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*Progressive hip-hop artist Canibus raps about the novel briefly in the "Box Cutta, Blade Runna", off his 3rd studio album entitled "C! True Hollywood Stories".
*Progressive hip-hop artist Canibus raps about the novel briefly in the "Box Cutta, Blade Runna", off his 3rd studio album entitled "C! True Hollywood Stories".
*The band Bring Me The Horizon have a song on their album "This Is What The Edge Of Your Seat Was Made For" named "Who Wants Flowers When You're Dead? Nobody.". This is a quote from the novel.
*The band Bring Me The Horizon have a song on their album "This Is What The Edge Of Your Seat Was Made For" named "Who Wants Flowers When You're Dead? Nobody.". This is a quote from the novel.
*The novel is mentioned in a few episodes of the Japanese animated series [[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex]] and the quote, "I thought what I'd do was, I'd pretend I was one of those deaf-mutes" circulates around the symbol of the main criminal only known as The Laughing Man (reference to another of J.D. Salinger's work/character). There is also a reference to a passage in the novel (p 201) in episode 26, wherein the words 'fuck you' are carved into a handrail.
*The novel is mentioned in a few episodes of the Japanese animated series [[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex]] and the quote, "I thought what I'd do was, I'd pretend I was one of those deaf-mutes" circulates around the symbol of the main criminal only known as The Laughing Man (reference to another of J.D. Salinger's work/character). There is also a reference to a passage in the novel (p 201) in episode 26, wherein the words 'fuck you' are carved into a handrail. Finally, in one episode there is a left-handed catchers glove covered with writing a reference to the one Holden's brother Allie owned.
*In the [[Tony Award]] winning Broadway musical, ''[[Next to Normal]]'', the character Gabe reads a paperback copy of ''The Catcher in the Rye'' on the top level of the stage. It remains on the floor of the top level until the end of Act I. Kyle Dean Massey, who played Gabe during the summer of 2009, said, "I read about a page a night." The musical, like Salinger's novel, deals with grieving with death as well as [[suicide]].
*In the [[Tony Award]] winning Broadway musical, ''[[Next to Normal]]'', the character Gabe reads a paperback copy of ''The Catcher in the Rye'' on the top level of the stage. It remains on the floor of the top level until the end of Act I. Kyle Dean Massey, who played Gabe during the summer of 2009, said, "I read about a page a night." The musical, like Salinger's novel, deals with grieving with death as well as [[suicide]].
*The Catcher in the Rye was also mentioned in Billy Joel's "We didn't start the Fire".
*The Catcher in the Rye was also mentioned in Billy Joel's "We didn't start the Fire".

Revision as of 18:10, 16 October 2009

The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger
File:Rye catcher.jpg
First edition cover
AuthorJ.D. Salinger
Cover artistMichael Hakimian
LanguageEnglish
GenreNovel
PublisherLittle, Brown and Company
Publication date
1951
Publication placeUnited States
Media typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages276 pp
ISBN0-316-76953-3
OCLC287628
The cover of the 1985 Bantam edition.

The Catcher in the Rye is a 1951 novel by J. D. Salinger. Originally published for adults,[1] the novel has become a common part of high school and college curricula throughout the English-speaking world[citation needed]; it has also been translated into almost all of the world's major languages.[2] Around 250,000 copies are sold each year, with total sales of more than sixty-five million.[3] The novel's antihero, Holden Caulfield, has become an icon for teenage rebellion .[4]

The novel was among the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005 as chosen by Time,[5] and named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. It has been frequently challenged[6][7][8] in the United States for its liberal use of profanity and portrayal of sexuality and teenage angst.

Plot summary

Holden shares encounters he has had with students and faculty of Pencey, whom he criticizes as being superficial, or as he would say, "phony". After being expelled from the school for poor grades, Holden packs up and leaves the school in the middle of the night after an altercation with his roommate. He takes a train to New York, but does not want to return to his family' and instead checks into the dilapidated Edmont Hotel. There, he spends an evening dancing with three tourist girls and has a clumsy encounter with a prostitute; he refuses to do anything with her and tells her to leave, although he pays her for her time. She demands more money than was originally agreed upon and when Holden refuses to pay he is beaten by her pimp.

Holden spends a total of two days in the city, characterized largely by drunkenness and loneliness. At one point he ends up at a museum, where he contrasts his life with the statues of Eskimos on display. For as long as he can remember, the statues have been fixed and unchanging. It is clear to the reader, if not to Holden, that the teenager is afraid and nervous about the process of change and growing up. These concerns may have stemmed largely from the death of his brother, Allie. Eventually, he sneaks into his parents' apartment while they are away in order to visit his younger sister, Phoebe, who is nearly the only person with whom he seems to be able to communicate. Holden shares a fantasy he has been thinking about (based on a mishearing of Robert Burns' Comin' Through the Rye): he pictures himself as the sole guardian of numerous children running and playing in a huge rye field on the edge of a cliff. His job is to catch the children if they wander close to the brink; to be a "catcher in the rye".

After leaving his parents' apartment, Holden then drops by to see his old English teacher, Mr. Antolini, in the middle of the night, and is offered advice on life and a place to sleep. During the speech on life, Mr. Antolini has a number of "highballs," referring to a cocktail served in a highball glass. Holden's comfort is upset when he wakes up in the night to find Mr. Antolini patting his head in a way that he perceives as "flitty". There is much speculation on whether Mr. Antolini was making a sexual advance on Holden, and it is left up to the reader whether this is true. Holden leaves and spends his last afternoon wandering the city. He later wonders if his interpretation of Mr. Antolini's actions was correct.

Holden intends to move out west; he relays these plans to his sister, who decides she wants to go with him. He refuses to take her, and when she becomes upset with him, he tells her that he will no longer go. Holden then takes Phoebe to the Central Park Zoo, where he watches with a melancholy joy as she rides a carousel. At the close of the book, Holden decides not to mention much about the present day, finding it inconsequential. He alludes to "getting sick" and living in a mental hospital, and mentions that he'll be attending another school in September. Holden says that he has found himself missing Stradlater and Ackley (his former classmates), and the others—warning the reader that the same thing could happen to them.

Writing style

The book is written as if Holden were speaking out loud, like a transcription of him telling the story to another person. There is flow in the seemingly disjointed ideas and episodes; for example, as Holden sits in a chair in his dorm, minor events such as picking up a book or looking at a table unfold into discussions about past experiences. Critical reviews agree that the novel accurately reflected the teenage colloquial speech of the time.[9]

Interpretations

The novel begins with a refusal to be lengthy like David Copperfield. Two connections are of note: David Copperfield is a famous example of a bildungsroman, a genre under which The Catcher in the Rye falls; and the character David Copperfield was born with a big caul.[10]

Holden is widely considered to be an unreliable narrator[11][12] because of his unstable perceptions, which allows for multiple interpretations of many events in the novel.[13]

Writer Bruce Brooks held that Holden's attitude remains unchanged at story's end, implying no maturation, thus differentiating the novel from young adult fiction.[14] In contrast, writer and academic Louis Menand thought that teachers assign the novel because of the optimistic ending, to teach adolescent readers that "alienation is just a phase."[15] While Brooks maintained that Holden acts his age, Menand claimed that Holden thinks as an adult, given his ability to accurately perceive people and their motives. Others highlight the dilemma of Holden's state in between adolescence and adulthood.[11][16] While Holden views himself to be smarter than and as mature as adults, he is quick to become emotional. "I felt sorry as hell for..." is a phrase he often uses.[11]

A recent discovery has shed light on the interpretation of Holden's immaturity. Peter Beidler, in A Reader's Companion to J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, is the first to identify the movie that the prostitute Sunny refers to in chapter 13 of The Catcher in the Rye. She says that in the movie a boy falls off a boat. The movie is Captains Courageous, starring Spencer Tracy. The reference is important because Sunny says that Holden looks like the boy who fell off the boat. Beidler shows (see p. 28) a still of the boy, played by child-actor Freddie Bartholomew. That shows that Sunny thinks Holden looks like a little boy, not the tough guy he is trying to be.

The death of his younger brother Allie was a catalyst for Holden's fear of change.[citation needed] Phoebe revolving on the carousel can be seen as a symbol for Holden's revelation that change does not always produce negative consequences[citation needed]. Whether this is understood determines the reader's interpretation of Holden's predicament in the final chapter.[17] For instance, the novel has been read as positing only a negative answer to the social problems it criticizes[citation needed], with its philosophy being negatively compared with that of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.[18]

Each Caulfield child has literary talent: D.B. writes screenplays in Hollywood; Holden passed his English course while failing everything else; Allie wrote poetry; and Phoebe is a diarist. Phoebe is particularly influential on Holden; her name denotes and derives from the Greek Phoibe—the Greek Titaness associated with the moon, suggesting she is oracle and catalyst for the boy who sees himself as the catcher in the rye at a cliff-side rye field where children play tag, whom he catches, and saves from themselves, when they stray too near the edge.[19] This "catcher in the rye" is an analogy for Holden, who admires in kids attributes he struggles to find in adults, like innocence, kindness, spontaneity and generosity. Falling off the cliff could be a progression into the adult world that surrounds him and that he strongly criticizes. Later, Phoebe and Holden exchange roles as the "catcher" and the "fallen"; he gives her his hunting hat, the catcher's symbol, and becomes the fallen as Phoebe becomes the catcher.[20]

Reception

The Catcher in the Rye has been listed as one of the best novels of the 20th century. For The New York Times, James Stern wrote a negative review of the book,[21] while Nash K. Burger called it "an unusually brilliant novel".[22] George H.W. Bush called it "a marvelous book," listing it among the books that have inspired him.[23] In June 2009, the BBC's Finlo Rohrer wrote that, 58 years since publication, the book is still regarded "as the defining work on what it is like to be a teenager. Holden is at various times disaffected, disgruntled, alienated, isolated, directionless, and sarcastic."[24]

Not all reception was positive, however. The book has had a share of critics. Rohrer writes that "Many of these readers are disappointed that the novel fails to meet the expectations generated by the mystique it is shrouded in. J. D. Salinger has done his part to enhance this mystique. That is to say, he has done nothing."[24] Rohrer assessed the reasons behind both the popularity and criticism of the book, saying that it "captures existential teenage angst" and has a "complex central character" and "accessible conversational style" — while at the same time some readers may dislike the "use of 1940s New York vernacular", "self-obsessed central character" and "too much whining".[24]

Controversy

In 1960 a teacher was fired for assigning the novel in class. He was later reinstated.[25] Between 1961 and 1982, The Catcher in the Rye was the most censored book in high schools and libraries in the United States.[26] In 1981, it was both the most censored book and the second most taught book in public schools in the United States.[27] According to the American Library Association, The Catcher in the Rye was the tenth most frequently challenged book from 1990–1999.[6] It was one of the ten most challenged books in 2005, and has been off the list since 2006.[28] The challenges generally begin with vulgar language, citing the novel's use of words like "fuck"[29] and "goddamn",[30] with more general reasons including sexual references,[31] blasphemy, undermining of family values[30] and moral codes,[32] Holden's being a poor role model,[33] encouragement of rebellion,[34] and promotion of drinking, smoking, lying, and promiscuity.[32] Often, the challengers have been unfamiliar with the plot itself.[26] Shelley Keller-Gage, a high school teacher who faced objections after assigning the novel in her class, noted that the challengers "are being just like Holden ... They are trying to be catchers in the rye."[30] A reverse effect has been that this incident caused people to put themselves on the waiting list to borrow the novel, when there were none before.[35]

Mark David Chapman's shooting of John Lennon, John Hinckley, Jr.'s assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan, Robert John Bardo's shooting of Rebecca Schaeffer and other murders have also been associated with the novel.[36] [37]

In 2009, Salinger successfully sued to stop the U.S. publication of a novel that presents Holden Caulfield as an old man.[24][38] The organization QuestionCopyright.org accused Salinger of hypocrisy for being willing to censor another author's work. The novel's author, Fredrick Colting, commented, "call me an ignorant Swede, but the last thing I thought possible in the U.S. was that you banned books".[39] The issue is complicated by the nature of Colting's book, which has been compared to fan fiction.[40] Although commonly not authorized by writers, no legal action is usually taken against fan fiction since it is rarely published commercially and thus involves no profit. Colting, however, has published his book commercially. Unauthorized fan fiction on The Catcher in the Rye has existed on the Internet for years without any legal action taken by Salinger.[40]

Impact

Main article: Cultural references to the novel The Catcher in the Rye

References to The Catcher in the Rye in media and popular culture are numerous. Works inspired by The Catcher in the Rye have been said to form their own genre.[15] Dr. Sarah Graham assessed works influenced by The Catcher in the Rye to include the novels Less Than Zero by Bret Easton Ellis, A Complicated Kindness by Miriam Toews, The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath, and Judith Guest's Ordinary People. Graham also includes the films The Graduate, Dead Poets Society, Tadpole, Igby Goes Down, and Donnie Darko, and music by Green Day and The Offspring.[24] In the decade following its publication, there were more than 70 essays on the novel printed in American and British magazines. Many bands have referred to The Catcher in the Rye in their song titles and lyrics. Many speculate the Explosions In The Sky album, All of a Sudden I Miss Everyone, is a direct reference to the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger. The album title, All of a Sudden I Miss Everyone, is a summarization to the conclusion of The Catcher in the Rye in which the main character Holden advises the reader, "Don't ever tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everybody." The song titles of the album make allusions to the many themes in the novel, having to do with the normality of fear, lack of social stability or place in society, emotional discord, and loneliness.[original research?]

In other works

  • Rock band Green Day has a song about the book, "Who Wrote Holden Caulfield?" on their "Kerplunk!" album
  • Progressive hip-hop artist Canibus raps about the novel briefly in the "Box Cutta, Blade Runna", off his 3rd studio album entitled "C! True Hollywood Stories".
  • The band Bring Me The Horizon have a song on their album "This Is What The Edge Of Your Seat Was Made For" named "Who Wants Flowers When You're Dead? Nobody.". This is a quote from the novel.
  • The novel is mentioned in a few episodes of the Japanese animated series Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex and the quote, "I thought what I'd do was, I'd pretend I was one of those deaf-mutes" circulates around the symbol of the main criminal only known as The Laughing Man (reference to another of J.D. Salinger's work/character). There is also a reference to a passage in the novel (p 201) in episode 26, wherein the words 'fuck you' are carved into a handrail. Finally, in one episode there is a left-handed catchers glove covered with writing a reference to the one Holden's brother Allie owned.
  • In the Tony Award winning Broadway musical, Next to Normal, the character Gabe reads a paperback copy of The Catcher in the Rye on the top level of the stage. It remains on the floor of the top level until the end of Act I. Kyle Dean Massey, who played Gabe during the summer of 2009, said, "I read about a page a night." The musical, like Salinger's novel, deals with grieving with death as well as suicide.
  • The Catcher in the Rye was also mentioned in Billy Joel's "We didn't start the Fire".
  • Holden Caulfield is mentioned in the Offspring song, "Get it Right."
  • The Catcher in the Rye was cited in the Jonas Brothers and LFO song "6 Minutes", saying: "Sometimes I feel like the catcher in the rye/ Sometimes I wish that I could catch her eye/ Sometimes I wish that I could be that guy"
  • Swedish pop band Komeda released the song "Catcher" on 2003's Kokomemedada with the lyrics "There ain't no catcher in the rye."
  • Featured prominently as an unconscious 'tracker' in the Mel Gibson movie, Conspiracy Theory.
  • Featured in the movie Chapter 27, about the murder on John Lennon where the leading player thinks his story was predicted in the book and he is Holden Caulfield (the movie states that the real murderer Mark David Chapman thought his story was similar to that of Holden Caulfield).
  • On Paul's Boutique The Beastie Boys claim to "got more rhymes than J.D.'s got Salinger".
  • The band Pencey Prep was named after the school Holden attends and then drops out. Some of the bands songs also relate to Catcher in the Rye, like "The Secret Goldfish".
  • Ska/Punk band Streetlight Manifesto makes a reference to Holden Caulfield in their 2003 song "Here's to Life". "Holden Caulfield is a friend of mine, we go drinking from time to time and I find it gets harder every time."
  • The Catcher in the Rye is mentioned in Disney's Treasure Planet by Ron Clements and John Musker when comparing Holden to Jim Hawkins from a deleted scene.
  • Chicago area punk band The Lawrence Arms mentioned the novel in their song "The Disaster March" with the lyrics "I was more than alive/A catcher in the rye".
  • Referenced in an episode of ITV 1 show The Bill. Shown in September 2009
  • In Woody Allen's award wining movie "Annie Hall" when Annie Hall and Woody Allen are separating they discuss the ownership of a book, "whose Catcher in the rye is this?"
  • Rock band Guns 'n Roses released a song called "Catcher In the Rye" on their Chinese Democracy album.
  • John Fowles' The Collector makes reference to The Catcher In the Rye
  • In the Divine Comedy song "Gin-soaked Boy" Neil Hannon sings "I'm the Catcher in the Rye"

Attempted film adaptations

Early in his career, J. D. Salinger expressed a willingness to have his work adapted for the screen.[41] However, in 1949, a critically panned film version of his short story "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut" was released; renamed My Foolish Heart and taking great liberties with Salinger's plot, the film is widely considered to be among the reasons that Salinger has refused to allow any subsequent movie adaptations of his work.[11][42] The enduring popularity of The Catcher in the Rye, however, has resulted in repeated attempts to secure the novel's screen rights.[43]

When The Catcher in the Rye was first released, many offers were made to adapt it for the screen; among them was Sam Goldwyn, producer of My Foolish Heart.[42] In a letter written in the early fifties, J. D. Salinger spoke of mounting a play in which he would play the role of Holden Caulfield opposite Margaret O'Brien, and, if he couldn’t play the part himself, to “forget about it." Almost fifty years later, the writer Joyce Maynard definitively concluded, "The only person who might ever have played Holden Caulfield would have been J. D. Salinger."[44]

J.D. Salinger told Maynard in the seventies that Jerry Lewis "tried for years to get his hands on the part of Holden,"[44] despite Lewis not having read the novel until he was in his thirties.[35] Celebrities ranging from Marlon Brando and Jack Nicholson to Tobey Maguire and Leonardo DiCaprio have since made efforts to make a film adaptation.[45] In an interview with Premiere magazine, John Cusack commented that his one regret about turning twenty-one was that he had become too old to play Holden Caulfield. Writer-director Billy Wilder recounted his abortive attempts to snare the novel's rights:

Of course I read The Catcher in the Rye....Wonderful book. I loved it. I pursued it. I wanted to make a picture out of it. And then one day a young man came to the office of Leland Hayward, my agent, in New York, and said, 'Please tell Mr. Leland Hayward to lay off. He’s very, very insensitive.' And he walked out. That was the entire speech. I never saw him. That was J. D. Salinger and that was Catcher in the Rye.[46]

In 1961, J. D. Salinger denied Elia Kazan permission to direct a stage adaptation of Catcher for Broadway.[47] More recently, Salinger's agents received bids for the Catcher movie rights from Harvey Weinstein and Steven Spielberg,[48] neither of which was even passed on to J. D. Salinger for consideration.

In 2003, the BBC television program The Big Read featured The Catcher in the Rye, intercutting discussions of the novel with "a series of short films that featured an actor playing J. D. Salinger's adolescent antihero, Holden Caulfield."[47] The show defended its unlicensed adaptation of the novel by claiming to be a "literary review," and no major charges were filed.

According to a speculative article in The Guardian in May 2006, there are rumors that director Terrence Malick has been linked to a possible screen adaptation of the novel.[49]

Notes

  1. ^ Michael Cart (2000-11-15). "Famous Firsts. (young-adult literature)". Booklist. Retrieved 2007-12-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ Magill, Frank N. (1991). "J. D. Salinger". Magill's Survey of American Literature. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 1803. ISBN 1-85435-437-X.
  3. ^ According to List of best-selling books. An earlier article says more than twenty million: Jonathan Yardley (2004-10-19). "J. D. Salinger's Holden Caulfield, Aging Gracelessly". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-01-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Allusions By Elizabeth Webber, Mike Feinsilber p.105
  5. ^ Grossman, Lev (2005). "All-Time 150 Novels: The Complete List". Time. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b "The 100 most frequently challenged books: 1990–1999". American Library Association. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
  7. ^ List of most commonly challenged books from the list of the one hundred most important books of the 20th century by Radcliffe Publishing Course
  8. ^ Jeff Guinn (2001-08-10). "'Catcher in the Rye' still influences 50 years later" (fee required). Erie Times-News. Retrieved 2007-12-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Alternate URL
  9. ^ Donald P. Costello (October 1959). "The Language of 'The Catcher in the Rye'". American Speech. 34 (3): 172–181. Retrieved 2007-12-20. Most critics who looked at The Catcher in the Rye at the time of its publication thought that its language was a true and authentic rendering of teenage colloquial speech.
  10. ^ Graham, 20.
  11. ^ a b c d Katrina Onstad (2008-02-22). "Beholden to Holden". CBC News.
  12. ^ Timothy May (1997-05-06). "A liberal says students should wait on Catcher in the Rye" (fee required). The Cincinnati Post. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
    Mike Littwin (2001-07-17). "Caulfield of Catcher still talks to teen-age angst" (fee required boring). Denver Rocky Mountain News. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite news}}: line feed character in |format= at position 13 (help)
  13. ^ Graham, 28.
  14. ^ Bruce Brooks (2004-05-01). "Holden at sixteen". Horn Book Magazine. Retrieved 2007-12-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ a b Louis Menand (2001-09-27). "Holden at fifty". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2007-12-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Graham, 33.
  17. ^ Graham, 33–4.
  18. ^ Carl F. Strauch (Winter 1961). "Kings in the Back Row: Meaning through Structure. A Reading of J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye". Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature. 2 (1): 5–30. doi:10.2307/1207365. Retrieved 2007-12-22. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  19. ^ Margaret Dumais Svogun (Winter 2003). "J.D. Salinger's THE CATCHER IN THE RYE". Explicator. Vol. 2, no. 2. pp. 110–113. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
  20. ^ Yasuhiro Takeuchi (Fall 2002). "The Burning Carousel and the Carnivalesque: Subversion and Transcendence at the Close of The Catcher in the Rye". Studies in the Novel. Vol. 34, no. 3. pp. 320–337. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
  21. ^ James Stern (1951-07-15). Rand-rye01.html "Aw, the World's a Crumby Place". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-18. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ Nash K. Burger (1951-07-16). Rand-rye02.html "Books of The Times". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-18. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ "Academy of Achievement - George H. W. Bush". The American Academy of Achievement -. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  24. ^ a b c d e Rohrer, Finlo (June 5, 2009). "The why of the Rye". BBC News Magazine. BBC. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  25. ^ Fernando Dutra (2006-09-25). "U. Connecticut: Banned Book Week celebrates freedom". The America's Intelligence Wire. Retrieved 2007-12-20. In 1960 a teacher in Tulsa, Okla., was fired for assigning "Catcher in the Rye." After appealing, the teacher was reinstated, but the book was removed from the itinerary in the school.
  26. ^ a b "In Cold Fear: 'The Catcher in the Rye', Censorship, Controversies and Postwar American Character. (Book Review)". Modern Language Review. 2003-04-01. Retrieved 2007-12-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ Sylvia Andrychuk (2004-02-17). "A History of J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved 2007-12-19. During 1981, The Catcher in the Rye had the unusual distinction of being the most frequently censored book in the United States, and, at the same time, the second-most frequently taught novel in American public schools. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ "Top ten most frequently challenged books of 2006". American Library Association. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
  29. ^ "Art or trash? It makes for endless, debate that cant be won". The Topeka Capital-Journal. 1997-10-06. Retrieved 2007-12-20. Another perennial target, J.D. Salinger's "Catcher in the Rye," was challenged in Maine because of the "f" word. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ a b c Seth Mydans (1989-09-03). "In a Small Town, a Battle Over a Book". The New York Times. p. 2. Retrieved 2007-12-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ Ben MacIntyre (2005-09-24). "The American banned list reveals a society with serious hang-ups". The Times. Retrieved 2007-12-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ a b Helen Frangedis (November 1988). "Dealing with the Controversial Elements in The Catcher in the Rye". The English Journal. 77 (7): 72–75. doi:10.2307/818945. Retrieved 2007-12-22. The foremost allegation made against Catcher is... that it teaches loose moral codes; that it glorifies... drinking, smoking, lying, promiscuity, and more. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  33. ^ Anna Quindlen (1993-04-07). "Public & Private; The Breast Ban". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-12-20. "The Catcher in the Rye" is perennially banned because Holden Caulfield is said to be an unsuitable role model. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ Yilu Zhao (2003-08-31). "Banned, But Not Forgotten". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-12-20. The Catcher in the Rye, interpreted by some as encouraging rebellion against authority... {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ a b Stephen Whitfield (1997). "Cherished and Cursed: Toward a Social History of The Catcher in the Rye". The New England Quarterly. 70 (4): 567–600. doi:10.2307/366646. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  36. ^ Linton Weeks (2000-09-10). "Telling on Dad". Amarillo Globe-News. Retrieved 2009-01-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ Aidan Doyle (2003-12-15). "When books kill". Salon.com. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ Doug Gross (2009-06-03). "Lawsuit targets 'rip-off' of 'Catcher in the Rye'". CNN. Retrieved 2009-06-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ Fogel, Karl. Looks like censorship, smells like censorship... maybe it IS censorship?. QuestionCopyright.org. 2009-07-07.
  40. ^ a b Sutherland, John. How fanfic took over the web London Evening Standard. Retrieved on 2009-07-22.
  41. ^ Hamilton, Ian (1988). In Search of J. D. Salinger. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-53468-9. p. 75.
  42. ^ a b Berg, A. Scott. Goldwyn: A Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. ISBN 1-57322-723-4. p. 446.
  43. ^ See Dr. Peter Beidler's A Reader's Companion to J. D. Salinger's the Catcher in the Rye, Chapter 7.
  44. ^ a b Maynard, Joyce (1998). At Home in the World. New York: Picador. p. 93. ISBN 0-312-19556-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) p. 93.
  45. ^ "News & Features". IFILM: The Internet Movie Guide. 2004. Retrieved 2007-04-05. {{cite web}}: |archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help)
  46. ^ Crowe, Cameron, ed. Conversations with Wilder. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999. ISBN 0-375-40660-3. p. 299.
  47. ^ a b McAllister, David (2003-11-11). "Will J. D. Salinger sue?". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
  48. ^ "PAGE SIX; Inside J. D. Salinger's Own World". The New York Post. 2003-12-04. Retrieved 2007-01-18. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  49. ^ Ones that got away, guardian.co.uk Books

References

Further reading

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