydney Water. Sydney's desalination project
- ^ Sydney to get desalinated water by 2010 - The Age Retrieved 2009-06-20
External links
- Max Dupain's photographic collection Sydney Nostalgia 1937-1980, National Library of Australian, Canberra
- Australian Museum: Aboriginal people of coastal Sydney
- Sydney Metropolitan Strategy
- Sydney Weather: Current temperatures and Forecast (NSW Government)
- Sydney Weather Forecast (Bureau of Met)
- Template:Wikitravel
- Historic photographs of Sydney buildings
- Sydney street map
- Photographer's Guide to Sydney Skyline