States and federal territories of Malaysia

The states and federal territories of Malaysia

Malaysia is a federation which consists of thirteen states (Negeri) and three federal territories (Wilayah Persekutuan). Eleven states and two federal territories are located on the Malay Peninsula while the remaining two states and one federal territory are on the island of Borneo.

The states and federal territories

West Malaysia, on the Malay Peninsula

• States (State capitals in parentheses):
  • Sultanate of Johor (Johor Bahru)
  • Sultanate of Kedah (Alor Setar)
  • Sultanate of Kelantan (Kota Bharu)
  • Sultanate of Pahang (Kuantan)
  • Sultanate of Perak (Ipoh)
  • Sultanate of Selangor (Shah Alam)
  • Sultanate of Terengganu (Kuala Terengganu)
  • Elective Monarchy of Negeri Sembilan (Seremban)
  • Kingdom of Perlis (Kangar)
  • Melaka (Bandar Melaka)
  • Pulau Pinang (George Town)

• Federal Territories:
  • Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya (federal administrative capital)
  • Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur (legislative capital)

East Malaysia, on Borneo

• States (State capitals in parentheses):
  • Sabah (Kota Kinabalu)
  • Sarawak (Kuching)

• Federal Territory:
  • Federal Territory of Labuan (Bandar Labuan)

Codes and Abbreviations

Country and regional codes. Note that FIPS 10-4 and ISO 3166-2:MY codes are not interchangeable.

Regions	Abbreviation	ISO 3166-2:MY	FIPS 10-4N1
Johor	JHR	MY-01	MY01
Kedah	KDH	MY-02	MY02
Kelantan	KTN	MY-03	MY03
MelakaN2	MLK	MY-04	MY04
Negeri Sembilan	NSN	MY-05	MY05
Pahang	PHG	MY-06	MY06
Pulau PinangN2	PNG	MY-07	MY09
Perak	PRK	MY-08	MY07
Perlis	PLS	MY-09	MY08
Selangor	SGR	MY-10	MY12
Terengganu	TRG	MY-11	MY13
Sabah	SBH	MY-12	MY16
Sarawak	SRW	MY-13	MY11
W.P Kuala Lumpur	KUL	MY-14	–
W.P Labuan	LBN	MY-15	MY15
W.P Putrajaya	PJY	MY-16	–
Wilayah PersekutuanN3	–	–	MY14

Governance

See also: List of capitals in Malaysia

The nine Malay States have a hereditary Ruler as titular Head of state and an executive Chief Minister or Menteri Besar as politically responsible Head of government. The rulers of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor and Terengganu are styled Sultans (typically Islamic). Only Negeri Sembilan's elective ruler holds the rare, autochthonous Malay title of Yang di-Pertuan Besar, whereas only the Ruler of Perlis is titled Raja. The Federal King (titled Yang di-Pertuan Agong) is elected (de facto rotated) among the nine rulers to serve a 5-year term. Former British settlements and crown colonies of Penang and Malacca (both peninsular) and Sabah and Sarawak (both on Borneo) each have a federally appointed titular Governor (styled Yang di-Pertua Negeri) and an executive Chief Minister or Ketua Menteri.

Each state has a unicameral legislature called Dewan Undangan Negeri (DUN, State Assembly). Members of DUN are elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on the population. The state leader of the majority party in DUN is usually appointed Chief Minister by the Ruler or Governor. The term of DUN members is five years unless the assembly is dissolved earlier by the Ruler or Governor on the advise of the Chief Minister. Usually, DUN of the states in Peninsular Malaysia are dissolved in conjunction with the dissolution of the federal parliament, in order to have state elections running concurrently with the parliamentary election. However, Rulers and Governors hold discretionary powers in dissolving the DUN.

Each state sends two representatives to the Dewan Negara (Senate), the upper house of the federal parliament.

As Malaysia is a federation, the governance of the country is divided between the federal and the state governments. The specific responsibilities of the federal and the state governments are listed in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia. Theoretically, any matter not set out in the Ninth Schedule can be legislated on by the individual states. However, legal scholars generally view this as a "pauper's bequest" because of the large scope of the matters listed in the Ninth Schedule. The courts themselves have generally favoured a broad interpretation of the language of the Ninth Schedule, thus limiting the number of possible subjects not covered. The Ninth Schedule specifically lists the following matters as those that can only be legislated on by the states: land tenure, the Islamic religion, and local government. Sabah and Sarawak have additional powers as part of the terms when they joined Malaysia, such as immigration controls.

The Parliament of Malaysia is permitted to legislate on issues of land, Islamic religion and local government in order to provide for a uniform law between different states, or on the request of the state assembly concerned. The law in question must also be passed by the state assembly as well, except in the case of certain land law-related subjects. Non-Islamic issues that fall under the purview of the state may also be legislated on at the federal level for the purpose of conforming with Malaysian treaty obligations.

Singapore and Brunei

Main article: Singapore in Malaysia

Singapore was a Malaysian state from the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 until Singapore separated from the rest of Malaysia on 9 August 1965.

Brunei was invited to join the federation but decided not to at the last minute because of several reasons, such as the status of the Sultan within Malaysia, division of royalties for Bruneian oil, and pressure from opposition groups which amounted to the Brunei Revolt.

Key statistics

List in alphabetical order

This is a sortable list of the comparison between the primary geographic aspects in all the Malaysian states. Separate and more specific lists can be seen below.

Name	Capital	Region	Type	Pop.	Area (km²)	Density (/km²)	Abbr.	ISO	FIPS
Johor	Johor Bahru	West (Peninsula)	State	3,300,000	19,984	137.6	JHR	MY-01	MY01
Kedah	Alor Setar	West (Peninsula)	State	1,818,188	9,426	188.7	KDH	MY-02	MY02
Kelantan	Kota Bharu	West (Peninsula)	State	2,100,000	14,922	93.8	KTN	MY-03	MY03
Kuala Lumpur	—	West (Peninsula)	Fed. Terr.	1,887,674	243	7747.5	KUL	MY-14
Labuan	Bandar Labuan	East (Borneo)	Fed. Terr.	85,000	92	923.9	LBN	MY-15	MY15
Melaka	Bandar Melaka	West (Peninsula)	State	733,000	1,650	432.1	MLK	MY-04	MY04
Negeri Sembilan	Seremban	West (Peninsula)	State	1,004,807	6,645	137.4	NSN	MY-05	MY05
Pahang	Kuantan	West (Peninsula)	State	1,396,500	35,964	38.2	PHG	MY-06	MY06
Perak	Ipoh	West (Peninsula)	State	2,260,576	21,006	104.7	PRK	MY-08	MY07
Perlis	Kangar	West (Peninsula)	State	215,000	810	244.9	PLS	MY-09	MY08
Pulau Pinang	George Town	West (Peninsula)	State	1,503,000	1,046	1436.9	PNG	MY-07	MY09
Putrajaya	—	West (Peninsula)	Fed. Terr.	50,000	46	1087.0	PJY	MY-16
Sabah	Kota Kinabalu	East (Borneo)	State	3,387,880	76,115	32.2	SBH	MY-12	MY16
Selangor	Shah Alam	West (Peninsula)	State	5,000,000	7,956	628.4	SGR	MY-10	MY12
Sarawak	Kuching	East (Borneo)	State	2,500,000	124,450	19.1	SRW	MY-13	MY11
Terengganu	Kuala Terengganu	West (Peninsula)	State	1,150,286	12,955	83.0	TRG	MY-11	MY13

States of Malaysia by area

The areas are rounded to the nearest square kilometer or square mile. Percentages are given to the nearest tenth of a percent.

Rank	Name and flag	Total area (km²)	Total area (mi²)	Percentage of national total area
1	Sarawak	124,450	48,050	37.7%
2	Sabah	76,115	29,388	23.1%
3	Pahang	35,964	13,886	10.9%
4	Perak	21,006	8,111	6.4%
5	Johor	19,984	7,716	6.1%
6	Kelantan	14,922	5,761	4.5%
7	Terengganu	12,955	5,002	3.9%
8	Kedah	9,426	3,639	2.9%
9	Selangor	7,956	3,072	2.4%
10	Negeri Sembilan	6,645	2,566	2.0%
11	Melaka	1,650	637	0.5%
12	Pulau Pinang	1,046	404	0.3%
13	Perlis	810	313	0.3%
14	FT Kuala Lumpur	243	95	0.1%
15	FT Labuan	92	36	>0.1%
16	FT Putrajaya	46	18	>0.1%
Total	Malaysia	329,847	127,355	100.0%

States of Malaysia by population

All the figures in the list below are estimations for 2007.

Rank	Name and flag	Population	Percentage of national total population (approx.)	Population density (/km²)
1	Selangor	5,000,000	18.0%	628.4
2	Sabah	3,387,880	12.2%	32.2
3	Johor	3,300,000	11.9%	137.6
4	Sarawak	2,500,000	9.0%	19.1
5	Perak	2,260,576	8.2%	104.7
6	Kelantan	2,100,000	7.6%	93.8
7	FT Kuala Lumpur	1,887,674	6.8%	7747.5
8	Kedah	1,818,188	6.6%	188.7
9	Pulau Pinang	1,503,000	5.4%	1436.9
10	Pahang	1,396,500	5.0%	38.2
11	Terengganu	1,150,286	4.2%	83.0
12	Negeri Sembilan	1,004,807	3.6%	137.4
13	Melaka	733,000	2.6%	432.1
14	Perlis	215,000	0.8%	244.9
15	FT Labuan	85,000	0.3%	923.9
16	FT Putrajaya	50,000	0.2%	1087.0
Total	Malaysia	27,730,000	100.0%	83

See also

• State emblem of Malaysia
• State flags in Malaysia
• Districts of Malaysia

Notes

1. ^ The code MY10 is not used in FIPS 10-4 but was used for FIPS 10-3 (for Sabah)
2. ^ Territories named in official language for both FIPS 10-4 and ISO 3166-2:MY code lists
3. ^ Wilayah Persekutuan defined as the territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. Used by FIPS only

External links

• Local government in Malaysia